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CrHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


«.  -"'a 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Instltut  canadien  de  mlcroreproductions  historiques 


Tietlflfeal  and  Bihliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  biblidgraphiqu«« 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
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U\ 


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n 


n 


D 


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n 


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10X  14X  18X  22X 


7 


12X 


16X 


20X 


26X 


30X 


24X 


28X 


n 

32X 


re 

es  du 
modifier 
sr  une 
'ilmage 


as 


errata 
to 


pelure, 

in  d 


32X 


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Library 

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The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^  (meaning  "CON> 
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right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


1  2  3 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grice  A  la 
S^n^rosit^  de: 

S^minaire  de  Quebec 
Biblioth^que 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  dt6  reprodultes  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
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conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  oontrat  de 
fllmage. 

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originaux  sont  filmis  en  commenp        par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminaiu  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — »-  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmis  A  des  taux  de  r6'Juction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  filmi  d  partir 
de  I'angle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droita, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nicessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrant  la  mithode. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

STEPM    fl&HINO   E>OAX,,_,_. 


R»NO,  McNAlLY  a  CO.,  PRINTyiS  *ND  ENGRAVERS. 


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HAND-BOOK 


OF 


NORTH    CAROLINA; 


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ILLUSTRATIONS  AND  MAP. 


STATE   BOARD  OF  AGRICULTURE. 


RALEIGH: 

PRESSES  QF  EDWARDS  &  BROUGHTON. 
1893. 


a      • 


PREFACE. 


At  the  request  of  T.  K.  Hruuor,  .s'ecrotarv  to  tlio  State  TJoard  of  A^ri- 
culiuro,  in  the  month  of  May  last  I  luiflorlook  ilie  work  of  preparing 
a  new  edition  of  the  iraii'l-Book  »>f  North  Carolina.  Two  previous 
editions,  hj'  diflereiit  conipilcr.s',  had  heen  issued,  each  one  of  wliich  was 
considered  satisfactory  presentation  of  tiie  varied  conditions  of  the 
8tatoas  they  tfien  existed;  but  as  there  had  been  a  great  increase  in 
tlie  industries,  popuhition  and  prosperity  of  the  people  of  Nortli  (Jiirolina 
from  the  i-sue  of  llie  first  edition  in  1874,  to  that  of  the  second  in  1S83, 
SO  it  was  to  be  reasonably  assumed  from  the  hitter  period  until  the  |)ros. 
ent  the  changes  Iiad  been  erjually  ns  marked;  greater,  in  fact,  because 
t!ie  greater  the  removal  from  that  era  of  poverty  and  desolation  which 
had  followed  the  war,  and  the  subsequent  agitated  and  uncertain  con- 
ditions, the  greater  the  incitement?,  aids  and  encouragements  to  nipid 
and  full  recui)eration. 

It  was  desirable  io  prove  the  extent  of  this  recuperation,  the  magni- 
tude and  extent  of  the  onward  progress,  the  addition  to  the  subjects  of 
industry,  and,  perhaps,  more  interesting  and  valuable  than  any  other 
subjects,  the  progress  of  intellectual  enliglitenment,  and  the  extent  of 
the  educational  advantages  extended  to  the  youth  of  the  State. 

An  event  was  approaching  which  was  particularly  calculated  to  call 
from  the  State  an  intelligent  exhibit  of  its  resources,  an  outline  of  its 
transactions,  and  a  picture  of  the  field  in  which  the  capacities  and  the 
aspirations  of  the  people  were  most  apt  to  illustrate  themselves.  This 
was  the  great  Columbian  Exposition  to  be  held  in  Chicago  during  the 
coming  year,  and  in  which  it  was  not  only  desirable  that  Nortli  Car- 
olina should  take  part,  but  anticipate  the  part  she  was  expected  to  take 
by  such  publication  of  her  natural  and  improved  conditions,  her  topog- 
raphy, climate  and  products,  her  institutions,  her  manufactures,  her 
internal  improvements,  !)er  ores  and  her  mijierals,  as   would  satisfv 


IV 


PUKI'ACIC. 


pubiic  expectation  tm\  justify  the  nnibilin.,  ,,r  herow-i  ,,.o,,i,  loenter 
into  friondly  rivalry  with  her  sister  StaUKs.  aii.i  wilfi  tli,.  vv..fl(l 

ft  18  bolioved  that  the  prcHeiit  iraiul-Hcjok  will  .ontrihiit.    Imgely  to 
correct  many  nilHapinvhcii-ions  about  North  i  aroUtia   ilir  Kn.vvUi  of 
its  former  timi.l  imHlestv.  and  thenhseiict^  of  information  vvhid.   i.„m, 
of  enorgetif  public  spirit  could  haw  (.iirHer  imiairUMJ      Tl„.  ,  .vi,.„t  of 
iiit(.rmati(.n  ^iven.  fhcKreat  number  of  subjocis  treated  of,  the  great- 
iioHsand  liberality  ui  its  public  uistitutions,  the  generosity  and  coin- 
prehensiveness  of  its  educational  systems,  the  extent  of  its  interuaf 
improvements,  tlie  number  and  variety  of  its  manufactures,  thecuriou^ 
admixtures  and  vahie  of  its  agricultural  f.ursuils,  the  extensive  difhisiou 
of  its  ores  and  metals,  precious  as  well  as  the  industrially  usefu]   und 
also  the  universally  salubrious  and  temperate  climate,  which  is enjoved 
IVum  the  sea-coast  to  the  mountains,  will  certainly  awake  the  interest 
due  to  the  many  subjects  brought  to  view. 

It  may  be  added  that  tliey  are  brought  to  view  with  rigid  regard  to 
facts,  witli  laudable  object  to  give  them  wide  publicity,  with  truthful 
i)urpose  to  present  them  as  they  are,  without  the  coloring  ot  exagger- 
atiSu.  and  without  the  distortion  of  untruthfulness  or  detraction.  A 
large  i)ortion  of  the  facts  are  drawn  from  official  records  and  the  state- 
ments of  statistics;  and  such  being  the  ease,  it  was  impossible  to  have 
presented  anything  entirely  new,  since  such  facts  as  relate  to  topogra- 
phy, mineralogy,  forestry,  tdimato  and  ki)idred  to])ics,  once  ascertained 
admit  of  few  changes.    Therefore  to  Prof.  W.  <\  Kerr,  the  Rev,  Dr.  M.  A. 

Curtis,  Professor  Holmes,  Mr.  nanna,and  other  scientific  authorities.and 
also  to  the  reports  of  the  various  State  ilepartments,  are  due  a  large 
])ortion  of  the  information  conveyed  in  this  publication.  Acknowledg- 
ments are  also  made  to  the  edition  of  1883,  from  which,  in  some 
instanees,  copious  extracts  are  made.  I  have,  in  addition,  secured  much 
material  by  personal  research,  particularly  in  relation  to  the  fisheries, 
manufactures,  some  subjects  of  agriculture,  the  mountains  and  rivers! 
and  some  of  the  newly  introduced  subjects  of  industry,  such  as  truck 
farming,  canneries,  viticulture,  etc.  To  information  on  climate,  I  am 
largely  indebted  to  Dr.  H.  B.  J3attle :  and  to  the  articles  on  ores  and 
minerals,  gold,  iron,  copper,  etc,  to  Prof.  G.  H.  Uanna  and  Prof.  J.  A. 
Holmes,  State  Geologist. 


>  ! 


PR  El-  ATE.  y 

More  spue,  iiiuii  iH  (luu,  in  proportion  to  ilic  extent,  ol  ihf  work,  is 
Uivcii  lo  the  .l.'scrifitioii  of  coiuitu'^  It  is  u,  he  regretted  now  that  it 
HMs  ,s(,  applied  1 1  IS  ,.  ^reat.  a  friutliil,  and  »  very  important  anhjeet, 
"imI  111  point  ,,t  iHelulness  merits  a  distmer  work  fur  elaborate  special 
desenpiioh  ,1  ihc  counties  will  ho  of  more  value  to  them  and  to  the 
Si,atc  tliaii  iiii>  oilier  mode  of  inviliiiK  attention  to  their  resources  and 
♦ihuraeleristics  As  it  i?.  too  little  is  said  of  such  eounties  as  could  not 
le  visited,  und  nls,,  loo  htih,  ot  those  winch  were  visited,  and  iiiid  thus 
tiieir  importance  demonstrated  The  number  of  ninety-six  counties  is 
toogreai  fo  i.e  neaieil  incidentally,  und  yet  they  could  not  be  wholly 
omittid  I  think  ilie  attentioii  of  the  Legislature  may  properly  be 
ealled  Ki  this  subjocl, 

1  cannot  close  this  subject  without  reference  to  the  generous  aid 
extended  by  the  ofKcers  and  attaches  of  the  Agricultural  Department,  to 
Commissioner  John  Uobinson,  to  Secretary  T.  K.  Bruner.andto  Dr  II. 
B.  Battle,  Director  of  the  Kxi)erimen> Station  Drawn  more  closely  in 
connection  with  Mr.  Bruner.  it  is  pleasant,  as  it  is  just,  to  render  tribute 
to  his  interest  in  the  lland-Hook.  to  his  energy,  his  intelligence  and  his 
iudustrioua  research,  by  visits  and  by  <'onvspondencef  to  comprehend 
every  subject  that  was  attainable,  that,  m  a  publication  designed  to 
ilhistrato  Nortli  Carolina  on  the  wide  stage  of  the  world  s  survey,  could 
«d(i  u.  the  honor  und  interest  of  liis  native  State. 

•ncu instances  beyond  mv  control  compelled  a  somewhat  hurried 
and  al)[)reviated  presentation  of  the  subjects  embraced  in  the  present 
volume.  Nevertheless.  I  believe  the  I land-,l3ook  will  aid  in  giving  that 
inibticity  to  the  conditions  of  North  <  'arolina  sought  to  be  obtained  bv 
bringing  it  to  the  knowledge  ot  tht;  visitors  to  the  Columbian  Kxpositioii. 

J.  U  CAiMKIJOX. 
ASHEViLt.!!:,  N.  C,  Oea^niU^r  18,  1893. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


UKNKHAL  SkKTCH-...,. « 

Ti!K  Mor-NTAiN  Skction _ Vg 

In  Cross-Chain;-  ,_       oe 

Elkvatiox  OF  Mountains-,. r  q 

MlDDLK  AND  PlEDMONT  SECTIONS ^^  §_|| 

Eastkkn  Section _ ___ ^^  lJ-17 

^^•^'^^^^ ~.I'ZZ"'""  17-23 

Lakks . _  ^j._2^ 

Sounds  and  Bays  ..._ 04 

Swamps ^  ^- 

^'•^«'^«'^^— Z".  26-42 

^""^''^''"" — 42-45 

Hainkam __ ____ ^5 

Snow.. ,- 

^^ 

Frosts .^ 

I'oitlation  ok  TDK  Statk 46-5"^ 

<.tOVERNMKNT  AND  TAXATION 53-57 

^'^'^'^'^  ^^^'^-^ - -Z]  57-59 

RkIJGION_ „ _  p.(v 

Puiii-ic  Institutions _  €0-'"2 

Bureau  OK  La  dor  Statistics.  . ,  no 

Geolooical  Museum. _ __  r-,o 

Railroad  Commission _  ^o 

VuDMc  Buildings  ., -,   ^- 

ED'CATION    , r--      r-Q 

.. ^^  ^io-tbi 

JIlOirER  EDUCATrON 78-80 

Denominational  Colleges . _  80-84 

Skconu/Ary  Instruction 84-85 

i'lnvATE  Schools  and  Collp:ges 85 

HiGUEu  Female  FurcATiox 86-91 

Co',LK(iES  Koi;  THE  C(»r,()RED  People ni-9t> 


taiuk  of  contents,  vrj 

^  PAGE. 

ijesckii'tion  of  countirs  ..... 96-'^05 

Agricultural  Products 206-208 

Tobacco.... .. 208-213 

Tobacco  Production  for  1889 ^ 213-214 

^icE..,^ , 214-210 

Cotton , _ ^ 217-220 

Cotton  Crop  for  1889  --^^ ^ 220 

Peanuts ^ . 221-222 

Pouts  and  Harbors  of  North  Carolina 223-227 

Truck  Farming -,_,^,,. 22S-233 

Silk  _______ . 233-235 

Mineral  Springs  OF  North  Carolina 236-241 

Fisheries --.___. .__, 241-247 

OvSTERS  AND  THE   OYSTii:R  SURVEY.^ 247-251 

Nurserifs,  Etc. .__^ 251-253 

The  Grafe  in  North  Carolina 253-250 

Vineyards . ._^^ ^ 256-258 

Resorts,  Hotels  __ , 259 

Seaside  Resorts  __ 259-261 

Mountain  Resorts 261-267 

Manufactorif:s  in  North  Carolina 267-269 

Cotton  Mills 269-272 

Woolen  Mills 272 

Tobacco  Factories 271-273 

\V00D-W0RKIN(i  P>rABLISHMENTS  --- 273 

Paper  Mills , ^^ 275 

Knitting  M[lls 275 

Canneries 275-277 

Cotton  Seed  Oil  Mills ^ 277-278 

Fertilizer  Factojues 278-279 

Pine  Leak  Factories 279 

Bucket  Factories 279 

Rice  Mills 279 

Potteries,  Etc. ,.  279 

Iron  Manufactories 279-280 


VIII 


TAIU.K    OF    rONTENTS. 


Railroads  '''^"^'■• 

.,  ^  282-286 

t'ANALS  AND  AhtIMCIAI.  NAVIGATION 289-'?90 

Newspapers. 

^  ^  290-291 

J5UILDINO  Stones 

Granite  __ 

292-293 

Sandstone -^^„  ^ 

293-295 

Marp.le „,,_  ^ 

295-296 
olate 

Gold  Mining  in  North  Carolina 296-310 

Silver,  Lead  AND  Zinc • 

/"1„  olO 

Copper 

T         ^  310-311 

Iron.  Ores 

,,  311-320 

Manganese 

^              ^  320 

Chromic  Iron 

Cobalt  and  Nickel 

Economic  Minerals '  „, 

Tyrite 

^^  321 

Mica 

321-32*^ 

Kaolin  and  Fire-clav _  o,^,^ 

Talc-_.. 

Agalmatolite _  o.-jj^ 

Baryte ""[^^^^  32;^ 

Whetstone _  ,,^'^ 

Millstone  and  Grindstone  (Jrit -^23 

Corundum "Z""  323-324 

Marls ^^^ 

Graphite . 32^3,. 

Coal 

^  oZ0-02() 

<<EMS   AND    PkECIOIS  &T0NES 32G-32S 


PAOK. 

-  282-286 

-  289-290 
.  290-29) 

292 
.  292-293 
293-295 
295-290 
290 
290-310 
310 
310-311 
311-320 
320 
321 
321 
321 
321 
321-322 
322 
322 
322 
323 


323 
323-324 

324 
324-325 
325-320 
320-328 


HAND-BOOK  OF  NORTH  CMOLINA. 


GENERAL  SKETCH. 


he  State  o    North  far„li„a  is  boun.led  on  the  north  by  Virginia 
«^.t  by   ho  Atl„nt,c  Oe.an,  sonth  by  South  Carolina  an,l  .Georgia  a"d 

a,dSf  o'"';rn"   I'  "  ""'■"'"'  "«"■'>■  '«'"-^^»  the  parallel    34» 
"ongtode  '  """  ''"*"■''■"  ""■■  """■''"""'  ^°^°  "'"'  84r  west 

The  extreme  length  of  the  State  fron,  east  to  ,vest  is  503]  miles-  its 
average  breadth  .s  100  n.iles;  its  extreme  breadth  is  187J  miles 
area^embraees  52,286  s,uare  n.iles,  of  which  48,666  i,  land,  a,Ir3,620 

thi'surfST'lLT  ''  '"'  ™""^'™^  •'y  P'«'"™g  '"  the  mind's  eye 
urn  It  Tf  Is      L     m"'  "  ™''  ''''■""•^■'  ^'"'"'"g  '^™>'  from  thi. 

part  of  the  great  ApplLeC  eh  in   S'^^ar  :•:""";  T 

tinguished  as  th'e  Western  or  Mo,  „         Se  t    ZZ^TT'''' 
tarje  p,,^.ean.  distinguished  as  the  Middle  See^on  '^  tZ-i:^::^ 

through  a  few  mit  o   H-    f       t    ri  .^  HlO  t"!  '7  '^'7  '''""'' 
to  the  low  country  a  deslnt  of  Vbo  '  1  ^^^    ito  ug  Mhe'  "  fT 

however,  there  is  a  eonstaut  downward  grade  ^  """  '"'""■' 

THE   IVIOUNTAIN  SEfTnON. 

nori'i'o'n  'ir/T'X  "'"'  '"""""'■^'  '^"'""'^-  ""'^  ""^raees  so  large  a 
portion  of   the  territory  of  Nortli  rnrnlinn    ao  +  •.  ^ 

extended  reference  to  its  n.      ;     ,.','''^'  "'  *°  "^^"t  a  somewhat 
reierence  to  its  magnitude,  Uh  elevation  and  its  character- 


*•  HAND-BOOK    OF    NORTH    ('AROLINA. 

isties.  liroadly  considererl,  it  may  be  treated  as  a  high  plateau,  bounded 
on  the  east  by  the  irregular  chain  known  a.s  the  lilue  Ridge, -xtending 
across  the  .State  in  a  general  direction  from  north-east  to  south-west 
until,  reaching  the  south-eastern  border  of  Henderson  County,  it  turns 
to  the  west  and  forms  for  a  long  distance  part  of  the  southern  boundary 
of  the  State,  passing  at  length  by  a  south-west  projection  into  the  State 
of  Georgia,  and  again  reuniting  with  the  chain  of  the  Smoky  Mountains, 
to  which  It  had  made  near  aj)proach  on  its  entry  into  North  Carolina 
in  the  counties  of  Ashe  and  Watauga. 

The  average  elevation  of  the  iJlue  Kidge  is  nearly  4,000  feet,  though 
on  the  southern  and  northern  extremities  it  drops  to  3,000  feet,  lis  lower 
gaps  being  a  little  above  2,000  feet  over  the  main  level  of  the  piedmont 
country.  Seen  from  the  east,  the  chain  presents  the  aspect  of  a  steep 
.and  rugged  escarpment  springing  suddenly  from  the  piedmont  pla- 
teau to  an  altitude  of  from  2,000  to  8,000  feet  above  it.  From  the  west 
the  appearance  is  that  of  a  low  and  ill-defined  ridge,  in  some  places, as 
in  parts  of  Henderson  and  Macon  Counties,  presenting  almost  a  smooth, 
unbroken  horizontal  line;  again  uplifting  itself  in  bold  prominence^ 
attaining  the  height  of  nearly  6,000  feet,  as  in  the  Grandfather,  and 
the  Pinnacle, the  coQ.spicnous  summits  so  attractively  visible  near  Round 
Knob,  on  the  Western  North  Carolina  Railroad. 

The  western  boundary  of  this  division  is  that  long  chain  known 
under  the  various  names  of  the  Iron,  the  Smoky,  and  the  Unaka  Moun- 
tains, and  forming  the  dividing  line  between  North  Carolina  and  Ten- 
nessee, and  encbsing  with  marked  definiteness  the  plateau  of  Western 
North  Carolina.     The  area  of  this  division  approximates  6,000  square 
miles     The  plateau  is  the  culminating  region  of  the  Appalachian  sys- 
tem, and  contains  not  only  its  heaviest  masses,  but  also  its  higbe.st  sum- 
mits.    It  is  divided  by  a  number  of  cross  chains,  and  consequently  with 
a  number  of  smaller  plateaus  or  basins,  each  bounded  on  all  sides  by 
liigh  mountains,  and  having  its  own  independent  system  of  rivers  or 
drainage.     It  is  this  connection  or  interlacing  of  the  outside  bounding 
chains  by  the  agency  of  the  numerous  cross  chains  that  gives  Western 
North  Carolina  its  marked  mountain  character,  its  alternation  of  high 
mountain  ranges  with  corresponding  valleys  and  their  attendant  rivers, 
and  the  numerous  lateral  spurs,  penetrated  also  by  their  valleys  and 
their  mountain  torrents,  and  all  arranged  with  an  order  and  a  symme- 
try  as  rare  as  it  is  beautiful  and  also  presenting  facilities  for  commu- 
nication  from  the  oj»posite  sides  of  these  chains  of  inestimable  value  in 


THE    MOUNTAIN    SEC'TIOX,  3 

the  construction  of  works  of  internal  improvement  not  often  possessed 
by  mountam  countries,  in  their  general  aspect  tumultuonsly  upheaved 
in  dehance  of  human  advance  among  their  recesses 

THE  CROSS  CHAINS.-The  chief  of  these  in  exceptional  elevation  is 
known  as  the  Black  Mountains,  consisting  of  two  chains-the  North- 
west  and  the  Main  chain-the  united  length  of  which  is  about 'forty 
miles,  exten.hng  n,  a  north-west  direction  from  the  Blue  Eidge  through 
he  counties  of  Buncombe  and  Yancey,  and  forming  a  link  of  connec- 
t  on  between  the  Blue  Ridge  and  the  Smoky  Mountains.     These  united 

01  0.000  tee  m  height.  Between  the  French  Br.ad  and  the  Pigeon 
Kiver  stretches  the  long  chain  of  the  Pisgah  and  the  New  Found  Moun- 
tains, interrupted  by  the  valley  of  Hominy  Creek,  the  opening  of  which 
offers  convenient  passway  to  the  next  parallel  range,  the  Balsam 
Mountains,  which  extends  in  unbroken  continuity  from  the  South 
Carolina  hne  on  the  south  to  the  Smoky  Mountains  on  the  Tennessee 

tt      -n^r  ""''•     ™'  ^"^^^  '""'  ''  "^^^"  ^^-'^^^^-^  "f  ^^bout  5,500 
feet,  with  fifteen  summits  exceeding  G.OOO  feet;  and  across  the  range 

are  only  two  passways  or  gaps  suitable  to  the  passage  of  wheeled  vehi- 
cles, one  of  which,  traversed  by  the  Western  North  Carolina  Railroad, 
Th^lZ         '^'l^''-^''^f'  th«  ^ther.  Soco  Gap,  being  4,341  feet  high 
Ihen  comes  the  Cowee  chain,  extending  nearly  across  the  State,  and 
eparated  from   the  Smoky  Mountains  by  the  narrow  valley  of  the 
uckaseegee  River.     The  mean  height  of  this  chain  is  about  4  800  feet 
he  highest  summit  at  the  southern  end,  being  Yellow  Mountain,  5,133 
feet.     Ihen  succeeds  the  massive  and  very  bold  double  cliain  of  the 
Nan  ahala  and  Valley  River  Mountains,  with  a  mean  height  of  5,  00 
feet  the  two  branches  of  which  lie  i„  close  parallelism  from  the  Geo  gia 
State  line  on  the  south  as  far  as  the  Red  Marble  Gap  on  the  north,  whtre 
^ey  separate,  one  branch  directed  westward  and^nown  as  th    W 

SuntvMlt";f  "^^  f"i.  "''  ''"  '""'^^'  ^'^^"'^^--  "^  ^'^--kee 

Cheoah  Mountains,  and  ending  without  definite  connection  in  undefin. 
uble  chains  or  isolated  peaks.  ^I'uenn 

wit^iM^'l  'if  "''  f  '^",^^"'  ^"^^"  ""''  '^  ^^"^^  ^f  independent  chains 
with  probable  geological  identity,  but  physicallv  detachc-d  Imon. 
l^ese  are  the  Saluda,  Green  River,  Tryon  and  Hungrv  Mountain  t  s' 
nearly  parallel  with  the  Blue  Ridge,  but  separated  bv  the  deep  valfevs 
or  gorges  cut  through  them  by  the  angry  torrent^  which  1  ave  cu 


^  IIANI)-l!(i()K    OF   NORTH    CAKOLINA. 

thronjrh  them  to  unite  with  the  waters  Mowing  toward  the  Atlantic- 
the  wat«.rs  on  the  west  of  the  Bhie  Ri.lge,  on  the  contrary,  all  directing 
their  courses  towards  the  Mississippi  or  its  tributaries.     Another  series 
of  ranges  in  general  parallelism  with  the  Blue  Rid^-e,  but  with  wide 
interval  of  plain  and  valley  between  the  two,  may  be  consider.-d  as  one 
but  ^Vlth  capricious  outcrop,  at  one  point  appearing  in  bold  continuous 
Cham,  then  disappearing,  and,  at  wide  interval,  rising  again  and  pur- 
suing a  south-easterly  direction,  to  unite  itself  with  the  mother  range 
This  IS  the  range  which  lifts  itself  abruptly  in  Stokes  County  as  the 
picturesque  Sauratan,  with  a  mean  oh^vation  of  2,2()U  feet,  to  sink  and 
rise  again  in  the  solitary  monument  of  the  Pilot  Mountain ;  then  again 
to  disappear  to  give  place  for  the  broad,  fertile  valley  of  the  Yadkin, 
to  rise  again  and  expose  to  view  the  lengthened  chain  of  the  Brushy 
Mountains,  again  to  sink,  then  rise  again  in  solitary  height  ne.ir  Con- 
nelly's Springs,  and  then  rise  again  in  southern  Burke  to  dominate  a 
very  beautiful  landscape  as  the  South  Mountains. 

The  Linville  ^fountains,  though  distinct  from  the  Blue  Ridge,  are 
so  coincident  with  it  in  perspective  and  in  general  characteristics  as  to 
need  no  mention  as  a  distinct  range. 

In  the  southern  part  of  Randolph  County,  and  extending  into  the 
county  of  Montgomery,  appear  the  comparatively  insignificant  range 
of  the  Uwharrie  Mountains,  nowhere  attaining  an  elevation  of  more 
than  1,500  feet,— rough,  rocky  and  barren,  except  in  mineral  wealth, 
gold  being  found  at  many  points  in  the  range,  and  having  been  worked 
with  great  profit  by  many  investors. 

East  of  these  mountains,  in  the  counties  of  Orange,  Durham  and 
Person,  appear  frequent  outcrops  of  mountain  formation  reaching  in 
general  characteristics  almost  the  dignity  of  mountains,  but  nowhere 
rising  to  the  elevation  of  1,200  feet  above  tidewater.  These  detached 
outcrops  may  be  grouped  in  the  general  term  of  the  Occoneechee  Moun- 
tams,  and  are  the  last  efforts  of  the  forces  of  upheaval  in  the  direction 
of  the  sea  to  lift  the  earth  above  its  normal  level. 

The  above  embrace  the  whole  mountain  system  of  North  Carolina, 
and  in  the  western  section  unmistakably  present  the  culmination  of 
the  great  Appalachian  system,  as  illustrated  by  the  highest  summits 
lifted  up  in  all  the  territory  of  the  United  States  east  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  and  also  as  the  source  from  which  many  large  rivers  radiate 
to  flow  towards  the  opposite  directions  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  the  Gulf 
of  iMexico,  and  the  Mississippi  River  and  its  tributaries. 


I 


Till';    MOLMAIN    SKI  TKi.V. 


Along  the  Blue  Itidgo,  along  the  Smoky  Mountain  range,  and  along 
the  cross  chains  are  found  the  following  summits  which  exceed  (I.OOU 
feet  in  elevation : 

IN  THE  SMOKY  MOUNTAINS.— Mount  l^uokloy,  0,^(19 ;  ( 'lingman's  Dome, 
6,G()(»;  Mount  Love,  (vU'.l;  Mount  Collins,  (;,1H.S;  Mount  Alexander, 
0,417;  Mount  Henry,  iKMli:  Mount  Guyot,  (),()3();  Tricorne  Knob, 
(),18S;  Ravens  Ivnol),  (),'20():  Thermometer  Knob,  OjloT;  Luftee  Knob, 
6,238;  Catalooehee,  0,1.")!);  Roan  (High  Knob),  ('),30('.;  Ifoan  (High 
Blutf),  (],29();  (Jrassy  Ridge  (Maid),  (),-23():  Cold  Spring,  ('),130. 

IN  THE  BALSAM  MOUNTAINS. — iOnns  I'lott's  Balsam,  (i,tJOO;  Jones'  Bal- 
sam, »),-224:  Rockstone  Knob,  (),()02:  Brotlua-  I'lott,  r),24();  AmosPIott's 
]*>idsam,  (1.278;  Rocky  Face,  (),0()1 ;  Double  Spring  Mountain,  (),380; 
Richland  Balsam,  (vl25;  Chimney  Peak,  (),234;  Si)ruce  Ridge  Top, 
G,()7t>;  Reinhardt  Mountain,  6,100;  Devil's  Court  House,  6,049;  Sam's 
Knob,  (i,001 :  Cold  Mountain.  6,()()3. 

IN  THE  BLACK  MOUNTAINS.  —  Xniili-ursf  (Jhaln  —  Blackstock's  Knob, 
6,380;  Potato  Top,  6,300.  Main  Cha in— VAack  Donv,  (),r)02;  Mount 
Gibbs,  6,501;  Mount  Hallback  or  Sugar-loaf,  6,406;  Mount  Mitchell, 
6,717;  Balsam  Cone,  t),H71;  Black  Brother,  6,619;  Cattail  Peak,  6,611; 
Hairy  Bear,  6,610;  Deer  .VIountain,  6,203;  Long  Ridge,  Middle  Point, 
6,259;  Bowlen's  Pyramid,  <),34cS. 

IN  THE  CRAGGY  RANGE.— P>ig  Craggy,  6,000. 

In  all  forty-three  peaks  of  6,000  feet  and  upwards.  And  there  are 
eighty-two  mountains  which  exceed  in  height  5,000  feet,  and  closely 
approximate  6,000,  and  the  number  which  exceed  4,000  and  approxi- 
mate 5,000  is  innumerable. 

The  general  contour  of  all  these  mountains  is  gentle,  the  summits 
generally  pre.senting  smooth  rounded  outlines,  occasionally  rising  into 
sharp  pointed  peaks,  and,  except  on  the  southern  border,  presenting 
little  of  precipitous  formation.  There,  some  of  the  most  stupendous 
cliffs  or  precipices  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  present  themselves, 
such  as  Ctesar's  Head  and  Whiteside  Mountain,  the  latter  presenting  a 
sheer  perpendicular  front  of  naked  rock  eighteen  hundred  feet  in 
height. 

Otherwise  the  mountains  are  covered  with  deep  rich  soil,  clothed 
with  massive  forests  to  their  tops.  To  this  general  condition  there  is 
the  remarkable  exception  presented  by  the  locally  named  />«iJ.s',  natural 
meadows  found  on  the  rounded  tojjs  of  many  of  the  highest  mountains. 


6 


II.VND-ltOOK    Ol"    NORTH    (•.VKOMSA. 


Their  (ilovatioii  is  ^r,.,H,,.ally  iioiir.  or  above,  (1,000  foet.  Tlie  fienvy 
forest  Rnnvtli  of  the  vulh,ys  .i,„l  lower  slopes  of  the  n...unt,nns  is 
gra.hmlly  dwarfed  towards  the  huld  simiM.its,  so  that  these  are  sur- 
rounded by  a  frin^n,  of  stunted,  scrubby  oaks,  beeclics,  .fee,  the  lml>h 
themselves  hehig  covered  with  a  rich  herbaHe  of  grass,  pasturage  tcv 
which  large  herds  of  domestic  ani.nals  arc"  aunuallv  driven  to  remain 
until  the  return  of  cold  weather. 

The  great  elevation  of  these  mountain  heights  is  indicated  by  the 
botanical  features  of  the  vegetation,  which  shows  a  predominance  of 
hrs,  hemlocks,  white  pines,  and  other  trees  of  high  latitudes. 

In  r(.H,H.,.t  t..  thus.,  tiinbor  trcos  l'„uiul  \nm;  m  .•o,m„„.m  with  tl„.  ..tli.T  m-.tions  the 

M..,n,tnMiSr,.ti,ml,as(lH.n.lvmUnKrotp.,ss..ssin«anunl.rnkc.nton.st.     Innm.paris.m 
witli  tl.<.  extent  of  forcHt  lands,  the  cleariuKH  liere  are  men,  patches 

ThenM-s  little  ha.ar.l  in  sayinK  that  there  is  nowhere  in  any  of  the  States  an  equal 
mea  of  lan.l  eove.e.l  with  tin.her  tiee.sof  sueli  various  kimis,  an.l  of  su.h  value  The 
walnut,  tuhp  tr,.eH  (poplars),  and  oaks  attain  a  size  that  woul.l  hanliy  he  en.lited  by 
one  who  had  no,  seen  then,.  The  preservation  of  this  n,a«nitieent  forest  indue  totho 
tiiet  th.'.t  It  has  Intlwrto  hee.i  inaeeessil.le  to  transportation.  Within  the  past  fe^^ 
years  nmeh  of  it  has  heen  hrouKht  into  eonneetion  with  the  markets  of  the  wori.l 
One  ra.  road  n.e  passes  entirely  thn.u^l.  this  section,  and  another  hranehiuK  otf  at 
Ashevdie  an.l  leading  to  the  extrena.  southwest  of  the  .State,  is  in  Rreat  part  .-on.- 
pie  e,  iMto  the  northwestern  part  of  the  .Staf  also  a  railroad  has  I.een  comnlefd 
and  others  projected,  of  which  two  are  partially  ^nnhMl. 

Thecuhivated  productions  of  this  section  a.v  the  same  with  those  of  the  Middle 
Sccfon,  cotton  a,.d  rice  ex,.epte,l.  Its  garden  vep.tahies  are  the  same,  In.tthecal.hag.. 
and  the  Irish  jiotato  grow  here  to  a  .legroe  of  perfection  that  cannot  be  excelled  any- 
where. Among  the  fruits,  its  apples  .are  noted  f„r  si/,,  and  tlavor.  Peaches  and 
grapes  grow  well  gen..rally  :  hut.  for  tiM.ir  highest  perlVction.  natur,.  has  made  pro- 
visions  by  a  suspension  to  some  extent  of  h.-r  ordinary  laws.  Throughout  the  moun- 
tains,  m  certain  loc-dities  and  at  c<.rtain  elevations.  th..re  air  horizontal  belts  ^yhere 
frost  is  ney,.r  known.  Su,.h  localiti,.s  are  found  not  only  in  this  section,  hut  in  the 
South  Mountains  aii.l  in  the  Brushy  .ange.  They  constitute  an  unfailing  source  of 
suj.ply  of  these  fruits,  am!  in  process  of  time  will  be  occupied  by  establishments  foi" 
canning  iruits  for  the  markets  of  the  worhl. 

The  clhnate  oi  this  section  differs  less  from  that  of  the  Mid.lle  Section  than  would 
he  inferrcl  from  its  higher  altitude.  The  difference  is  more  perceptil)l<>  in  summer 
than  m  winter.  In  the-  former  se.ason.  its  cool  and  bracing  air,  together  with  its 
varied  scenery,  its  miiu-ral  water.s-sulphur.  chalylK.ati'  an.l  thermal-made  this 
section  one  of  the  favorite  resorts  of  the  people  of  the  South  .-^nd  Southwest  when  it 
could  cmly  b,>reached  by  private  conveyances.  Since  it  has  been  penetrate.l  by  raiU 
road.s,the:nl«.xof  h.^ilth  an.l  ple.asun  -seekers  has  increased  an  hun.lre.l  fold,  an.l 
m  future  will  ad.l  very  largely  to  its  ivsources. 

It  is  the  resort,  too.  of  p.vple  from  the  ^'..r  Vorth  in  winfr.  It  is  ,.r..teoted  by  the 
rniige  ot  mountains  which  form  its  bou>;.;uv;  froiu  all  the  cl.l  win.ls-the  north- 
east, north  ami  north-west.  Th..  .legiv,  of  coi,:  i.s  therefore  temp..rate.  A  pin.-hii,.^ 
season  may  ,.oni..  .d  long  int..rvals  :  it  is,  however,  of  short  duration.  ),eing  ..uickly 


TIIIC    Nrol'VTMN    MKCTION, 


8U(T..,.,I.Ml  l,y  w.-atluTof  n  ,„., -at..  t...n,„  n.t.uv.     S.ul,  „..aHons  aiv  »,.|  .n.wH.u.no 

xr  n.'''J'*  ''""^'"r^-     '^ '"""^"•'  "'■  '"""■  "'"^  '■""'*  '"•••"  '«  '•"«  '•'""   «l""  <•»■  tl»< 

Mi.l.  I..s..,.t„.n.  Kv,.,.  in  tl.r  hiKl,  inninUain  .•.■...koh,  cattle ..ivrx.-lu.U..I  fnm,  puHtur- 
iip-  l>.v  tlif  Mjuivv  only  imcf  in  iiIxhU  Hf\.'ii  vcais. 

Til.,  soils  nf  tlu.hnMinMof  tlu.  Kivat  riv,.,s  of  tl.iH  stM-tion,  i.m.I  its  nna.ntain  vallvvH, 

«n.  ,.ot...l  for  tlu.ir  f..r,i!ily,     Tl.-  ,.a,,a..i(y  for  ,1...  pro lion  of  ..uvaln  ami  huy 

grasses  iH  ...,nal  to  ij.os..  of  any  lands,     As  n.iKJ.t  I...  infrrrcl  from  llu'  l,..avv  fon-nt 

grovvtl.  witl,  wln,.l,  tl „tiri.  surfa.-,.  is  <.ov..n.,l.  tl...  n.,a.ntain  si-Ls  arr  sns.vi.til,l« 

ot  [)r()lltalili'  cnlfivatioii  up  to  their  suniinils 

An.onK  tl...  valirys  most  note]  for  tlirir  l-.-anty  ami  ...vt-nt  aiv  tlir  t', r  French 

Br<m.I  an.l  .\rills  River  ValloyH.  of  Henders^.n  ami  Transylvania  :  ti,e  Su  a.manoa,  i,» 
Buneon.I-e;  tl.e  lip.,,,,  iliver,  Hi.l.la...!  amiJonatl.at.-HCn.ek  Mat  laiulH,  in  Ffuywood; 

r'"'n  ""'  ^■""'■>'  "'^•'••'  '""'  "i^vassee,  in  Cherok... :  an.l  portions  of  the  Upper 
Lniville,  in  Miti'helt,  " 

'•''' '"'■"  t'''">^"»''"ta.ie  c  .untry  is  well  a.laptwt  to  Htofk-raising.    The  cnltivated 

grass,.s  H.airish  everywhere  witl,  even  onlim.ry  ,.„,.  R,:t  i|  is  in  the  north-wesU-ra 
counties-partienlarly  in  the  eonnties  of  Ashe.  Alh-hany,  VVatan-a.  Mitei,ell,  Yun- 
cey-that  ail  the  eon.litions  a,e  found  neeessaiy  for  its  i,erfeet  miceess.  The  hoU 
tIjna.Khont  ti,ese  eonnti..s  is  a  d.vp  riel,  loa.n.  np  to  the  snnnnits  of  ti,e  monntains. 
The  whole  eountry  is, -over...!  witl,  a  dense  veKetatioa.  amonKSt  whiel,  will  he  fonnd 
«on,e  ot  the  larnvst  tinil.er  i.i  the  United  States,  and  as  yet  the  fo.vsts  are  compara- 
tively unhroken.  I.ecans,.  they  have  heen  inacvssil.le  t,  .market.  The  .-k-a.-inKof  the 
tnnher  ,s  a  work  of  some  ,iilli,„lty.  I.nt  when  that  is  done  tl,,.  h.bor  of  tlu'  farmer  in 
yewanh.d  with  the  richest  crops  After  two  or  three  ,.r,.,,s  a.v  tak,.,,  o(f.  ll„.  land  if 
«u(  ,.r,.,l  to  l,e  Mt  ,vst.  sprin-s  np  sp.aifaneonsly  in  tiinothv.  her,ls  grass,  and  oth,>r 
nch  past,.,-..  o,,,ss,.s  :  and  once  ,.stal.lisl„.d.  tl„.  Kn,ss  p,.,-p..tnat,.s  its.-lf  npon  the  land. 
I^ori8anenl,reel,.ar,nKnec,.ssarytoPHtai,lisl,thela.,din^,ass,     If  th..  unde,-Towth 

18  re.noved.  th,.  fees  thinned  ont.  an.l  snrface  stirr,-.!  , s..wn  i„  o.vha.'d  Kras^ 

<Oo.ks  l.,ot).  ,t  ll.,iii-isl,..s  luxuriantly.  .'V..,,  whil,.  th.-  fo.vst  tn...s  a,v  l<.f|  stan.li,,.. 

Its  capacity  as  a  Kra/.inR-  ••onntry  has  lon^  i.eei,  km.wn.  Hut  form..rIv  tl,..  c^ml.' 
w,.r,.  l,.tt  to  th.-  nvsouivs  of  nature,  which.  in.l..e.l.  in  su.'l,  a  c.-untrv  w..re  al.un.lant 
ami  rich.     -  ih.r.s.-s  an.l  h.a'n.Mlcattl,..-  says(J..n,.,al  .  •lin.n.an  in..,,.,  of  h,s  pul.lira- 

ti,>ns.  '-are  usually  driven, .ut  into  th,-i,,..,,„(ainsahu„t  the  ii,st..f  April  ai,.li.,-..i...ht 
back  m  X,.veml,en  Within  six  w..,.ks  all..r  th..y  hav..  thus  l„.en  put  int..  tl...  ning... 
they  he,..,,,,.,  fat  and  sl.^t-k  Th.-r..  .•„...  l,..w..v,.r.  on  th..  topan.l  al..UK  tlu-  si,h-s.,f  the 
higher  n,.,untains  ,.ve,-j;r,.,.i,  an.l  wint.r  Kn,ss..s  on  which  horses  and  horne.l  ,attle 
live  well  through  th,"  <-ntir,.  wiufr.  Sii..h  animals  are  often  foale.l  an.l  rcaiv.l  th.-re 
lint,  ht  for  mark..t.  without  .-v.-r  s..,.ii,g  a  ...Itivat.'.l  |.lantati,.i,  ••  Of  hit...  att.'.itum 
has  l„...n  turn..l  t..  11,..  l.,-,....ling  of  tin.,  stock,  an.l  .s.,n,..  I„.r.ls  of  .-attle  an.l  flo.'ks  of 
sh,-pp  a,v  f  oun.l  the.v  whi<.h  will  ..onipare  not  unfavorably  with  thos.-  of  anv  .-ountrv 
Tins  ,-ountry  is  alrea.ly  |.,.n,.trat..,l  by  on.,  raihx.ad,  ami  others  are  in  ..o.u'se  .,f  .-on- 
stru..t,on.  W  hen  fairly  lai.l  op..,,  t.,  railroa.l  .•,„ninu.„Vati..i,  it  will  oir..i-lH.si.l,.s  its 
rich  mnung  u.teiv.sts  an.l  ti,nb,.rs-oneof  th..  Iin..st  ti..l.is  for  ,attl..  an.l  sl,....p  breed- 
ing an.l  lor  .lairy  i,i-.).lucts  that  the  Union  presents, 

^  Apart  from  its  fo.vsts.  natuie  has  be,.,,  prodigal  to  tl,is  s.-.-tion  in  shrubs  an.l  tlow,.r- 
ing  plantH,  It  has  always  been  a  favorit..  ivsort  of  th..  botanists.  It  is  a  li..l.l  Ihat 
has  b,.,.,,  assaluously  cultivated  by  n.any  ,.f  th..  most  .listingnish..,!  prof..sso,s  ..f  that 
SCI,.,,,.,..  It  was  fron,  th.-se  n„,untains  that  Hart.am.  tl,.-  Mi,liau.K-fath..r  an.l  son- 
Fras..r.  D.-lile,  Lyon.  Nuttall.  Vo„  Sehweinit.,  .Mitchell,  (uav  an.l  Curtis,  d.vw  much 


'^   V' 


8 


liAND-BOOK    OK    NORTH    CAROLINA. 


of  tho  miitfrial  of  tlioir  valuiihle  contrihiitions  to  botanical  science.  It  was  here  that 
some  of  tJK'  most  beautiful  flowers  that  a.lora  Uie  Kanlcns  of  P]uro]w  and  of  this 
country  wore  first  discovered.  It  still  yidds  nire  flowers  to  the  explore/,  which 
though  not  conspicuous  lor  their  beauty.  :ire  deemed  rare  treasures  by  i)otanists. 

This  section  has  also  b-eii  one  of  ilie  chief  sources  of  sup))l>  of  medicinal  herbs. 
Inmiense(,n,iMtities  are -atliered  and  shipped  to  the  Northern  cities  and  to  Europe. 
In  travelling  through  the  mountains  bales  of  these  herbs  may  be  seen  collected  about 
theroutilry  stores  as  bales  of  cotton  ar(>  seen  in  the  ]Mi(hlle  and  Eastern  Sections. 
Ginseng  in  great  (|uantities  is  shipped  to  (■hina,  Th.'  trade  in  mt'icinnl  herbs  has 
i;rown  into  a  large  business. 

Corundum  abounds  in  Macon,  Clay  and  many  other  counties.  Mica  is  abundant  in 
Mitchell  and  Yanc  py.  and  those  counties  yield  a  large  part  of  the  world's  supily. 
The  larg<\st  and  Hnest  sheets  of  it  seen  at  the  World's  Fair  at  Viemia  were  from  the 
Ray  Mine  in  Yancey. 

TJiis  section  is  rich  in  iron  ores  of  the  best  grade.  That  of  ."'ranberry  possesses 
sucli  e.vcellence  for  making  iron  for  si)e(,-ial  purposes-steam  boilers  for  example,  and 
.steel  of  the  finest  quality,  such  as  is  a.lapted  to  making  surgical  instruments  and  the 
like— that  a  railroad  forty  miles  long  has  been  constructed  through  one  of  the  most 
rugged  parts  of  the  mountain  territory  to  reach  it.  Copper  also  is  prominent  among 
the  metals  of  this  region.  Tiu'  most  noted  mine  is  that  of  Ore  Knob,  in  Ashe.  It 
has  been  ext(>nsiv..ly  developed,  and  the  laisiness  in  all  its  branches  is  conducted  with 
intelligence,  skill  and  energy. 

The  effect  of  these  mining  enteri)rises  ui)on  the  prosperity  of  this  section  has  been 
uiarked.  Labor  has  found  protifal)le  em))loyment.  a  home  market  has  been  furnished 
to  the  farmer,  and  t'uei-e  has  been  a  general  apjn-eciation  of  property  of  every  kind. 

xnelast  three  years  have  been  remarkable  for  the  success  with  which  thediflic-ulties 
presented  by  the  want  of  transportation  in  this  State  have  been  grappled  with  and 
overcome.  Thes<'  achievements  at  once  great  and  beneficent,  will  make  this  jx^-iod  a 
niemorabli>  one  in  the  history  of  the  Sta.e.  Railroa.ls  are  now  entering  tlie  north- 
western jiart  of  the  State  in  several  direc;tions.  The  com])letion  and  connection  of 
these,  and  the  opening  uji  of  this  region,  so  rich  in  elements  of  undeveloped  wealth, 
is  now  regarded  as  the  hrst  and  most  imperative  duty  of  the  statesmen  of  North 
Carolina. 

MIDDLE  AND   PIEDMONT  SECTION 

Is  intermediate  between  the  Mountain  Section,  alteady  spoken  of,  and 
the  Eastern  Section,  which  extends  to  the  eoa.st.  It  eoinprists  neatly 
one-half  the  territory  of  the  State.  In  pas,sing  into  this  section,  either 
from  the  Western  or  the  Ea.stern,  a  marked  change  is  at  once  observ- 
able in  topograi)hy,  in  production,  and  largely  in  industrial  pursuits. 
The  tumultuous  continuity  of  mountains  .subsides  into  gentle  undula- 
tions, a  succession  of  hills  and  dales,  a  variety  and  charm  of  landscape, 
alike  different  from  the  high,  uplifted  mountain  elevations  and  the  tlat 
monotony  of  the  plains  or  levels  of  the  east.  Every  step  brings  (o  view 
some  new  charm,  some  new  arrangement  of  the  rounded  hills,  some 


MIDDLE    AND    TIEDMONT   SECTION. 


9 


new  grou[>ing  of  the  tracts  of  forest  vvhicli  still  cover  so  larg-e  a  part  of 
the  country.  The  hills,  indeed,  in  their  gracefully  curving  outlines, 
present  lines  of  beauly  with  which  the  eye  of  tnste  is  never  satiated. 
The.se  are  attractions  which  depend  upon  iieiniiinent  features  of  the 
landscape,  an<l  which,  though  infinitely  heightened  in  their  effects  by 
the  verdure  of  si)ring  and  summer,  are  only  brought  into  fuller  relief 
by  the  nakedness  of  winter.  The  variations  of  surface,  though  less 
defined  at  first,  become  more  marked  towards  the  west,  and  towards 
the  Blue  Ridge  tlie  country  assumes  a  bold  and  even  rugged  aspect. 

The  hand  of  improvement  is  more  visible  in  this  than  in  any  section 
in  the  State.     This  is  chiefly  due  to  two  cau.sts — 

1.  Agriculture  here  was  less  dependent  upon  slave  labor  than  in  the 
Eastern  Section.  The  number  of  slavfs  was  less,  and  in  many  com- 
munities within  its  limits— as  tho.se  made  up  of  the  Society  of  Friends, 
or  Quakers— there  were  none.  Hence,  agricultural  industries,  whi)h 
were  ])rostrated  there  by  the  shock  of  the  civil  war— a  shock  from 
which  it  did  not  recover  l>efore  years  had  elai  sed  — here  sustained  only 
a  partial  disturbance,  and  that  for  no  long  perioil. 

2.  No  part  of  tliis  section  was  occupied  for  any  length  of  time  by 
hostile  troops,  and  at  the  end  of  the  war  its  means  of  subsistence  were 
comparatively  undrained.  A  l^asis  was  left  for  the  resumption  of  indu.s- 
tries  'J\)  this  is  to  be  added  another  advantage— the  facility  with 
which  lands  of  the  best  class  could  be  rented  after  the  break-up  of  the 
old  plantation  .system.  All  the  large  pro{)rietors,  after  the  lo.ss  of  their 
slaves,  had  more  land  than  they  could  cultivate.  The  only  use  tliey 
could  make  of  it  was  to  let  it  tf>  rent.  To  young  and  ♦  nergetic  men  a 
golden  opportunity  was  thus  offerer).  They  went  to  work,  stimulated 
by  the  desire  to  redeem  the  time  lost  during  their  service  in  the  army, 
and  by  the  hope  of  acquiring  lands  of  their  own.  But  everyone  had 
lost  heavily.  The  impulse  to  repair  these  Icsses  was  universal.  Labor, 
from  the  predominance  of  the  white  race  here,  was  not  greatly  inade- 
quate to  the  demand.  Hence,  every  kind  of  business  was  pressed  on 
with  spirit  and  zeal.  The  effect,  in  a  few  years,  was  to  obliterate  all  the 
deeper  traces  of  the  war;  then  the  work  of  improvement  l)egan,  and 
has  been  steadily  c.rried  on.  This  section  is  now  dotted  over  witli 
thriving  villages  and  towns.  The  homes  everywhere  indicate  a  high 
degree  of  thrift  and  comfort.  An  unusual  projiortion  are  built  in  mod- 
ern style,  and  tastefully  {)ainted.  Nestled  amidst  yards  and  gardens, 
enclosed  with  neat  painted  [)alings,  flanked  with  orchards  of  fruit  trees, 


10 


HAND-BOOK    OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


in  which  a  space  is  generally  allotted  to  choice  grape  vines,  they  give 
abundant  proof  of  ease,  plenty,  and,  in  many  instances,  of  no  small 
degree  of  luxury. 

It  is  in  this  section  that  the  great  water-power  of  the  State— estimated 
by  the  late  State  Geologist,  Prof.  W.  C.  Kerr,  at  three  million  horse- 
power—finds its  greatest  development  and  employment.     It  is  through 
this  section  that  flow  the  upper  waters  of  the  Dan,  the  Roanoke,  the 
Tar,  the  Neuse,  the  Cape  Fear,  the  Yadkin  and  the  Catawba,  and  their 
numerous  affluents.     All  of  those  have  been  utilized  by  the  erection  of 
corn,  flouring  and  saw-mills  in  every  neighborhood,  and  cotton  and 
woolen  mills  on  almost  all  of  the  rivers  and  their  tributaries.     Within 
the  last  few  years  the  number  of  cotton-mills  has  largely  increased. 
Those  erected  lately  are  spacious  buildings,  and  equipped  with  the  best 
machinery.     Within  the  same  period  all  or  nearly  all  of  the  older  ones 
have  been  enlarged  and  new  machinery  put  in.     The  fact  begins  to  be 
more  and  more  recognized  that  within   the  cotton  States  there  are 
advantages  for  the  manufacture  of  that  staple  that  cannot  be  found 
elsewhere.     Here  the  cotton  is  at  the  door  of  the  manufacturer,  and 
the  prime  cost  of  the  material  is  therefore  less.     Wages  aie  less  here 
than  in  the  Northern  States,  and  a  lower  rate  of  wages  here  affords  a 
more  comfortable  living  than  a  higher  rate  there,  for  the  necessaries  of 
life  are  cheaper,  and  less  of  food,  clothing  and  fuel  are  required.     Less 
fuel,  too,  is  required  for  heating  the  mill  in  winter.     The  laborer  can 
make  substantial  additions  to  his  means  of  subsistence  from  his  garden, 
which  is  always  allotted  here  to  the  head  of  the  family.     Here  there  is 
no  obstruction  to  machinery  from  ice  in  winter,  and  no  greater  suspen- 
sion of  work  from  drought  in  summer,  for  our  rivers  are  as  long  as 
those  of  New  England,  and  have  as  many  tributaries.     The  original 
cost  of  the  site  and  of  the  building  here  is  very  much  less  than  the 
same  cost  there.     Ihe  force  of  these  reasons  cannot  be  long  resisted. 

At  a  subsequent  place  in  this  volume  will  be  noted  what  has  been 
done  in  North  Carolina,  chiefly  in  this  Middle  Section,  in  cotton  manu- 
facture; and  also  the  steps  taken  to  foster  that  of  the  woolen  manufac- 
turer, to  which  there  are  many  of  the  climatic  and  economical  induce- 
ments that  so  encourage  and  reward  the  manufacture  of  cotton. 

The  soil  of  this  Middle  Section  presents  a  blending  of  the  soils  of  the 
Eastern  and  Weste-  n  divisions,  the  tertiary  formation  of  the  fiist  push- 
ing itself  sometimes  far  towards  the  west  until  it  comes  into  proximity 
with  the  secondary  formation  of  the  Piedmont  Section,  and  often,  in 


rw 


A     «->  »> 


-iV:U^'^i^  *"-«*.:■ 


•if-,  -  V,  ■  j.-^-.»i*.*.*o« 


"\i>  jC"lffMR.>  "■■. 


raiiif%a 


^■/,  ■•       .    "n  ■ 


UJ 

O 
U. 


HI 

3 


-^^ff^U^I^ 


-s-^:  tt:|B«fii..: 


EASTERN   SECTION. 

its  extreme  western  extension,  partaking  of  the  . 
mary  formation  of  the  Mountain  Section.    A  soil  so  comp.oo.  .n  ,nvui«i- 
.     fied,  ni  connection  with  favorable  climatic  conditions,  olfers  gieat  ao-ri- 
cultural  possibilities,  and  in  this  section  we  find  the  widest  ran -e  of 
production.     It  is  here  that  we  find  the  largest  area  devoted  in  the 
cultivation  of  the  most  profitable  varieties  of  tobacco,  and  it  is  hero 
that  the  culture  of  cotton  is  largely  extended  and  profitably  pursued" 
and  It  IS  here  also  that  all  the  cereals  and  all  the  gras.ses  are  culti- 
vated in  their  highest   perfection,  enlisting  the  leading  agricultural 
interest  of  the  population.     Here  also  the  fruits  of  the  temperate  zone 
find  congenial  home-apples,  peaches,  pears,  cherries,  the  small  fruits 
and  grapes  being  unexcelled  in  excellence,  variety  and  abundance      In 
this  section  are  also  widely  distributed  the  richest  veins  and  de[.osits  of 
the  valuable  ores  and  metals,  including  the  precious  metals,  gold  and 
silver,  iron,  copper  and  lead,  and  the  only  two  coal  formations  found  in 
North  Carolina.     These  ores,  and  the  mining  operations  connected  with 
them,  will  be  treated  of  in  a  chapter  in  tliis  work  prepared  bv  the  State 
Geologist.     This  region  also  abounds  in  varied  and  extensive  forest 
wealth,  which  will  be  referred  to  in  its  proper  place. 

EASTERN  SECTION. 

The  whole  eastern  portion  of  the  State  belongs  to  the  quaternary 
system,  with  frequent  exposure  along  the  rivers,  ravines,  and  ditches  of 
the  eocene  and   miocene  epochs  of  the  tertiarv.     ft  consists  of  a  vast 
plain,  stretching  from  the  sea  coast  into  the  interior  of  the  country  a 
distance  of  from  one  hundred   to  a  hundred  and  twenty-five  miles 
Traversing  this  section  from  north  to  south  arc  tracts  of  country  which 
vary  little  from  a  perfect  level.     The  Carolina  Central  Kailroad  has  a 
stretch  of  one  hundred  miles  where  there  is  neither  curve,  excavation 
nor  embankment.     From  east  to  west  the  surface  rises  bv  easv  grada- 
tions at  the  rate  of  a  little  more  than  a  foot  to  the  mile.     The  rise 
however,  is  not  perceptible  to  the  traveler.     But  though  level  in  parts' 
It  IS  m  general  relieved  by  slight  undulations.     In  its  extreme  western 
part,  in  the  county  of  Moore,  it  attains  an  elevation  of  about  five  hun- 
dred feet. 

The  western  bou:  ry  may  bo  roughly  defined  bv  a  line  extending 
from  the  western  part  of  Warivn,  through  Franklin,  Wake,  Cun^ber- 
land,  Chatham,  Moore,  Montgomery  and  ,\n.son.  This  line  marks 
What,  at  an  early  period  of  the  earth's  historv,  was  a  line  of  sea-beach 


12 


HAND-BOOK    OF    NORTH   CAROLINA. 


Over  tins  v\liole  section  the  primitive  rocks  are  covered  with  a  deep 
stratum  of  eartii,  principally  sand.  Along  the  western  horder  there  is 
a  broad  belt  of  unequal  width,  but  generally  from  thirty  to  forfv  miles 
across,  where  granite,  slate  and  other  rocks  are  sparingly  distributed  ; 
they  are  also  found  near  water-courses  in  the  interior  of  ihis  section! 
The  belt  of  primitive  rock  here  mentioned  extends  to  the  Wilmington 
and  Weldon  Railroad,  from  the  Virginia  lino  to  (Joldsboro,  and  from 
thence  to  u  line  drawn  through  Averusboro  to  the  South  Carolina  line 
about  whore  the  Pee  Dee  enters  that  State.  From  the  line  there  indi- 
cated  to  the  sea  coast  not  a  stone  of  any  size,  scarcely  a  pebble,  except 
at  a  few  points,  is  to  be  met  with.  There  is  a  rock  peculiar  to  this 
section  formed  by  the  combination  of  the  cdcare.-us  element  of  sea 
shells  and  the  silicious  matter  of  sand.  It  is  full  of  cavities— the  prints 
of  decomposed  shells— and  is  used  to  some  extent  as  millstones. 

A  bed  of  shell  limestone  underlies  this  part  of  the  State,  cropinng 
out  at  intervals.     It  forms  a  good  limestone,  sufficiently  pure  for  all 
the  c  nimon  purposes  of  building,  and  in  quantity  large  enough  to 
supply  a  wide  extent  of  country  with  quicklime.  "  Examples  of  thia 
are  found  nine  miles  below  Waynesboro,  in  the  north-west  corner  of 
Jones,  in   the  northern  part  of  Onslow,  at  Wilmington,  and  on  the 
north-west  branch  of  the  Cape  Fear  to  a  distance  of  forty  miles  above. 
This  section  is  made  up  of  beds  of  clay  and  sand  with  vast  quantities 
of  shells  imbedded  in  them.     The  soil  varies  in  character  to  the  extent 
that  the  one  or  the  other  predominates;  and  to  the  extent  that  the 
shells,  when  intermixed  with  it,  have  undergone  decomposition.     The 
upland  soil  is  for  the  most  part  a  sandy  loam,  easily  accessible  to  the 
sun's  rays,  easily  worked,  and  very  productive  in  the  crops  there  culti- 
vated.     There  are,  however,  extensive  areas  of  country  where  sand 
predominates  to  such  a  degree  that  the  surface  to  a  considerable  depth 
IS  a  bed  of  white  sand.     Yet  this  kind  of  land  is  the  favorite  habitat 
of  the  long-leaf  pine.     When  cleared,  it  yields  good  crops  of  corn  and 
cotton  for  a  few  years  without  manure,  and  always  with  slight  help 
from  proper  commercial  fertilizers.     There  are  other  extensive  areas 
where  clay  eaters  so  largely  into  the  soil  as  to  form  a  clay  loam.     The 
counties  on  the  north  side  of  Albemarle  Sound— a  very  fertile  tr;ict  of 
country— are  examples  of  this  class.     The  alluvial  lands  of  this  sec- 
tion—lands always  ill  the  highest  degree  produc  ive  from  the  fact  that 
all  the  elements  of  fertility  are  intimately  intermingled  by  having  been 
once  suspended  in  water— are  of  utuisnal  extent  and  importance.     The 


EASTKRN   SECTION. 


13 


grain  grown  there  supplies  foorl  not  only  for  people  of  other  parts  of 
the  State,  but  large  populations  in  other  States.  There  are  also  exten- 
sive areas  where  the  shells  of  the  eocene  era  of  the  tertiary  formation— 
and  which  have  been  decomposed  by  time— crop  out  t  >  tlie  surface  and 
impart  to  the  soil  a  high  degree  of  fertility.  This  is  the  case  from  the 
eastern  part  of  Jones  county  to  the  Cape  Fear.  The  greater  proportion 
of  the  good  lands  in  Jones  depends  upon  the  fact  that  this  formation 
is  largely  developed  there.  The  rich  lauds  of  Onslow,  and  of  Rocky 
Point,  in  New  Hanover,  owe  their  excellence  to  the  same  cause.  Another 
class  of  land  in  point  of  fertility  equalling  any  in  the  world  is  that 
reclaimed  from  some  of  the  lakes  of  this  section.  To  two  of  these  the 
process  of  drainage  has  been  applied— Lake  Mattamuskeet  and  Lake 
Scuppernong  (Piielps).  By  canals  dug  from  the  lake  to  the  nearest 
stream  which  afforded  the  necessary  fall  a  wide  margin  entirely  round 
the  lake  has  been  brought  into  cultivation.  These  lands  seem  to  be 
absolutely  inexhaustible.  The  cultivation  of  three-quarters  of  a  cen- 
tury has  made  no  change  in  their  productive  capacity.  To  the  lands 
reclaimed  from  the  borders  of  marshes— so  frequent  near  the  sea-shore— 
the  same  remark  may  be  strictly  applied. 

Another  class  of  land  remains  to  be  mentioned  which  will  be  a 
resource  of  inestimable  value  in  time,  perhaps  not  distant.     Bordering 
on  the  sea  and  sounds  are  extensive  tracts  of  country  designated  as 
swamps.     Though  so-called,  they  differ  widely  in  their  characteristic 
features  from  an  ordinary  swamp.    They  are  not  alluvial  tracts,  neither 
are  they  subject  to  overflow.     The  land  covered  by  many  of  them  lies 
for  the  greater  part  quite  low;  but  this  remark  seldom  applies  wholly 
to  any  of  them— to  some  does  not  apply  at  all.     On  the  contrary  many 
of  them  occupy  the  divides  or  water  sheds  between  the  rivers  and 
sounds,  and  are  elevated  many  feet  above  the  adjacent  river.s  of  which 
they  are  the  sources.     These  latter  are  susceptible  of  drainage,  and 
when  reclaimed  have  every  element  of  the  most  exuberant  and  lasting 
fertility.     Bay  River  Swamp,  between  Pamlico  and  Neuse  Rivers,  and 
Green  Swamp,  in  Brunswick  and  Columbus  Counties,  may  be  men- 
tioned as  examples.     The  elevation  of  the  latter  is  forty  feet  above  the 
sea  level.     The  work  of  drainage  is  simple.     From  the  border  of  the 
swamp,  which  i:s  always  the  highest  land,  the  bottom  slopes  in  every 
direction  gradually,  almost  imperceptibly,  to  the  centre.     A  canal  cut 
through  this  border  into  the  swamp,  and  carried  to  some  neighboring 
stream,  lay.s  bare  an  extensive  belt  along  the  entire  border.     The 


14 


HAND-HOOK   OF   NORTH    CAUOMNA. 


aggregate  territory  in  the  State  icnown  as  swamp  lands  is  between  three 
and  iour  thou-:anrl  square  mile..  When  drainage  shall  b.  properly 
earned  cmt  over  this  gr.at  terri.ory-a  work  which,  on  account  of  the 
slight  difhculties  to  be  encountered  as  compared  with  those  which  thev 
^icountered  and  overcame,  would  be  deemed  triding  by  the  laborious 
North  German  and  the  indefatigable  Hollander-hun.ireds  of  square 
miles  of  lun^l  of  surpassing  fertility  will  be  added  to  the  area  now  i,i 
cultival-ion. 

Throughout  this  entire  section  cotton,  corn,  oats,  sorghum,  peas, 
potatoes  especially  swe.  t  potatoes,  are  the  staple  crops;  the  culture  of 
tobacco  has  been  lately  i-.troduced  with  success.     Upon  the  rich  allu- 
vions  and  the  reclaimed  lake  and  swamp  lands,  corn,  with  peas  planted 
in  the  intervals  between  the  cjrn,  forms  the  exclusive  crop.  Occasionally 
on  the  broad  low-grounds  of  the  Roanoke,  wheat  is  grown  to  a  con- 
sider.tble  extent.     In  the  counties  on  the  north  of  Albemarle  Sound  it 
IS  one  ot  the  staple  crops.     On  the  low-grounds  of  the  lower  (!ape  Fear 
rice  has  long  been  the  staple  crop,  and  during 'recent  years  its  culture 
has  been  extended  northward  along  the  low  lying  lands  of  the  rivera 
and  sounds.     Ihe  upland  variety  of  rice  has  been  introduced  within  a 
few  years  past  with  entire  success.     The  cultivation  of  jute  also  has 
been  the  subject  of  experiment  with  like  success,  and  it  onlv  needs 
proper  encouragement  to  be  grown   to  any  extent.     This  sekion  ia 
every  where  underlaid  with  marl-a  mixture  of  carbonate  of  lime  and 
clay  formed  by  the  decomposition  of  the  imbedded  shells-sufficient 
in  quantity,  when  raised  and  applied  to  the  surface,  to  bring  it  to  a 
high  pitch  of  fertility  aiid  maintain  it  so. 

The  only  metallic  substances  that  have  been  found  within  this  section 
are  some  of  the  ores  of  iron-the  bisulphuret,  hydrated  oxide,  and  sul- 
phate,  or  copperas. 

In  the  counties  of  Duplin  and  Sampson  valuable  deposits  of  phos- 
phages  have  been  discovered,  which  are  now  being  mined  and  ground 
for  fertilizing  purposes.  They  are  known  to  exist  in  the  adjoining 
counties,  but  to  what  extent  has  not  been  yet  ascertained.  From  the 
similarly  ot  the  geological  conditions  throughout  the  Eastern  Section, 
there  is  little  doubt  that  a  systematic  exploration  there  will  lead  to  fur- 
ther extensive  discoveries. 

The  use  of  marl,  on  account  of  its  lower  value  in  comparison  with 
Its  bulk  and  consequent  cost  of  transportation,  must  be  mainly,  if  not 
wholly,  confined  to  the  section  in  which  it  is  found.     Phosphates,  on 


EASTERN    SECTION. 


15 


the  other  hand,  on  account  of  their  high  fertilizing  power,  admit  of 
transportation  to  any  distance,  and  may  be  used  anywhere. 

Dr.  Emmons  remarks:  "The  swamp  soils  of  North  (.'arolina  show  a 
greater  capacity  for  endurance  than  the  prairie  soils  of  Illinois,  not- 
withstanding the  annual  crops  are  somewhat  less  per  acre;  and,  on  the 
score  of  location,  we  are  unable  to  see  that  the  Illinois  soils  have  the 
preference.  Nor,  as  regards  liealth,  are  our  swamp  soils  more  subject 
to  malaria  than  the  country  of  the  prairies  "  J[e  refers  to  the  remark- 
able fact  that  "persons  live  and  labor  in  swamps  with  impunity  or  free- 
dom from  disease."  This  statement  is  fully  sustained  bv  the  reports 
of  our  engineers  who  have  had  charge  of  the  construction  of  I'ailroads 
in  that  section. 

The  swamps,  in  their  natural  state,  afford  abundant  pasturage.  Thev 
are  covered  by  a  dense  growth  of  reeds,  which  supi)ly  excellent  food  fJr 
cattle,  winter  and  summer. 

That  eminent  agriculturist,  Mr.  Edmund  Kuffin,  of  Virginia,  who 
studied  this  section  of  the  State  with  care,  expressed  a  high  apprecia- 
tion of  the  tidewater  region  for  the  cultivation  of  grasses.  He  said: 
"  There  is  no  better  country  for  gra-sses  east  of  the  mountains.  In  small 
lots  I  saw  dry  meadows  of  orchard  grass  and  clover  that  would  have 
been  deemed  good  in  the  best  grass  districts."  It  is  evident,  from  the 
humid  character  of  the  climate  in  that  region,  and  from  the  fact  that 
the  heats  of  summer  are  tempered  by  .sea-breezes,  owing  to  the  prox 
imity  of  the  ocean,  that  the  conditions  are  such  as  to  favor  the  growth 
of  this  family  of  plants. 

^  Among  the  resources  for  future  use  along  the  seaboard  country,  peat 
IS  entitled  to  a  prominent  place.  It  exists  over  hundreds  of  square 
miles  m  area,  and  to  the  depth  of  many  feet.  At  no  distant  day  it  will 
be  extensively  used,  both  as  a  fuel  and  fertilizer. 

If  the  indications  of  nature  are  to  be  relied  on,  North  Carolina  was 
plainly  marked  out  as  the  land  for  vineyards.  In  the  sober  narrative 
of  the  voyage  of  Amidas  and  Barlowe,  made  in  1584,  to  North  Carolina 
then  an  unbroken  wilderness,  the  author  tells  us:  "  We  viewed  the  land 
about  us,  being,  where  we  first  landed,  very  sandv  and  low  towar.ls'the 
water-side,  but  so  full  of  grapes  as  the  very  beating  and  surge  of  the 
sea  oversowed  them,  of  which  we  found  such  pjentv  as  well  there  a'  in 
all  placps  else,  b Uh  on  the  sand  and  on  the  green  soil,  on  the  hills  as 
:n  the  plains,  as  well  on  every  little  shrub  as  also  climbing  towards  the 
tops  of  high  cedars,  that  1  think  in  all  the  world  the  like  abundance 


16 


HANU-l!OUK    OF    NORTH    CAROLINA. 


is  not  to  bo  found ;  and  niyscii  liaving  seen  those  parts  of  Euru[>o  that 
most  abound,  find  such  diHerence  as  were  incredible  to  be  written." 
Upon  the  visit  of  the  voyagers  to  the  house  of  the  Indian  King,  on 
Roanoke  Ishmd,  wine  was  set  before  them  by  his  wife.     It  is  further 
mentioned  that,  "while  the   grape  lastetli,  they  (the  Fndians)  drink 
wine;"  they  had  not  learned  the  art  of  preserving  it.     Harriot,  a  dis- 
tinguished nuin  in  an  age  of  distinguislied  men,  of  whom  it  was  justly 
said  that  he  cultivated  all  sciences  and  excelled  in  all,  visited  the  same 
coast  in  1586,  where  he  was  struck  with  the  abundance  of  gra[)e  vines, 
and  he  was  impressed  with  the  fact  that  wine  might  be  made  one  of 
the  future  staples  of  the  State.     "  Were  they,"  he  writes,  "  planted  and 
husbanded  ms  they  ought,  a  principal  commodity  of  wines  might  be 
raised."     This  State  lias  proved  to  be  far  richer  in  this  respect  than  it 
is  probable  even  he  suspected.     Grape  vines  were  found  in  equal  pro- 
fusion in  the  original  forest  throughout  the  State.     They  often  inter- 
laced the  trees  to  such  an  extent  that  they  were  a  serious  impediment 
to  the  work  of  clearing  away  the  forest,  catching  and  suspending  the 
trees  as  they  were  felled.     At  this  day,  if  a  tract  of  forest  is  enclosed, 
and  cattle  of  every  kind  excluded,  they  spring  up  spontaneously  and 
thickly  over  the  land.     Some  of  the  finest  wine  grapes  of  the  United 
States,  the  Scuppernong,  the  Catawba  and  the  Lincoln,  are  native  to 
this  State.     But  it  was  long  before  the  bounty  of  nature  in  this  regard 
was  improved.     This  was  probably  due  to  the  fact  that  the  State  was 
settled  almost  wholly  by  emigrants  from  the  British  Isles,  who  knew 
nothing  of  the  culture  of  the  vine.     It  was  planted  here  and  there  to 
yield  grapes  for  table  use;  but  it  was  not  until  within  thirty  years  that 
a  vineyard  was  known  in  the  State.     Within  that  period  several  of 
large  and  a  great  number  of  small  extent  have  been  planted.     Grapes 
in  season  are  abundantly  supplied  for  domestic  consumption,  and  ship- 
ped in  hundreds  of  tons.     The  wines  of  the  established  vineyards  are 
held  in  high  and  just  repute. 

All  the  cultivated  fruits  and  berries  grow  here  in  great  perfection 
with  the  exception  of  the  apple.  This,  though  by  no  means  an  inferior 
fruit,  is  yet  not  e([ual  in  size  and  flavor  to  that  of  the  Middle  and 
Western  Sections.  Among  the  swamps  the  cranberry  is  found  in  pro- 
fusion.    The  melons  are  of  every  variety  and  of  peculiar  excellence. 


m)[)0  that 
)  written." 

King,  on 

is  further 
ms)  drink 
riot,  ii  (lis- 
was  justly 
rl  the  same 
•a[)e  vines, 
ade  one  of 
anted  and 

might  be 
ect  tiian  it 
equal  pro- 
iften  inter- 
npedinient 
ending  the 
s  enclosed, 
eously  and 
the  United 
e  native  to 
this  regard 
}  State  was 
who  knew 
id  there  to 
J  years  that 

several  of 
d.  Grapes 
1,  and  ship- 
leyards  are 


t  perfection 
1  an  inferior 
Middle  and 
and  in  pro- 
excellence. 


\l 


RIVKJIS. 


RIVERS. 


17 


1 1.0  nver  system  of  ihe State  is  cloter.ninocl  by  i-s  poe.iliar  topo^mphv 
Its  ra.nfal    .s  copious,  tho  fo.ntuiu  of  numerous  strean.s  in  all  s.viLh 

t  '  '^'t  ' .'"  '  "'''"^  *"  "'^  '"""^  ^*'"^  ^''«  "ve"  i"  ti.e  .Mi<MIe  n.ul 
es tern  S.el,on.s  mvo  their  origin  an.ong  the  highest  mountains  and 
on  the  highest  tahle-huHls  <,n  the  eastern  .ide  of  the  Ameriean  conti- 
nent hesen  vers,  in  their  de-eent  tovvanis  the  sea,  develop  an  inunense 
amount  of  meehanu-al    power.     'J  hose   in   the  Eastern  Section   with 

Zlln  d  r?"  "^''n"  "^  ^^  «^"-^ '^f  "'^ter-supply,  hut  with  n.ore 

gentle  descent  towards  the  ocean,  olfer  facilities  for  navigation  not  pos- 
sessed by  the  rivers  of  the  .Mid<lle  and  Western  Section.,  an<i  towards 
thj  mouths  expand  into  wide  estuaries,  connecting  with  t^ 
and  ha>s  which  provde  tho  pores  an.l  harbors  available  for  exterior 
commerce,  foreign  and  domestic. 

Topographical  cau.es  al.o  largely  inliue.u-e  the  course  and  direction 
o     he.se  nvers.     iho.se  rising  west  of  the  lUue  Ridge  are  div.M'ted  by 
tha    barrier  towards  the  north  and  north-west  and  towards  the  \'allev 
o    the  ArissKssippi  with  ultimate  destination  to  the  waters  of  the  CJuIf 
,     VTT'  r>-  ''°''"'''"S  '''^  "'■  «o"th  of  the  Blue  Kidge,  or  the  upper 
part  of  the  Piedmont  Section,  after  a  general  direction  towards  the  List 
ultimate  y  pa.ss  out  of  tiie  State  in  the  middle  portion  of  the  Middle' 
Sec  ion  and  ,, Hi  their  way  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean  through  the  State  of 
South  Carolina;  while  those  having  their  .sources  in  the  belt  on  the 
eastern  exten.s,on  of  the  Middle  Section  find  an  entrance  into  the  tide- 
waters of  the  Eastern  Division. 

The  general  river  system  is  naturally  divided  into  three  subordinate 
c  nes  entirely  distinct  fron.  each  other.     The  most  characteristic  of  thee 
s  that  originating  on  the  plateau  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  or  on  its  western 
slop  ,  the  superior  elevation  of  the  high  culminating  ma,s.ses  of  the 
great  Appalachian  chain  throwing  off  the  rivers  to  all  the  points  of  the 
ooinpa.ss      From  this  culminating  height  the  Tennos,see  R  ver,  with 
length  ot    welve  hundred  mile.s,draws  its  chief  supply;  and  th    0  no 
with  e,ual  length,  from  the  same  source,  draws  one  oVits  chie"  u p  e^: 
t.  ibutaries.     The  volume  of  water  poured  out  from  this  mountain  re  er 
voir  IS  very  great.     Thus,  the  most  western  of  them,  the  Iliwassee  'wth 
J^s  tributaries,  the  Valley  and  Xottely  Rivers,  draining  two  coun     s 

0    Lu't     '""'"'  "^  ^"^^1 '''-'''  '''  ^'^"-^  "^''-'  '>'-  -to south- 
eastern  Icnncssee,  a  powertul  stream  with  a  breadth  of  one  hundred 


18 


IfAND-BOOK   OF    NOKTII    CAROLINA. 


>ards,  with  a  descent,  from  their  sources  to  the  State  line,  a  distance  of 
about  75  miles,  of  from  800  to  900  feet,  providing  great  and  continuous 
water-power.  The  Tennessee  River,  united  with  the  Cheoah,  the  Nan- 
tahala,  the  Ocono  Luftee  and  the  Tuckaseegee,  all  large  streams  with 
a  width  of  from  50  to  150  yards,  with  united  volume  and  resistless 
power,  cuts  its  way  tlirough  the  Smoky  Mountains  at  the  point  of  their 
greatest  elevation,  and  constitutes  one  of  the  principal  branches  of  the 
greater  Tennessee,  which  unites  with  the  Ohio  a  short  distance  above 
the  junction  of  that  river  with  the  Mississippi.  The  united  drainage 
of  the  Tennessee  in  North  Carolina  is  about  1,500  square  miles,  witii  a 
united  length  in  this  State  of  300  miles.  The  fall  of  each  of  these,  from 
their  sources  to  tiie  State  line,  is  about  1,000  feet. 

The  Pigeon  Kiver  drains  a  separate  area  of  about  500  miles.  It  has 
a  course  of  about  70  miles  in  North  (Jarolina,  with  a  width  of  about  SO 
yards,  and  a  fall,  from  its  upper  valleys  to  the  borders  of  Tennessee,  of 
about  1,000  feet. 

The  French  Broad  River  is  nearly  as  large  as  the  Tennessee,  and  is 
fed  by  several  large  affluent?,  such  as  Davidson's  River,  Little  River, 
North  River,  Swannanoa,  Ivy  and  Laurel,  and  drains  a  territory  of 
about  1,400  square  miles.  The  fall  from  the  mouth  of  Little  River,  in 
Transylvania  County,  to  the  State  of  Tennessee,  is  about  1,000  feet. 

The  Nolechucky,  formed  by  the  union  of  Caney  River  and  North 
and  South  Toe,  unites  with  the  French  Broad  after  that  stream  has 
entered  the  State  of  Tennessee,  becoming  a  broad  and  deep  stream  in 
size  little  inferior  to  the  river  with  which  it  joins  its  waters.  Its  drain- 
age is  about  000  square  miles,  and  its  f;ill  is  about  1,500  feet. 

Elk  and  Watauga  Rivers  are  smaller  streams,  with  a  course  of  only 
twenty  miles  or  more  in  this  State,  but  chief  tributaries  of  the  impor- 
tant Ilolston  River  in  Tennessee. 

The  New  River,  alone  of  all  the  rivers  of  tlie  State,  flows  north,  or 
north-west,  into  Virginia,  and  uniting  its  waters  with  those  of  the 
Kanawha,  empties  at  length  into  tlie  Ohio.  Its  aggregate  length  in 
North  Carolina  is  nearly  100  miles,  and  its  fall  about  700  feet,  and  its 
drainage  surface  within  the  State  is  about  700  square  miles.  This  is 
one  of  the  larger  mountain  rivers,  of  the  size  of  the  Iliwassee,  Ten- 
nessee and  French  Rroad. 

Of  the  characteristic  features  of  these  mountain  rivers.  Prof  W.  C. 
Kerr,  former  State  Geologist,  has  remarked:  "There  is  a  common 
feature  of  these  streams  that  is  worthy  of  remark,  viz.:  that  through  a 


RIVERS. 


19 


very  consi.lorablo  part  of  their  very  tortuous  course  across  the  phiteau 
Irom  the  Eh.e  Ridge  to  the  Smoky,  the  amount  of  tlieir  fall  per  mile 
IS  frequently  quite  small,  not  greater  than  that  east  of  the  mountairs 
the  greater  part  of  their  descent  occurring  within  the  gorges  through 
which  they  force  their  way  across  the  Smoky  chain,  so  that  many  of 
them  present  navigable  cliannels  of  considerable  extent.     The  French 
Broad,  for  example,  has  a  fall  of  less  than  3  feet  to  the  mile  from 
iirevard  to  Aslieville,  a  distance  by  river  of  40  miles."     And  he  says- 
"The  dominancy  of  the  western  chain  of  mountains  frequently  asserts 
itselt  in  a  very  striking  manner,  notwithstanding  it  is  obli<.-ed  sooner 
or  later,  to  give  passage  to  all  the  streams  of  the  plateau.     The  French 
Bi-oad  IS  a  striking  illustration,  as  well  as  North  Too  and  New  River 
(Soutli  Fork),  all  these  being  thrown  off  by  the  steeper  slopes  and  more 
rapid  torrents  from  the  western  escarpments  and  hurled  against  the 
very  crests  of  tlie  Blue  Ridge,  along  which  they  wander  lingerinclv  in 
slow  and  tortuous  course,  as  if  anxiously  seeking  the  shorter  pas^a^o 
to  the  sea;  but  finally  turn,  as  if  in  desperation,  and  plunge  with  roar 
and  loam  against  the  frowning  ramparts  (of  the  Smokies)  which  bar 
then-  way  to  the  west." 

There  is,  on  the  south  and  a  portion  of  the  east  slope  of  the  Blue 
Ridge,  another  system  which  has,  in  the  course  of  its  streams,  almost 
direct  outlet  mto  Georgia  and  South  Carolina,  viz.:  the  Chatooga  and 
lo.xaway,  which  are  the  chief  head  streams  of  the  Savannah  River 
^le  upper  waters  of  the  Salu<la;  and  the  Green  and  iMi-.t  and  Second 
Broad  which  unite  to  form  the  Broad  River  of  South  Carolina,  uniting 
with  the  Saluda  at  Columbia  to  form  the  Congaree. 

Another  and  a  more  important  system  is'' that  which  drains  the 
northern  half  of  the  Riedmont  Section,  and  u-iuch  is  represented  by 
the    atawba  and  \  adkin  Rivers.     These  streams  liave  a  general  course 
a  ht  le  north  ot  east  until  they  leave  the  plateau,  when  they  turn  at 
right  angles  to  their  former  direction,  and  pur.sue  nearly  a  southerlv 
course,  and  pass  into  South  Carolina  broad  and  placid\streams,  the 
Yadkin  then  taking  the  name  of  the  Pee  Dee  and  the  Catawba  that  of 
he  W  ateree     ]Joth  of  tliese  streams  receive  their  chief  affluents  from 
the  north  side  and  many  of  these  are  large  streams.     Into  the  ( ^itawba 
How  Ivorth  1-  ork,  Linville,  John's  River,  and  many  others  of  less  volume  • 
while  the  Yadkin  quickly  gains  consequence    by  the  admission  of 
Keddy  s,  Roaring,  Flkin,  Mitchell'.s,  Fisher's,  Ararat  and  Little  Yadkin 
ihe  combined  drainage  of  these  two  great  streams  is  more  than  '>  500 
square  miles.  "' 


20 


HAND-BOOK    OF    NORTH    CAKOLINA. 


The  Yadkin  receives  in  its  lort'er  course  a  larger  number  of  affluents 
than  the  parallel  stream   the  Catawba,  has  a  greater  fall  in  its  course, 
and  drains  a  wider  and  more  continuous  valley.     P)oth  arc  navigable 
in  their  upper  courses,  iriterrujjtions  by  shoals  being  infrequent,  and 
which  are  readily  surmounted,  works  to  that  effect  having  been  begun 
nearly  three-quarters  of  a  century  ago,  but  never  perfected.     The  course 
of  the  Yadkin  presents  remarkable  features  of  fluctuation  in  placidity, 
in  width,  and   in  contrast  of  characteristics,  its  upper  course,  almost 
from  its  source,  having  a  very  slight  fall,  then  interrui)tcd  by  r.ean's 
Shoals  for  a  mile  or  more,  where  it  expands  to  the  breadth  of  200 
yards,  then  resuming  its  gentle  course,  attaining  a  widtli  of  several 
liundred  yards,  with  its  flow  int(  iruptcd  by  numerous  willow-covered 
islands,  until,  as  it  apj)roaches  the  gorge  formed  by  the  encroachment 
of  the  Uwharrie  xMountains  upon  its  channel,  it  suddenly  plunges,  a 
bold  cataract  of  10  or  12  feet,  into  the  head  of  the  Narrows,  through 
which   it  passes  for  a  distance  of  3  miles,  compres^^ed  into  an  incon- 
ceivably swift  torrent  of  a  width  of  not  more  than  GO  feet  and  2  miles 
or  more  in  length.     Emerging  from  that,  it  at  once  expands  into  a 
channel  of  1,000  yards  in  breadth,  soon  loses  itself  in  the  herbage  of 
the  (Jrassy  Islands,  expands,  a  sea  of  verdure,  to  the  width  of  a  mile, 
again  emerges,  and   passes  on  to  the  South  Carolina  line  through  a 
channel  of  several  hundred  yards  in  breadth,  torn  by  rocks  and  inter- 
rupted by  numerous  islands,  many  of  them  large  enough  for  profitable 
tillage. 

Another  important  system  is  that  of  the  Dan  and  its  tributaries. 
The  Dan  is  the  largest  river  in  the  State,  measured  along  its  course 
from  its  sources  in  the  county  of  Stokes  to  its  mouth,  a  distance  of  more 
than  300  miles;  and  is  further  remarkable  as  the  only  river  in  the  State 
rising  in  the  Blue  Kidge  and  reaching  within  the  State  the  waters  of 
the  Atlantic  Ocean.  It  empties  into  Albemarle  Sound.  A  large  por- 
tion of  this  river  is  navigable;  from  its  mouth  by  .steamboats  up  to 
Weldon,  thence  past  the  rapids  by  canal  to  the  smooth  waters  above 
(iaston,  thence  by  canals  past  other  similar  obstructions  to  the  bor  !ers 
of  Stokes  County,  in  which  it  has  its  rise. 

There  is  another  important  system,  having  its  origin  in  the  Middle 
Section,  discharging  its  waters  into  the  sounds  and  bays  of  North 
Carolina,  and  giving  to  the  people  of  the  interior  easy  acce.s  to  the  .sea 
and  to  the  advantages  of  exterior  commerce.  This  system  includes 
Tar  River,  Neu.se  River,  Haw  River,  Deep  River  and  the  Cape  Fear 


KIVERS. 


21 


luvcr,  wl.ieli  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  two  hist-nauuHl  streams. 
The  Tar  Kiver  rises  in  tlie  western  part  of  Granville  and  among  the 
semi-mountainous  hills  of  Person,  flows  towards  the  south-east,  drains 
most  of  the  area  of  eight  e  .unties,  embracing  about  o,000  square  miles. 
]ts  fall  from  its  sources  to  tidewater  is  upwards  of  400  feet.  Its  greatest 
water-power  is  demonstrated  ne.r  Rocky  Mount,  for  three-quarters  of 
a  century  the  seat  of  one  of  the  largest  cotton  factories  in  the  8tate.  It 
^s  navigable  to  Tarboro.  At  Washington  it  expands  into  a  broad 
estuary,  navigable  for  sea-going  vessels,  and  thence  takes  the  name  of 
Pamlico  River. 

^  Neuse  River  has  its  sources  in  tlio  highlands  of  Person  and  Orange 
Counties.  It  becomes  navigable  for  steamboats  at  Smithfield  in  John- 
ston County,  all  obstructions  having  been  removed  to  that  point.  At 
Newbern  it  is  2  miles  wide,  and  it  is  there  joined  by  the  Trent  River, 
and  the  unite.l  .streams  .soon  widen  to  a  wid'th  of  8  miles,  em[.tving  at 
length  into  Pamlico  Sound.  It  is  navigable  for  vessels  drawing'' 14 
feet  water  as  far  up  as  Newbern.  Its  length  is  about  200  miles,  and  it 
drains  an  area  of  about  r),000  miles. 

J  law  River  and  Deep  liiver,  which  unite  at  Haywood,  in  Chatham 
County,  to  form  the  Cape  Fear  River,  rise,  the  first  in  Rockingham,  the 
other  in  (hiilford  County,  and  are  important  from  the  great  water- 
power  i.rovided  by  them,  utilized  in  Alamance  and  Ran.lolph  Counties 
by  numerous  co;ton-mil]s,  upon  which  streams  there  is  a  greater  con- 
centration of  manufacturing  industry  than  elsewhere  in  the  State. 
The  Cape  Fear  River,  formed  by  the  junction  of  these  streams,  becomes 
navigable  at  Fayetteville  to  Wilmington,  a  distance  bv  water  of  120 
miles,  giving  an  interior  navigation  not  equalled  by  any  other  river  in 
the  State.  It  became  a  very  important  avenue  from  the  earliest  settle- 
ment of  the  country  lor  the  ingoing  and  outgoing  trade  of  the  interior 
and  was  early  made  the  object  of  improvement  bv  an  incorporate.! 
company  organize.1  in  1795;  thence  by  the  State,  which,  at  diiferent 
times,  spent  nearly  a  million  dollars  ia  attempts  to  improve  the  upper 
waters  above  Fayetteville;  and  in  late  years  bv  the  General  Govern- 
ment, which  has  taken  in  charge  the  maintenance  of  continuous  navh-a- 
tion  between  Fayetteville  and  Wilmington.  The  aggregate  lengtirof 
the  Ca[.e  Fear  and  its  tributaries  is  about  500  miles,  and  its  area  of 
drainage  not  less  than  8,()00  square  miles. 

Among  the  larger  tributaries  to  the  Cape  Fear  River  are  the  Black 
nnd  North  East  Rivers,  both  large,  navigable  streams. 


22 


HAND-BOOK    OF   NORTH   CAROLINA. 


In  the  south-east  corner  of  the  State  are  Lumber  and  Waccamaw 
Rivers,  both  bold,  navigable  streams,  entering  South  Carolina,  uniting 
with  the  Pee  Dee,  and  emptying  into  Winyah  Bay  near  Georgetown. 

In  the  North-eastern  Section  are  numerous  broad,  navigable  rivers, 
draining  an  area  of  about  2,o00  square  miles,  and  emptying  into  Albe- 
marle Sound.  Of  these  the  Chowan  is  the  largest.  It  is  joined  by  the 
Meherrin,  the  two  having  a  united  length  of  about  100  miles,  and 
giving  practicable  navigation  into  Virginia. 

The  chief  of  the  other  streams  are  Perquimans,  Little  River,  Pasquo- 
tank and  North  River,  all  navigable,  with  little  fall,  and  therefore 
unavailable  as  water-power. 

The  Alligator  and  the  Scuppernong  are  broad,  deep  but  short  streams, 
emerging  from  the  great  swamps  of  Hyde  and  Tyrrell  Counties.  They 
also  empty  into  Albemarle  Sound. 

Pungo,  Bay  River,  and,  between  the  Neuse  and  Cape  Fear,  several 
other  short  tidal  streams,  such  as  Newport  and  North  River  in  Carteret 
County,  White  Oak  River  in  Jones  County,  New  River  in  Onslow 
County,  and  Lockwood's  Folly  and  Challotte  in  Brunswick  County, 
contribute  their  testimony  to  the  extent  of  the  water  area  of  the  coast 
region,  and  to  the  evidences  of  a  bountiful,  brt  not  excessive,  annual 
rainfall. 

The  total  aggregate  in  the  length  of  the  rivers  in  North  Carolina — 
not  including  innumerable  small  rivers  and  creeks — is  about  3,300 
miles,  and  their  total  fall  is  about  33,000  feet,  or  an  average  of  10  feet 
to  the  mile. 

The  total  water-power  furnished  to  this  State  by  these  streams  is 
estimated  at  3,370,000.  That  furnished  by  tlie  Roanoke  River  within 
the  State  is  70,000;  of  the  Yadkin  255,000,  giving  a  capacity  to  turn 
10,200,000  spindles;  of  the  Catawba  184,000,  witli  capacity  to  turn 
7,300,000  spindles;  for  Deep,  Haw  and  Cape  Fear  Rivers  an  aggregate 
of  130,000  horse-power,  M'ith  power  to  move  5,200,000  spindles,  or  a 
total  of  600,000  for  the  rivers  named,  and  to  reach  this  result  actual 
measurements  were  taken. 

Of  remarkable  water-powers  which  merit  special  notice,  that  of  the 
lower  falls  of  the  Roanoke  River,  which  terminates  at  Weldon,  is  the 
most  conspicuous.     Of  this.  Professor  Kerr  says: 

The  whole  force  of  this  magnificent  river,  developed  by  a  fall  of  100  feet  in  about 
10  milen,  could  easily  be  mcde  available  by  the  canal  which  has  its  outlet  at  Weldon. 
The  power  of  the  Merriniac  at  Lowell  is  not  comparable  to  this,  and  it  is  in  the  niiilst 


RIVERS— LAKES. 


23 


/> 


4 


of  cotton  fields,  and  yet  has  never  turned  a  spindle.  Another  fine  water-power  is 
found  on  the  Catawl)a,  at  Mountain  Island,  12  miles  from  Charlotte,  the  fall  being  at 
least  40  feet,  and  having  the  advantages  of  a  similar  canal. 

The  reproach  resting  upon  the  Roanoke  no  longer  exists,  or  is  in 
process  of  elTacement,  a  wealthy  company  being  now  engaged  in  con- 
verting the  enormous  power  and  admirable  facilities  into  profitable 
uses. 

Of  another  remarkable  water-power,  already  referred  to  in  the  sketch 
of  the  Yadkin  Kiver,  that  of  the  Narrows,  Professor  Kerr  speaks  in 
particular  terms  w^orthy  of  quotation.     He  says: 

At  this  point  the  whole  of  the  immense  water-power  of  this,  the  largest  river  in 
the  State,  is  suddenly  compressed  into  a  narrow,  rocky  gorge  of  the  Uwharrie  Moun- 
tains, a  broad,  navigable  expanse  of  more  than  half  a  mile  in  width  contracted  into 
a  defile  of  about  60  feet  in  breadth,  through  which  the  torrent  dashes  with  an  impet- 
uosity to  which  the  -'arrowy"  swoop  of  the  Rhine  in  its  most  rapid  mood  is  but 
sluggishness  itself.  The  total  descent  of  the  Narrows  and  the  Rapids,  in  a  distance  of 
some  two  miles,  is  not  leys  than  50  or  60  feet;  at  the  termination  of  which,  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Uwharrie,  the  river  attains  a  width  of  more  than  one  mile. 

At  the  time  the  above  was  written,  the  locality  was  about  30  miles 
from  the  nearest  railroad.  Now  one,  recently  constructed,  is  within  10 
miles;  and  as  the  locality  is  within,  or  on  the  margin,  of  the  cotton 
zone,  such  unequalled  water-power  must  fix  the  attention  of  the  energetic 
manufacturer. 

LAKES, 

Which  are  naturally  comprised  in  the  water  system  of  the  State,  com- 
pose a  very  small  area  in  the  water  surface.  They  are  founc  only  in 
the  Eastern  Section,  and  are  comparatively  of  small  size.  In  the 
Mountain  Section,  evidently,  in  a  former  geological  era,  they  had  filled 
the  areas  now  occupied  by  numerous  narrow  valleys;  but  the  barriers 
which  once  confined  them  long  since  gave  way,  and  the  tumultuous 
streams  which  now  drain  those  valleys  give  no  present  token  of  their 
former  languid  life.  In  the  Middle  Section  there  are  now  no  lakes,  nor 
any  evidence  that  they  had  ever  existed.  They  must  be  looked  for 
in  the  Eastern  Section  alone.  Here  are  to  be  found  15  in  all,  of 
various  dimensions.  The  largest  is  Mattamuskeet,  in  Hyde  County, 
with  an  area  of  nearly  100  miles,  with  elliptical  form,  and  in  dimen- 
sions about  15  miles  in  length  and  from  5  to  7  in  breadth.  This, 
and  Lake  Phelps,  Alligator  Lake  and  Pungo  Lake,  are  all  situated  in' 
the  great  swamp  between  Albemarle  and  Pamlico  Sounds;  and  all  of 


24 


lIANI>-l!OOK    OF    NORTH    CAROLINA. 


them  are  of  smaller  area  than  Mattamuskeet.  In  the  White  Oak 
Swamp,  in  Jones  and  Carteret,  is  a  group  of  small  oval  lakes,  a  few- 
miles  apart,  and  united  with  each  other  naturally  or  artificially.  The 
largest  of  these,  North  West  Lake,  has  an  area  of  10  or  12  miles.  In 
the  Gum  Swamp,  in  Bladen  and  Colnmhus  Countie-',  is  the  Waecamaw 
Lake,  8  miles  long  by  5  broad.  These  lakes,  being  situated  in  the 
highest  part  of  the  swamps  in  which  they  lie,  have  no  feeding  waters, 
but  most,  if  not  all,  of  them  discharge  full  and  exhaustless  streams. 
They  all  have  sandy  bottoms,  and  a  depth  of  from  8  to    '•  Most 

of  them  feem  to  have  originated  in  the  ignition  during  loi  .itinued 
dry  weather  of  the  peaty  beds  which  comjjose  the  body  of  ttie  swamps. 
The  aggregate  lake  surface  of  the  State  is  estimated  at  about  200  miles. 

SOUNDS  AND   BAYS. 

These  have  been  referred  to  in  the  sketch  of  the  Eastern  Section,  but 
their  extent  and  commercial  and  economical  value  entitle  them  to 
more  extended  notice.     The  coast  of  North  Carolina,  for  a  distance  of 
nearly  300  miles,  is  separated  from  the  ocean  by  a  succession  of  long 
narrow  islands,  in  width  from  half  a  mile  to  a  mile  or  more,  composed 
largely  of  pure  white  sand  tossed  up  by  the  winds  into  dunes  or  hil- 
locks; occasionally  there  are  extensive  areas  of  marsh,  covered  with 
coarse  grass,  wild  oats  and  other  vegetation,  forming  the  pasturage  of 
■  the  herds  of  wild  ponies  which  abound  on  some  of  the  banks.     Through 
this  narrow  barrier  the  sea  makes  its  irruptions  to  the  sounds  within, 
forming  the  inlets  and  outlets  through  which  the  operations  of  com- 
merce are  conducted.     These  sounds  are  of  various  dimensions,  two  of 
them  being  important  inland  seas.     Of  them  all,  Pamlico  and  Albe- 
marle Sounds  are  the  most  extensive,  the  former  lying  parallel  with 
the  coast,  with  a  length  of  about  To  miles  and   from  15  to  25  miles 
wide;  the  other  lying  ea-t  and  west,  with  a  length  of  60  miles  and  a 
breadth  of  from  5  to  15  miles.     These  two  sounds  are  connec'ed  with 
each  other  by  Croatan  Sound,  4  miles  wide  and  10  long,  and  also  by 
the  narrower  Roanoke  Sound.     Currituck  Sound  extends  from  Albe- 
marle Sound  to  the  waters  of  Virginia  through  a  shallow  channel  of  4 
or  5  miles  wide.     By  a  canal  of  a  few  miles  in  length  it  forms  a  con- 
nection between  the  inland  waters  of   North  Carolina  and  those  of 
Virginia,  and  becomes  the  avenue  for  the  passjge  of  a  very  large  com- 
meit-e.     These  larger  sounds,  all  navigable  for  vessels  drawing  from  15 


SOUNDS    AND    ISA YS— SWAMPS. 


25 


to  12  feot  wnter,  besides  bei)  ;;  important  for  tbe  carriage  of  a  great 
outward  and  inward  trade,  i.re  tlie  localities  of  tlie  largest  and  most 
productive  tislieries  along  the  Atlantic  coast,  abound  in  oysters  and 
other  shell  fish,  and  are  the  haunts  of  innumerable  wild  fowl  of  the 
most  desirable  varieties. 

South  of  Pamlico  Sound  there  is  a  continuity  of  narrower  and 
shallower  sounds  to  within  a  few  miles  of  the  mouth  of  the  C.ipe  Fear 
River,  where  they  are  inteiru[)led  by  a  narrow  isthmus  of  sand.  These 
smaller  sound.s  are  ("ore,  15ogue,  Stump,  Topsail,  and  others.  AH  are 
connected  with  the  ocean  by  numerous  but  somewhat  ca[)ricious  inlets, 
dependent  for  their  staliility  upon  the  condition  of  the  ocean,  but  in 
their  caprices  offering  n>  ju'rmanent  obstruction  to  navigation. 

This  inland  water  system  is  connected  with  the  waters  of  Chesapeake 
Bay  by  the  Dismal  Swamp  and  Albemarle  and  Chesapeake  Canal,  and 
with  tiio  connection  of  tlie  waters  already  made  through  Delaware  and 
New  Jersey,  can  easily  be  made  pirtof  agreat  interior  waterway  of 
inestimable  value  t>  the  United  States  in  the  event  of  war  with  foreign  ' 

nations. 

The  bays  are  chiefly  enlargements  or  projections  inland  of  the  sounds. 


SWAMPS. 

Of  what  are  known  as  Swamp  l.ands,  there  is  an  area  of  be  ween 
3,000  and  5,000  square  miles.  They  li-  chiefly  in  the  counties  border- 
ing upon  the  founds  or  upon  the  ocean.  They  are  not  alluvial  lands 
or^'subject  to  overtlow,  but  are,  as  a  rule,  elevated  above  the  adjacent 
streams  of  which  they  are  the  sources.  Some  of  them  are  peat  swamps, 
with  an  accumulation  of  decayed  or  decaying  vegetation  of  cohsideraV)le 
depih.  The  value  of  these  lands  is  indicated  by  the  character  of  the 
vegetation  upon  them.  The  prevalent  growth  of  the  best  swamp  lands 
is  black  gum,  cypress,  po'plar,  ash  and  maple,  and  also  a  luxuriant 
growth  of  cane!^  These  lands  have  for  many  years  furnished  an 
abundant  supply  of  timber  from  the  species  of  trees  above  mentioned. 

The  largest  area  of  swamp  land  is  known  as  the  Jlyde  County 
Swamp,  although  it  occupies  a  part  of  five  counties.  It  has  an  area  of 
nearly  3,000  square  miles.  Owing  to  elevation  above  the  adjacent 
surface  drainage  is  easy,  and  large  bodies  of  it  have  been  subdued  to 
cultivation,  and  are  among  the  finest  farming  lands  in  the  State,  the 
chief  croi^  being  corn.  Tlie  water,  after  drainage,  is  so  near  the  surface 
as  to  make  thtse  lands  independent  of  drought. 


26 


IIAND-noOK    Ol'    NORTH    CAROIJN'A. 


About  100  square  miles  of  the  j-reat  Dismal  Swamp  lie  within  this 
.Stale.  Dover  «waiii]),  between  the  Neuse  and  Trent  Rivers,  has  an 
area  of  150  square  miles.  In  its  central  part  it  is  (JO  feet  above  the  sea, 
and  therefore  Huseeptible  of  easy  drainage.  Hut  the  reclaimed  land  is 
of  very  unequal  value.  The  other  principal  swamps  are  Holly  Shelter 
and  Angola  Bay  in  Onslow,  Dui)lin  and  New  Hanover  Counties,  Gum 
Swamf)  in  Brunswick  and  Columbus,  and  White  Marsh  and  Brown 
Marsh  in  the  same  section.  All  of  them  abound  in  valuable  timbers, 
cypre.ss,  juniper,  poplar,  maple,  oak,  &c.,  and  the  industries  of  shingle- 
getting,  staves  and  other  products  of  the  forest  are  very  actively 
pursued. 

The  most  productive  farms  in  the  State  have  been  reclaimed  from 
the  borders  of  many  of  these  swamps,  and  have  proved  practically 
inexhaustible.  Lands  in  Hyde  County,  cultivated  for  a  period  of  one 
hundred  years  continuously  in  corn,  without  the  application  of  manure, 
show  no  apparent  loss  of  fertility.  The  swamps  themselves,  and  also 
the  country  around  them,  seem  conducive  rather  than  prejudicial  to 
health— the  timber-getters,  engaged  in  the  very  de})ths  of  mire  and 
water,  appearing  to  be  peculiarly  exempt  from  malarial  poison,  if,  in 
fact,  it  exists  in  the  swamps. 

FORESTS. 

The  forestry  of  North  Carolina  is  remarkable  for  its  extent,  its 
variety,  the  number  of  its  species,  and  also  for  its  contrasts.  For  in 
this  State  is  presented  the  only  instance  where  the  influence  of  latitude 
is  displaced  by  that  of  longitude;  where  the  ascent  from  the  shores  of 
the  ocean  to  the  heights  of  the  mountains  produces  the  same  effects  as 
are  wrought  elsewhere  by  advance  from  the  semi-tropical  airs  of  the 
South  to  the  frozen  regions  of  the  North,  Thus,  standing  near  sea- 
level,  where  the  shores  are  washed  by  the  tepid  waters  of  the  Gulf 
Stream,  we  meet  the  semi-tropical  palmetto  and  the  evergreen  live-oak 
congenial  to  the  soil  and  climate  of  Florida;  thence,  advancing  to  the 
west,  and  ascending  the  summits  of  mountains,  a  mile  and  a  quarter 
above  the  sea,  we  encounter  the  different  forms  of  the  fir,  the  balsam, 
the  hemlock  and  the  white  pine,  clothing  those  summits  with  such 
dense,  sombre,  Canadian  verdure  as  to  give  color  to  the  landscape  and 
names  to  the  mountains.  The  whole  country  is  thus  not  only  adorned 
with  arbored  forms  of  great  beauty  and  scientific  interest,  but  with 
trees  of  great  value  in  all  that  conduces  to  the  gratification  of  human 


FOUKSTS. 


27 


wants,  and  a  powerful  factor  in  industrial  pursuits  and  in  the  inter- 
changes of  commerce. 

The  many  distinguished  botanists  who  have  studied  this  subject — 
from  IJartram,  who  made  his  tour  in  177<),  the  elder  Michaux,  who 
visited  it  in  1787,  the  younger  Miehaux,  who  came  in  1802,  <lown  to 
the  later  botanical  explorers.  Dr.  J)e  iSchweinilz,  Nuttall,  Dr.  (iray  and 
Mr.  Carey,  who  explored  the  liigher  ranges  of  our  mountains  in  1841, 
and  our  own  Dr.  Curtis,  whose  wide  excursions  were  made  at  a  later 
period — all  agree  that  on  no  part  of  the  American  continent  were  trees 
to  be  found  of  hicIi  beauty,  value  and  variety  as  were  to  be  found 
throughout  Nortn  Carolina.  Many  of  the  trees  and  shrubs  now  familiar 
to  European  ornamental  and  economical  uses  were  introduced  from 
this  State;  among  which  are  the  locust  (Ilolnnla  jhseiuldcacla) ;  the 
tulip  tree  {LirlodcntJron);  the  rose  locust  (A*.  Ilispida);  the  rhododen- 
dron in  its  various  forms,  the  ivy  {Kalmia  Latijulia),  and  many  others, 
confirming  what  Dr.  Curtis  has  said,  that  "in  all  the  elements  which 
render  forest  scenery  attractive,  no  portion  of  the  United  States  presents 
them  in  happier  combination,  in  greater  perfection,  or  in  larger  extent 
than  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina";  and,  he  might  have  added, 
throughout  the  whole  State;  for  no  portion  of  it  is  deficient  either  in 
the  number  and  varieties  of  species,  or  in  the  size  and  value  of  the 
trees. 

In  ordor  to  realize  the  extent  to  which  this  richness  of  forest  di'vehipment  is  con- 
centrated within  the  area  of  tliis  State,  it  is  onlj'  necessary  to  call  attention  to  the 
distrilnition  of  a  few  kinds  which  are  dominant  and  characteristic.  Of  species  found 
in  the  United  States  (east  of  the  Kocky  Mountains),  there  are 

Oaks 22,  and  19  in  North  Carolina. 

Pines  (trees) 8,  and  8  in  North  Carolina. 

Spruces o,  and  4  in  North  Carolina. 

Elms .'),  and  3  in  North  Carolina. 

Walnuts 2,  and  2  in  North  Carolina. 

Birches ~i,  and  3  in  North  Carolina. 

Maples 5,  and  5  in  North  Carolina. 

Hickories 8,  and  6  in  North  Carolina. 

Magnolias 7,  and  7  in  North  Carolina. 

And  as  to  the  first  and  most  important  group  of  the  list,  Dr.  Curtis  has  called  atten- 
tion to  the  very  striking  fact  that  there  are  more  species  of  oaks  in  this  State  "tlian 
in  all  of  the  States  north  of  us,  and  only  one  less  than  in  all  the  Southern  States,  east 
of  the  Mississijipi." 

THE  PINES,  which  include  all  the  species  found  in  the  United  States 
east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  are  the  most  widely  diffused,  and  the 


28 


llAM»-M(>OK    0\-    NOKTII    (A  K(  tl.IN  A. 


most  valunUlo  from  their  nnnu'rous  use-',  in  luniber  ini'l  other  products, 
to  which  they  arc  iiitplicii. 

That  variety  which  has  the  most  u.sos,  and  which  is  also  the  most 
widely  (lillused,  occupying'  (U-iise  forests -or  wluit  were  once  dense 
forests— throu<;hout  a  hirjjfe  portion  of  the  Mastern  Section,  is  the 

LoNo-i.KAi-  PiNi:— /'.  (iii.slnilis.     Of  this  tree,  Dr.  Curtis  pays: 

"The  invahiahlc  tree  by  which  tlie  country,  and  this  State  especially, 
have  so  laru'tly  profited,  is  j^enerally  known  ainon<^  us  hy  the  name 
here  given,  though  it  sometimes  is  called  yellow  j)ine.  In  the  navy 
and  dockyards  of  the  country  it  hears  the  latter  name,  though  this 
designation  there  includes  t\\<n  the  sw.imp  or  rosemary  pine,  as  well  as 
the  species  tirst  (h-scribed  in  this  list.  It  begins  toappe;tr  in  the  south- 
eastern part  of  \'ir^inia,and  from  thence  to  Florida  it  is  eminently  the 
tree  of  the  lower  districts  of  the  Southern  States,  occupying  nearly  all 
the  dry  sandy  soil  for  many  hundred  miles.  It  is  froni  (iU  to  70  feet 
high,  in  favorable  situations  still  higher,  and  lo  to  20  inches  in  diameter. 
The  leaves  are  10  to  1')  inches  long,  on  young  stocks  sometimes  much 
longer,  and  clu.stnred  on  the  ends  of  the  branches  like  a  broom.  The 
cones  are  0  to  8  inches  long.  The  wood  contains  very  little  sap.  The 
resinous  matter  is  distributed  very  uniformly  through  it,  and  hence 
the  wood  is  more  durable,  stronger,  and  more  compact ;  which  qualities, 
in  adtlition  to  its  being  of  fine  grain,  give  it  the  j)reference  over  all  oui' 
jiines  The  quality  of  the  wood,  however,  depends  u[)on  the  kind  of 
soil  in  which  it  is  grown,  as  in  a  richer  mould  it  is  less  resinous.  This 
inferior  kind  is,  in  some  places,  distinguisiied  as  yellow  pine— another 
case  in  point,  illustrating  the  vague  and  indiscriminate  application  of 
the  poi>ular  names  of  our  forest  trees.  In  .some  soils  the  wood  is  of  u 
reddish  hue;  and  this,  in  the  northern  dockyards,  is  denominated  red 
pine,  and  considered  better  than  the  others.  I  am  informed  that  trees 
which  have  a  small  top  indicate  a  stock  with  the  best  heart-wood. 

"The  great  value  of  this  tree  in  both  civil  atid  naval  architecture  is 
too  well  known  to  justify  a  full  enumeration  of  its  uses,  and  statistics 
of  trade  in  it  belong  rather  to  a  gazetteer  than  to  an  essay  like  this. 
But  it  is  not  the  wood  only  that  gives  value  to  this  tree.  The  resinous 
matter,  in  various  forms,  is  shipj.ed  from  our  ports  in  large  quantities 
to  all  parts  of  the  United  States  and  to  foreign  countries.  Turpentine 
is  the  sap  in  its  natural  state  as  it  flows  from  the  tree.  When  it  hardens 
upon  the  trunk,  and  is  gotten  off  by  proper  implements,  it  is  called 
scrapings,  of  very  inferior  value  to  the  virgin  article.     Tar  is  made  by 


FUKESTS 


29 


buri)inj;  the  dead  limb.sund  wuod  in  kilin.  Pitch  is  tar  roilucotl  about 
one-lialt'  by  evaporatiDii.  Spirits  of  tmpciitiiio  is  obtained  by  distil- 
hitiuii  f'roiu  tur|i('iitin(',  including  scnipings.  Rosin  is  the  residuum 
loft  by  distillation.  The  greater  part  of  these  articles  in  the  markets  is 
derived,  I  beii'jve,  from  this  State." 

The  supply  of  this  valuable  tree  is  steaihly  diminishing,  as  proved 
by  the  diminution  of  the  receipts  at  the  ports  from  which  its  i»ro(lucts 
are  exported. 

I-'or  a  hundred  and  fifty  year3  the  pine  forests  had  been  the  chief 
reliance  of  the  people  in  whose  section  the  long-leaf  pine  abounded  to 
such  extent  as  have  been  characteristic  in  national  familiar  nomencla- 
ture. For  a  greater  part  of  that  long  period  only  that  was  used  which 
wasconveniently  acces'sible,  and  the  products  readily  transi)orted  to  the 
markets;  and,  until  within  the  past  forty  years,  little  apparent  encroach- 
ment had  been  made  upon  the  seemingly  inexhaustible  store.  Since 
that  period,  railroads  liave  penetrated  all  parts  of  the  country,  steam 
saw-mills  have  displaced  the  (dd  water-mills,  and  when  tlu>y  had 
exhauste:!  the  supply  readily  attainable,  tram-roads  have  been  built, 
connecting  with  the  railroads,  the  steam  mills  transported  to  fresh  ter- 
ritory, and  thus  the  work  of  consumption  and  actual  denu(hition  has 
been  carried  on  to  such  extent  as  to  perplex  and  concern  the  patriot 
and  statesman  as  to  the  measures  to  be  taken  to  stop  the  waste,  or  iind 
a  substitute  for  the  destroyed  forests. 

The  WiiiTK  Pine,  the  great  timber  tree  of  the  North  and  Nortli- 
west,  is  found  somewhat  sparingly  in  our  Mountain  Section,  but  is 
inacoe.ssible  to  market  and  is  little  used. 

The  Ykm.ow  Pink — Plum  uiifis — is  known  most  generally  as  short- 
leaved  ])ine,  or  spruce  pine,  and  is  found  fi'om  the  coast  to  the  moun- 
tains. It  is  from  40  to  GO  feet  high,  with  a  circumference  of  from  4  to 
G  feet.  The  timber  is  extensively  used  for  house  and  shipbuilding, 
though  le.ss  valued  for  these  purposes  than  the  long-leaf. 

The  Jersey  Pine,  the  Pricklv  Pine  and  the  Pitch  Pine  are  less 
valuable  varieties;  the  second  of  these  common  in  the  Piedmont  and 
Mountain  S.-ctions,  and  to  some  extent  in  the  rough  hilly  country  in 
the  northern  part  of  Durham  (.'ounty  and  the  soutliern  part  of  Person 
County. 

The  Pond  and  the  0:,d-eielu  Pine  are  al.so  common  an  1  little  valued 
varieties. 

The  Slash  or  Rosemai:v  I'rxK  grows  only  on  low,  moist  land,  and 
is  somewhat  sparingly  diffused.     It  is  the  principal  and  largest  timber 


30 


HAND-BOOK    OP    NORTH   CAROLINA. 


pine  on  the  low,  flat  but  firm  lands  bordering  on  Albemarle  Sound, 
and  also  farther  south.  In  the  rich  swampy  lands  on  Roanoke  River 
it  is  the  giant  of  the  fonst,  towering  many  feet  above  the  surrounding 
trees.  It  is  to  be  lamented  that. this  fine  tree  is  becoming  rare;  but 
the  attraction  to  its  height  and  diameter  was  irresistible  and  must  lead 
to  its  rapid  extirpation.  Some  of  these  trees  were  5  feet  in  diameter, 
and  attained  a  height  of  from  150  to  170  feet. 

The  Cypress — Taxodiuvi  disticham  —  is  found  exclusively  in  the 
Eastern  Section,  growing  in  swamps,  frequently  rising  out  of  the  water, 
in  which  location  it  appears  surrounded  by  its  singular  grouping  of 
"c\  press  knees,"  rising  in  sharp,  naked  cones  to  the  height  of  from  1  to 
3  feet,  and  awaking  curious  specula'.iim  as  to  thoir  uses  in  the  economy 
of  the  growth  of  the  parent  tree.  The  height  of  the  cypress  tree  is 
from  60  to  100  feet,  with  a  circumference  above  its  swollen  base  of  from 
20  to  35  feet.  'Hie  wood  is  strong  and  elastic,  fine-grained,  with  little 
rosin,  but  very  fragrant.  It  is  little  affected  by  heat  or  moisture,  and 
is  very  durable.  It  is  deciduous.  It  is  largely  used  for  shingles  and 
wooden-ware,  and  often  for  the  frame  and  woodwork  of  houses. 

A  tree  similar  in  its  uses  to  the  cypress  is  the  White  Cedar — 
Cu])rcssu8t}njoidcs— known  generally,  though  improperly  in  its  botanical 
relation,  as  juniper.  In  this  State  it  is  found  in  the  Eastern  Section 
exclusively,  and  is  confined  to  swamps.  It  is  an  evergreen,  with  rich 
foliage  and  strikingly  picturesque  form,  and  is  from  70  to  80  feet  high, 
with  a  diameter  of  from  2  to  3  feet.  The  wood  is  fine-grained,  light, 
easily  worked,  fragr.mt,  and  in  color  of  a  light,  rosy  pink.  It  is  used 
in  the  making  of  shingles,  which  are  preferred  above  all  others  for  their 
freedom  from  splitting  and  their  durability.  They  are  largely  used  in 
the  manufacture  of  churns  ?.nd  pails,  and  are  the  chief  stock  used  by 
the  recently  established  bucket  factories  in  the  State. 

Somewhat  similar  to  the  juniper  is  the  Hemlock  Sprvce— Abies 
Canadensis— known  in  our  mountains  almost  universally  as  spruce 
pine.  It  is  confined  to  the  mountains,  and  found  on  the  margins  of 
torrents,  or  diffused,  somewhat  thickly,  through  the  cold  swamps.  The 
younger  trees  possess  much  beauty  in  light-spreading  spray,  feathery 
foliage  and  lively  color,  and  as  ornamental  trees  are  unsurpassed  in 
charm.  But  in  the  older  trees  the  limbs  are  short  and  few,  and  the 
foliage  is  confined  to  the  upper  extremities,  though  still  a  tree  of  savage 
picluresquene-ss.  The  height  often  attained  is  from  80  to  <J0  feet,  with 
a  diameter  of  from  3  to  G  feet.     The  timber  is  light  and  somewhat 


FORESTS. 


31 


porous,  but  is  often  used  in  the  interior  work  of  buildings.  Its  bark  is 
valuable  in  tanning,  but  the  forests  of  the  spruce  pine  or  hemlock  are 
not  of  sufficient  density  in  this  State  to  rival  other  and  more  prolific 
sources  of  the  supply  of  tan-bark. 

The  Balsam  FiR—Ahies  Fraseri— is  one  of  those  semi-Arctic  trees 

whicli  testify  equally  to  high  latitude  or  to  great  altitude  of  locality; 

for  it  is  found  only  on  mountains  whose  elevation  exceeds  5,000  feet, 

and  seldom  forms  a  forest  at  a  less  elevation  than  6,000  feet.     On  the 

Black  Mountains,  the  peaks  of  which  all  exceed  this  latter  elevation,  it 

covers  the  ground  to  the  exclusion  of  all  other  foVest  trees,  and  its 

sombre  hue  gives  a  name  to  that  stately  group.     It  is  found  on  the 

highest  summits  of  the  Balsam  ^fountains,  between  the  counties  of 

Jackson  and  Haywood,  and  gives  that  range  its  characteristic  name. 

It  is  found  also  on  the  high  summits  of  the  Smoky  Mountains,  there 

intermingled  with  deciduous  trees;  and  also  there  attaining,  in  this 

State,  its  greatest  size,  being  from  75  to  100  feet  in  height  and  2  feet  in 

diameter,  while  elsewhere  the  height  is  not  more  than  50  feet  and  the 

diameter  18  to  20  inches.     The  wood  is  white,  soft  and  easily  worked, 

yet  little  used  because  of  its  inaccessibility.     From  the  smooth  bark  of 

this  species  issues  a  clear  thin  liquid,  known  as  balsam,  of  an  acrid  taste, 

used  as  an  ointment  on  cuts  and  sores,  and  also  as  an  internal  remedy 

in  pulmonary  and  kidney  troubles.     It  is  found  in  small  thin  blisters 

which  appear  on  the  bark  of  the  tree  from  top  to  bottom,  and  from 

each  of  which  is  obtained  about  half  a  teaspoonful  of  the  liquid  by 

the  tedious  process  of  perforating  each  blister  with  a  small  horn  or 

metal  scoop. 

'J1ie  tree  has  a  close  pyramidal  top,  and  is  densely  covered  with 
plumes  of  flat  narrow  leaves,  green  above  and  white  beneath,  and  very 
attractive  in  their  light  feathery  forms  and  disposition. 

Another  variety,  the  Black  Spruck— .1.  uH/ra—is  found  intermingled 
with  A.  Fraseri,  of  similar  form,  but  of  smaller  dimensions.  Its  bark 
is  somewhat  rough,  and  it  exudes  no  balsam.  The  wood  is  strong, 
light  and  elastic,  and  is  much  used  at  the  North  and  abroad  for  yards 
and  topmasts  of  vessels;  in  the  future,  perhaps,  to  find  the  same  uses 
in  this  State. 

The  trees  last  named  are  peculiar  to  the  Mountain  Section.  All  the 
others  to  be  specitied  are  diffused  throughout  the  State,  common  in 
greater  or  less  degree  to  all  the  sections,  and  will  be  mentioned  without 
reference  to  special  section  or  locality,  with  the  exception  of  the 


32 


HAXD-noOK    OF    NoKTir    (  AROLIXA. 


I  •  1  .         ^  extremes  oi    the  c  imate  nf   VnrfK   n      v 

which  perm  ts  tliP  o-iv.n.fi,        i         .•     •        '-'""'"•e  or    x^orth  Caro  ina, 

•        appropniato  s  l'  W     ti   h.""' ""T  l'"'""  "'  '^"'■'->'  "^  "  '-« 

genial  Florida.    Th  ,     e    is  1  J  ""' '^''""'^  »'  warmer  and  ,„ore 

«o.Ui,p„r,,  at  tl.e  ,„„„t ho     L  c    ,  -".r  Ei"""  T  '""  """''>■  "^ 
coast  limits  oi-  tliis  Stit„  (  1    '^  "■■■  ""  '"  "*  ""'  nortliem 

'l-v,  g  vil  nil        '■■"';'"«  y'8°'™-''^'  ■"  'f-  -"dy  loam  and 

.1.0  .mall  eie^  ,*;  :  ^  rn'r,!  rr''"''^''  'ow  over  the  ground, 
presenting  a  n.ass  of  fd  'e  of  "  l*-'  f"'  ""^'""="•''^0  shade,  and 
lioight  of  fronr  40°!  50  fie  °1  f  "^  "^  ^"'"'y-     'J'l'e  tree  attains  the 

Ti.:  iin,her  is  eii';;!i::;  :d'  Ltr-  ;hrt,:rf  ^ '-  ^  r- 

building.     A  does  not  1™;  "^"^'^  ""  """"-^  ^''^'"'^'^  '"  ship. 

to      At  uuLb  ijdc  SO  auouncl  on  our  pn'i«f  .n.^  f^  i,„         •         .    ^     * 

.nent  to  its  use,-  and  the  forests  or  ,  u  er  Z  '  ^''■''"  ""'""<'■    ' 

may  long  remain  as  Innnv  f!l  ;  ^        '  ■"■  ■''l«'=""e"s  we  have, 

Of  Nortlf  Car„li„;":h'S;  etdU.olf  '"  '"^  '''"'■  """  '"'""•'  -"«^ 

spei:  ";;::,'■ :  ,r  ih:  -r ;:;;: ':-  -^'-^  oaroima  contams  m„ro 

tl.e  Southern  States  east  of Thl  Miss^  'i""  "'"'  ""'  '^'  """'  "'  ""    ■ 

Of  these,  the  Win-PR  Oat-     n     h       •  ' 
fused,  one  ^f  the"    a    s     n  sL  .,     '"""  ?"  "^  "'"  '™«'"-WeIy  dif. 
one  of  the  mos  uS  !',"': '™''  f ""''"'«  '"  "Pi-^-'ce  -and 

the  mountains-    u    1  e    o      T      ,  "' p     '  "  '°""^  ''""'  "'»  »"^'  '» 
the  borders  of  s  vam      bu      i  t  e    ,  -'" '"  ''™"°"' ''°""'  "'  °^  °" 

thmugh  the  fore  'n  is  ,'  IL  '"  f,  "'  '''"'""^  P™miscnously 
and  rounded  head  lig  ^  le'^  g  f^  '"l  ""  ^  f '■"'«'"  '"'"'^-'  -'"P-' 
Its  height  is  from  70  ',  ,  ,"f  '^  '  ?•'  ""' ''s'''-™'"''"'  ''»*• 
w..ich,  however,  is"  no"  col^  ;::  .t-fj;;!  '"'"r  't  "  ''  "^'' 
iu  the  Mountain  Section     Tho  useto     I  ^  '"■""""''  "' 

is  universallv  recognised  as  t  e  mlt  .  T"f^  ''"'  ""  ""'"^  """  " 

foM,ouse  franre/ndaf  „::.l'lrsV:  ™"\:.i::,raf  ■•'";'""  "^ 


.? 


its  abundance, 
"ortli  Carolina, 
fitory  of  a  tree 
mer  and  more 
tlie  vicinity  of 
s  the  northern 
ndy  loam  and  , 
ent  ocean.     It 
er  the  ground, 
)le  shade,  and 
ee  attains  the 
>ni  1  to  2  feet. 
'  of  any  other 
ted  iron  and 
ued  for  ship. 
?ivon  induce-    " 
lens  we  have, 
liappy  range 

3ntains  moro 
s  tjian  in  all    . 

t  widely  dif- 
3a ranee,  and 
the  coast  to 
ind  in  or  on 
jmiscuously 
ik,  compact 
ilored  bark. 
4  to  5  feet, 
streams,  or 
lany  that  it 
being  used 
inplemonts, 
ngth,  dura- 
ble in  tau- 

Mi'  Whitb 
»  size  and 


FORKSTS. 


33 


uses.  They  grou-  to  the  height  of  from  SO  to  OU  feet  with  corresj.ondino- 
diameter,  with  timber  of  great  slrengtli  and  durabihtv,  and  a  foliage 
of  pleasing,  graceful  character,  the  leaves  being  6  to  8  inches  long  with 
coarse  rounded  teeth  on  the  edges,  with  a  soft  ashy-green  tint  which 
contrasts  them  with  the  usual  vivid  green  of  the  qnercm  family 

The  Post  Qak-Q  obtasiloba-is  a  tree  of  wide  diffusion,  having 
general  similarity  to  the  white  oak,  but  is  a  smaller  tree,  with  a  heiirht 
rarely  exceeding  50  feet  and  diameter  of  18  inches.  It  has  a  fine  grain 
great  strength  and  elasticity,  is  largely  used  for  fence  posts,  is  highly' 
valued  by  wheelwrights,  coopers  and  ship-builders;  and,  with  the 
white  oak,  supplies  materials  for  liquor  casks  without  a  superior 

The  oaks  which  appear  to  have  the  widest  distribution  through  the 
fetate  are  those  carelessly  or  erroneously  classed  as  red  oaks,  but  with 
such  points  oi  difference  as,  in  many  .sections,  often  in  the  same  section 
to  command  different  names.     Among  these  is  the  ' 

Spanish  Oak-^,).  Falmta—aho  known  as  the  red  oak,  sometimes  the 
turkey  oak,  from  a  fancied  resemblance  of  its  leaves,  with  its  three 
divisions,  to  the  track  of  the  turkey.     Ihis  is  oneof  the  most  common 
forest  orees  from  the  coast  to  the  mountains,  and  is  of  a  hei-ht  of  from 
60  to  80  feet  with  a  diameter  of  from  4  to  5  feet.     The  outer  bark  is 
dar;<-colored,  and  the  wood  is  reddish  and  coarse-grained      The  wood 
IS  not  very  durable,  and  little  used  in  building  or  the  mechanical  art. 
but  the  bark  is  highly  valued  for  its  excellent  qualities  in  tanning      ' 
The  Black  Oak-^^.  Tladoria-or  the  same  family,  differs  from  the 
preceding  m   having  a  deeply  furrowed  dark  bark,  and  the  leaves 
which  are  cut  into  several  divisions,  from  5  to  7,  and  also  from  the 
number  of  small  glands  which  roughen  the  surface  in  the  spring  and 
part  of  the  summer.     This  tree  attains  a  height  of  from  80  to  90  feet 
wuh  a  diameter  of  4  to  5  feet.     The  wood   is  reddish  and  coarse- 
grained, but  IS  stronger  than  others  of  its  family,  and,  as  a  building 
material,  is  often  used  as  a  substitute  for  white  oak.     It  is  largely  used 
in  making  staves.     The  bark  is  rich  in  tannin,  largely  used  in  tamiing 
and  IS  also  the  material  from  which  is  obtained  the  qnerdtron  of  com- 
merce, so  largely  used  for  dyeing  purposes. 

The  Scarlet  OAK-r^  cocciHca-of  the  same  family,  is  similar  to 
tiie  above,  the  chief  external  difference  being  in  leaf,\vhich  is  more 
deeply  cut,  smooth  on  both  sides,  of  a  brighter  green,  and  turning 
bright  scarlet  after  frost.  The  wood  is  not  durable,  and  the  bark  is 
inferior  for  tanning. 

"" -.^1    -    -•  ty   Qf   Qj^j^g   jy   i^jjg   Willow   Oak— <0 


i^/u'/fos— remarkable  for  tl 


le  n 


arrowness  of  its  leaves  and  its  pleasing 


34 


HAND-BOOK    OF    NORTH    CAROLINA. 


form-  it  crrows  in  favorable  cool  moist  situations  to  the  height  of  irom 
50  to  GO^feet,  with  a  diameter  of  2  feet  or  more.  Its  wood  is  coarse- 
erained,  and  has  small  economic  value.  ,        ,  •  i 

The  Laurel  Oak-Q.  laurifoUa-r osemhles  the  above  in  general 
characteristics.  Its  leaves  are  broader.  This  is  the  shade  tree  of  A\  il- 
mington  and  other  eastern  towns.  ,  ,      „  ,• 

The  Shingle  Oak-Q.  hnhricar!a-mnc\^  resembles  the  preceding, 
but  is  a  western  or  transmontane  tree,  not  being  found  east  of  Burke 
or  Wilkes.  It  is  40  or  50  feet  high,  12  to  15  inches  in  diameter  with 
low  spreading  branches,  casting  a  deep  shade.     The  wood  ,s  hard  and 

'The  Upland  Willow  Oak-Q.  cinerea-\s  found  only  in  the  sand 
barrens  of  the  Eastern  Section,  and  attains  the  height  of  only  about 
20  feet,  with  proportionate  diameter.  .       ,      ,.    .  a 

The  Watkr  Oak— (^  aqmtica-is  abundant  m  the  Eastern  and 
parts  of  the  Middle  Section,  and  has  little  value.  .  ,  „     , 

The  Black  Jack- Q.  mrym-is  a  small  and  rather  unsightly  tree 
with  broad,  dense  leaves  and  limbs  often  hanging  to  the  ground.     It 
has  little  value  except  for  fuel,  in  which  capacity  it  is  unexcelled. 

Besides  these  there  is  the  Chkstni-t  Oak,  a  tree  of  majestic  size  and 
beautiful  foliage  almost  identical  with  that  of  the  true  chestnut,  but  so 
snaringlv  distributed  as  to  have  had  few  tests  of  its  value;  the 
'ro<.k"Chestnut  Oak,  found  only  on  rocky  hills  and  knolls,  and  is 
a  handsome  tree  from  the  luxuriance  of  its  foliage.  Like  he  other,  it 
has  limited  distribution,  and  is  little  used,  though  its  bark  is  among 
the  best  for  tanning  purposes.     Elsewhere  it  is  u.sed  for  certain  purposes 

"\tE^'HlcKORY!  which  is  peculiar  to  North  America,  is  represented  in  this 
Statebv  six,  perhaps  seven,  outof  the  nine  species  found  on  th.scont.nent. 

Thge^i^eral  qualities  of  all  of  them  are  alike.  For  use  m  the  mechani- 
cal arts,  and  domestic  uses,  the  hickory  family  is  universally  y^ued ; 
and  some  of  the  varieties  are  esteemed  for  their  rich  and  flavored  nuts. 

.1  1  4-,.r,.,,.ifv  ,if  filii-p  we  have  no  wood  sui)orior :  but  its 

For  weighi,  ^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^::;  ::J.,o.^^^^  .na  its  peeuHar  liability 
value  >s  -;i>au-ea  b    a  teu^U  nc>    o  u^  ^.^^^^  .^^  ^1^^.^^^.^^  ^^^^  ^^^^  ^^,^^^^  ^^^ 

toinjmyfvomNso  n,s.    ^^'"^  ^^^'"  axle-trees,  axe-l.an.Ues,  carponters' 

different  species  ^^^^^^^  ^ne^  ^-L.  whip-handles,  nu^sket  stocks, 
tools  screws  CH,g  of  n    l-^^  h^K  th^        ^^^^.^  ^  ^,^  .^     ,,,^.,,  „rc  made 

rake  teeth,  A^^l  ' ^'  ^ ' ;,^^:  ^'^^ ^^  j,  „„  wood  which  gives  such  intense  heat  and 
fronr  y«^"S  «^«f "  ,  J°p„^"this  use  although  discri.nination  is  seldom  nuvde,  the 
;:;;u^r^;^:^td!^b^t  b^L^nd  theMtt^nut  Mckorythepoore..  For 
iimbei-  shell-bark  and  pig-nut  hickories  are  reputed  the  best. 


FORESTS. 


35 


The  varieties  are 

Shell-Bark  RiCKORY-Carija  alhn— nearly  absent  from  the  Eastern 
Section,  and  abundant  nowhere.  It  grows  to  the  height  of  00  or  80 
feet,  with  small  diameter.  The  tree  is  valuable  for  its  white,  thin- 
shelled,  well-flavored  nuts,  surpassed  only  by  those  of  the  pecan  of  the 
same  family. 

The  Thick  Shell-Bark  Hickory— G  sulcata-is  a  rare  tree  found 
however,  in  Orange  County,  and  resembles  the  above,  except'  in  the 
quality  of  the  nut,  which  is  harder  and  of  less  sweetness. 

Common  Hickory— C.  tomcntosa— common  everywhere  in  the  State 
is  the  largest  and  the  most  valued  of  the  whole  ^imily.  It  exceeds'  00 
feet  in  height,  with  a  diameter  of  about  20  inches. 

The  Pig-Nut  Hickory— C.  glabra— is  only  thinly  disseminated  It 
IS  about  80  feet  high. 

The  Small-Nut  Hickory  and  the  Bitter-Nut  Hickory  close  the 
list  of  this  family. 

THE  WALNUT  is  found  of  only  two  species  in  this  State.  The  most 
common,  the 

Black  ^V al^vt— Ju;/lans  ni;/m—\s  not  found  in  the  Eastern  Section 
but  occurs  in  comparative  abundance  in  the  Middle  and  Western  Sec- 
tions.    In  the  Western  it  attains  great  size,  especially  along  the  base  of 
the  Smoky  Mountains,  where  a  diameter  of  7  feet  is  sometimes  attained 
It  occurs  singly,  and  is  never  grouped  in  large  bodies.     It  is  sought  for 
eagerly  for  cabinet  work.     The  wood  is  of  a  dark-brown  color,  strong 
and  tenacious,  with  tine  grain,  frequently  curled,  and  takes  a  fine  polish 
and  IS  largely  used  for  the  interior  finisli  of  dwellings.     The  folia-e  is 
handsome,  and  it  makes  a  fine  shade  tree.     The  leaves  are  hio-hly 
aromatic,  and  the  nut.  which  is  of  annual  abundance,  is  rich  "and 
sweet.     The  thick  husk  of  the  nuts  is  used  in  dveing  woollens 

The  White  W ALSv'r-Jiu/lrn,s  alba— is  the  butternut  of  the  North- 
ern States.  It  IS  found  in  this  State  only  among  the  mountains,  and 
tliere  found  only  upon  bottom  lands  and  river  banks.  It  is  a  smaller 
tree  than  the  black  walnut,  with  smooth  whitish  bark  and  leaves  of 
lively  verdure.  The  wood  is  valuable,  though  the  tree  is  comparativelv 
rare  and  little  use  is  made  of  it. 

THE  CHESTNUT,  found  somewhat  sparingly  as  far  east  as  the  counties 
o  Randolph  and  Guilford,  appears  in  the  greatest  abundance  and 
attains  Its  most  majestic  dimensions  on  the  sidesof  the  high  mountains 
of  the  Western  Section,  and  on  the  tops  where  the  elevation  does  not 
much  exceed  4,000  feet.  In  such  locations  its  height  is  often  100  feet 
and  Its  diameter  from  0  to  9  feet.     Its  wood  is  light,  strong,  elastic  and 


N 


36 


HAXn-BOOIv    OF    NORTH    CAKOLINA. 


durable,  largely  used  in  making  rails  for  fences,  which  last  for  half  a 
centurv.  It  is  also  used  for  making  boxes,  and  has  come  into  use  as 
an  ornamental  wood  both  ii\  household  furniture  and  in  the  interior 
woodwork  of  houses,  iis  color  being  very  agreeable,  and  the   vennng 

being  quite  beautiful. 

The  C^iiiN(jrAi'iN-  is  a  dwarf  variety  in  the  South,  found  all  over  this 
State.     It  is  usually  a  shrub  from  0  to  12  feet  high,  branching  thickly 
from  the  ground,  and  bearing  profusely  a  small  edible  nut  enclosed  in 
a  prickly  burr  similar  to  that  of  the  chestnut.     In  frequent  localities  it 
assumes  the  form  and  dimensions  of  a  tree,  some  si)ecimens  attaining 
a  height  of  from  30  to  40  feet,  with  a  diameter  of  from  15  to  20  inches. 
THE  BEECH  is  represented  in  this  State  by  only  one  species— i-'off/fts 
fcrrugUca— and  is  a  very  handsome  tree,  with  its  smooth,  mottled  gray 
bark  and  its  shapely  leaves,  which,  even  in  the  winter  time,  and, 
changed  by  the  frost  to  a  delicate  fawn-color,  cling  all  through  the 
winter  to  the  boughs  and  retain  a  delicate  and  very  attractive  beauty. 
The  tree  is  found  rather  sparingly  in  the  Eastern  Section,  though  fine 
specimens  are  found  in   the  county  of  Pasquotank.     In  the  Middle 
Section  it  is  more  abundant.     In  the  Western  Section  it  is  abundant, 
and  there  reaches  its  greatest  dimensions,  being  from  80  to  100  feet  m 
height,  with  a  diameter  of  from  2  to  4  feet.     The  wood  is  white,  com- 
pac^t  and  tough,  of  uniform  texture,  and  extensively  used  for  plane 
stocks,  shoe  lasts  and  the  handles  of  tools. 

THE  BUCKEYE. —This  tree  greatly  resembles  the  horse  chestnut,  an 
ornamental  tree  introduced  froinAsia,  but  scarcely  more  beautiful  or 
desirable  than  its  American  cousin,  which  has  not  been  thought  worthy 
to  be  introduced  into  parks  or  pleasure  grounds.  There  are  two  varieties 
in  this  State,  one  of  which— yEsmlus  fava-is  found  among  the  high 
mountains  of  the  Western  Section,  and  there  attains  a  great  size.  It  is 
there  a  straight,  tall  and  very  handsome  tree,  with  a  trunk  unobstructed 
by  limbs  or  foliage  for  a  great  distance  upward.  It  is  often  from  80  to 
100  feet  high,  with  a  diameter  of  from  3  to  5  feet.  It  loves  a  deep  fer- 
tile soil.  Its  foliage  is  of  a  rich  deep  green,  and  in  the  spring  it  is 
covered  with  clusters  of  large,  showy,  yellowish  flowers,  similar  to 
those  of  the  horse  chestnut.     Its  wood  is  heavy  but  porous,  and  is  little 

esteemed. 

The  Red  Buckeye— .7;.  Pavia—\s  the  variety  common  to  the  Middle 
and  Eastern  SecMons,  found  growing  chiefly  on  the  rich  margins  of 
streams.  It  has  clusters  of  dull  reddish  flowers,  and  except  that  it  is  a 
mere  shrub,  from  10  to  12  feet  high,  it  closely  resembles  the  giant 
buckeve  of  the  mountains. 


FOnKSTS. 


37 


THE  LOCUST— Ro/nnia  Pmulacacia  and  the  R.  IV.smsa— arc  the  chief 
representatives  of  this  family  in  North  Carolina.  The  first  is  the  larger 
tree,  attaining  a  height  of  tiO  feet  or  more,  and  is  found  in  its  wild 
state  among  tlie  mountains.  The  wood  is  hard  and  compact  and  takes 
a  high  polish.  It  is  largely  used  in  ship-huilding  for  trunnels,  which, 
instead  of  decaying,  grow  harder  with  age.  These  are  exported  in 
large  quantities  from  Western  North  Carolina.  The  wood  is  used  hy 
turners  as  a  substitute  for  box  m  the  manufacture  of  bowls,  salad 
spoons,  etc.  The  foliage  is  airy  and  graceful,  of  a  translucent  green, 
and  the  profuse  clusters  of  drooping  white  and  fragrant  flowers  entitle 
it  to  the  favor  it  has  gained  as  an  ornamental  tree. 

The  Rose  Loci:.st  is  a  shrub  only,  with  foliage  similar  to  the  pre- 
ceding, and  flowers  of  the  same  form,  but  of  a  deep  rose  color.  This 
is  found  in  all  the  sections,  though  that  in  the  Eastern  Section  is  much 
dwarfed. 

The  HoxEY  Locust  is  distinguished  by  its  thin  foliage,  its  thorny 
branches  and  its  worthless  wood,  but  tolerated  for  the  profusion  of  its 
long  honey-bearing  pods,  much  used  in  making  beer,  and  not  unpal- 
atable  as  a  fruit. 

The  Catalpa  is  a  valuable  and  handsome  tree,  of  great  beauty  of 
foliage  and  flower,  and  is  found  sparingly  in  its  wild  state  in  some  of 
the  counties  west  of  the  Blue  Ridge.  It  is  widelv  distributed  as  an 
ornamental  tree,  and,  as  the  timber  is  almost  imperishable,  might  be 
cultivated  to  advantage  for  certain  uses. 

MAPLE.— There  are  five  varieties  of  this  valuable  tree. 

The  Red  Maple— ylcer  rnhruw—\s  found  in  all  the  sections,  and 
everywhere  welcomed  as  the  harbinger  of  spring  with  iis  early  bloom- 
ing,  bright,  scarlpf.-winged  flowers,  and  equally  admired  in  the  autumn 
when  touched  by  the  frost,  and  its  leaves  blaze  with  the  splendors  of 
Its  crimson  hues.  T.iis  tree  grows  to  the  height  of  40  or  50  feet,  with 
a  diameter  of  2  or  3  faet.  The  wood  is  of  close  fine  grain  and  takes  a 
high  polish.  Its  many  uses  are  well  known.  The  Cuhly  Maple  is 
not  a  distinct  variety,  but  is  the  wood  of  the  same  tree  where  the  grain 
of  the  wood  has  a  winding  direction. 

The  White  or  Silver  Maple  is  found  only  in  the  mountains,  and 
IS  of  smaller  size.  It  is  desirable  as  an  ornamental  tree  from  its  spread- 
ing habit  and  from  the  beauty  of  the  leaves,  green  above  and  white 
beneath.  The  sap  of  this  tree  produces  a  finer  sugar  than  that  obtained 
from  the  sugar  maple,  but  in  far  less  quantity. 

The  SuGAK  Maple— yl.  mcckarinnm—oQcnvs  abundantly  in  the 
Mountain  Section  and  sparingly  in  the  other  sections.     It  is  a  large 


c 


38 


HAND-BOOK    OF    NORTH    CAROLINA. 


1 


and  very  handsome  tree,  witli  a  fine  olose-grained  wood,  but  from  its 
high  value  as  tho  producer  of  sugar  it  is  not  much  used  for  other 
purposes.  This  tree  has  a  curled  variety  like  the  red  nniple,  and  also 
another  and  more  precious  than  the  curled  maple,  known  as  the  bird's 
eye,  well  known  in  ornamental  wood-work. 

The  other  varieties  of  maple  are  small,  and  rank  only  a  little  highei 
than  shrubb. 

THE  ASH  is  found  in  several  varieties,  all  of  which  have  the  distin- 
guishing qualities  of  strength  and  elasticity,  furnishing  one  of  the 
ivost  valuable  timbers  to  be  found  in  the  State.     These  varieties  are 

Watku  Afin—Fraxitim  Flatycarpa—kmud  only  along  the  marshy 
bottoms  of  streams  in  the  Eastern  Section. 

Grkkn  Ash— 7''.  Virldis—i'ouud  along  the  banks  of  streams  in  the 
Middle  and  Western  Sections.     The  tree  is  of  moderate  size. 

Rkd  Ash— 7''.  Pabcscens—somewhut  rare,  found  chiefly  in  the  Middle 
Section,  attaining  a  height  of  from  50  to  GO  feet.  The  wood  is  redder 
than  that  of  the  white  ash,  harder  and  less  elastic,  but  used  lor  the 
same  purpose;  and 

White  Ash— F.  ^ImeWoanrt— found  in  all  the  sections,  nowhere 
abundantly,  thriving  best  along  streams  and  the  borders  of  low 
grounds.  It  is  from  50  to  80  feet  high  with  a  diameter  of  2  or  3  feet, 
with  straight  stem  and  gray  furrowed  bark.  The  wood  is  strong  and 
elastic,and  is  largely  used  by  carriage-makers,  wheelwrights  and  others, 
and  is  highly  prized  by  those  who  use  it. 

THE  ELMS  are  found  throughout  the  whole  State,  and  need  no  descrip- 
tion. The  largest  and  most  valued  is  Uimus  Americana,  prized  for  its 
beauty  as  a  shade  tree,  but  its  wood  has  not  much  value. 

Small-Leaved  Elm— t/.  Alata.— It  has  no  beauty  nor  large  dimen- 
sions, but  its  wood  is  tough,  compact  and  fine-grained,  and  is  valued 
by  wheelwrights  for  the  making  of  naves. 

Slippery  Elm— L^  iVim— found  in  all  the  sections  but  most  abun- 
dantly in  the  Middle.  It  is  from  50  to  60  feet  high.  The  wood  is 
coarser  than  that  of  the  other  species  of  elm  but  is  strongei-,  and  is  of 
the  highest  value  in  making  ship's  blocks.  Its  inner  bark  furnishes  a 
mucilaginous  preparation  much  used  in  colds  and  bronchial  affections 
and  for  emollient  plasters. 

WILD  CHERRY — Primus  serotina  —  is  found  all  over  the  State,  but 
dwarfed  in  the  Eastern  and  Middle  Sections.  Among  the  mountains, 
on  rich  and  cool  declivities,  it  assumes  a  different  appearance.  Its 
trunk,  no  longer  crooked  and  distorted,  erects  itself  to  the  height  of 

an  arrow,  and  without  a  limb  for  three- 


from  70  to  100  feet. 


ight 


FOUKST8. 


89 


I 


tourtlisof  its  heiglil  above  the  ground;   tho  diameter  is  from  3  to  5 
feet.     Tiie  wood  U  of  a  light  red  tint,  compact  and  oluso-grained,  and 
little  apt  to  wurp  or  shrink.     It   is  highly  valued  for  cabinet  work, 
being  e(|ual  (o  some  of  tho  most  highly  prized  foreign  woods,  and  since 
the  mountain  forests  have  been  nnule  accessible  by  the  construction  of 
railroads,  the  demand  for  cherry  timber  has  greatly  increased.     When 
found  at  all  it  is  abundant,  the  chief  component  of  largo  fore.sts. 
^  THE  GUMS  are  useful  trees,  most  common  in  the  swampy  lands  of  the 
Kastern  Section,  but  some  of  the  varieties  are  found  in  the  other  sections. 
Hl.vciv  (ivM—Nijusa  aqnafira-^fvom  30  to  40  feet  high  and  12  to  20 
inches  in  diameter,  is  f(Mnid  in  tho  swamps  of  the  lower  Middle  and 
lOastern  Sections.     The  wood  has  its  fibres  so  interlaced  as  to  make  it 
difficult  to  split,  and  is  therefore  largely  used  for  hubs  of  wheels,  hat- 
ters' blocks  and  other  use.s  rtuiuiring  great  toughness. 

TtPKLo  Gum— ,V.  nwl(itlora,-^gro\vs  mostly  in  the  moist  rich  uplands, 
and  IS  a  larger  tree  than  tho  preceding,  attaining  a  height  of  00  feet 
and  a  diameter  of  2  feet.  Its  wood  is  similar  in  quality  to  that  of  tho 
above,  ami  in  addition  to  the  uses  mentioned  are  now  largely  used  by 
the  manufacturers  of  wooden  plates,  berry  baskets,  itc 
^  Cotton  Gum— .V.  narijiora—h  confined  to  the  deep  swamps  of  the 
Eastern  Section,  and  is  a  larger  tree  than  the  [)reeediDg.  Its  wood  is 
similar  to  those  in  toughness,  but  is  much  lighter  and  is  easily  worked, 
being  manufactured  into  light  bowls  and  trays.  The  roots  furnish  a 
substitute  for  cork  as  fioats  to  buoy  up  seines. 

Sweet  Gim— Liquid  ambcr-^\s  of  a  different  species  from  tho  pre- 
ceding. It  is  found  all  over  the  State.  It  is  from  40  to  70  feet  high, 
and  2  to  3  feet  in  diameter.  Tlie  wood  is  reddish,  compact,  finegrained', 
and  takes  a  high  polish,  and  is  applicable  wherever  toughness  and 
solidity  are  required.  Its  beauty,  when  dressed,  commends  itself  to  the 
favor  of  the  furniture  maker.  The  beautiful  star-shaped  leaves,  and 
the  fine  shape  of  the  masses  of  foliage,  make  the  tree  very  desirable 
as  an  addition  to  ornamental  planting.  The  leaves  have  an  aromatic 
fragrance,  and  tho  bark  exudes  an  aromatic,  transparent  gum,  verv 
grateful  to  the  taste,  and  of  medicinal  virtues. 

TULIP  TREE.  OR  POPlMi^  Li riodendron  Tidipifera^  is  unsurpassed 
perhaps  unequalled,  by  any  other  tree  in  the  American  forest.  xMajestic 
m  size,  graceful  in  form,  the  proportions  of  the  giant  clad  in  the'vest- 
ments  of  a  queen;  mighty  trunk  and  stalwart  limbs  softened  into  gen- 
tleness by  a  foliage  dense,  beautiful  and  singularly  unique,  and  adorned 
with  a  profusion  of  yellow  tulip-sluq.ed  fiowers -^Hercules  masquerading 
m  tho  graceful  drapery  of  Omphale-a  combination  of  size,  streno-th 
grace  and  delicacy  presented  by  no  otiier  tree  of  the  forest.  "^    ' 


IW- 


40 


HAND-noOK    OF    NORTH    CAROLINA. 


t    i 


The  tulip  is  fouiul  in  nil  purt.s  of  the  Stale,  less  common  unci  of  less 
size  ill  the  Eastern  Section  thun  elsewhere.  In  the  Middle  Section  it 
grows  abundantly  and  iittains  great  size.  Hut  it  most  aluninds  in  the 
Mountain  Section,  an<l  there  it  attains  its  greatest  height  and  largest 
diameter.  Trees  of  K'U  feet  high  and  (i  feel  in  diameter  are  common, 
and  instanced  of  8,  0  and  10  feet  are  well  known.  Near  Clyde,  on 
Pigeon  River,  in  Haywood  County,  close  by  the  track  of  the  Western 
North  Carolina  Railroad,  stands  a  church,  the  materials  for  the  con- 
struction of  which  were  drawn  from  a  single  tree  of  this  species.  The 
church  is  50  feet  long  by  30  in  width;  all  the  timbers — the  framing, 
the  Mooring,  the  rooting,  the  steeple,  and  also  the  shingles — were  pro- 
vided by  one  mammoth  tree,  the  diameter  of  which  was  10  feet. 

The  wood,  white  or  yellow,  according  to  the  character  of  the  soil, 
moist  or  dry,  is  yellow  in  the  first  and  white  in  theother.aud  is  largely 
used  for  building  material,  for  coach  {)anneling  and  other  uses  requiring 
lightness,  strength  and  durability.  The  exj)()rtalion  from  the  Mountain 
Section  to  the  Northern  States  and  to  l<]uro[)e,  in  logs  or  sawed  timber 
or  lumber,  has  attained  very  large  proportions. 

Very  many  other  trees,  from  their  abundance,  size  and  value,  might 
be  added  to  the  above.  But  it  is  deemed  sufficient  to  give  such  as  are 
•described  as  just  illustrations  of  the  magnitude  of  the  forest  wealth  of 
North  Carolina. 

Of  the  others  it  need  only  be  said  in  addition,  that  of  the  magnolia 
there  are  7  varieties,  including  granditlora,  and  the  cucumber  tree;  of 
the  po[)lars  3;  of  the  birch  3,  including,  in  the  Western  Section,  the 
black  bircli  or  mountain  mahogany,  a  large  tree,  with  highly  valuable 
ornamental  wood ;  of  the  linn  or  lime  4,  besides  sycamore,  hackberry, 
persimmon,  mulberry,  holly,  dogwood,  sassafras,  and  others  valuable, 
all  of  them,  in  the  mechanical  arts. 

Of  the  shrubbery  which  falls  below  the  dignity  of  trees  there  is 
infinite  variety;  and  there  is  infinite  variety  in  form,  foliage  and  flower. 
Among  these  is  the  Stuartia  Virffinica,  found  in  the  Eastern  Section, 
the  only  representative  on  this  continent  of  the  Camellia  family  or  the 
tea  plant;  of  graceful  form  and  foliage,  with  l^rge,  pearly-white  trans- 
lucent fiowers,  silky  on  the  outside,  covered  within  with  a  circle  of 
stamens  and  bright  purple  filaments  and  blue  anthers;  a  very  beautiful 
plant,  worthy  of  cultivation,  yet  unknown  beyond  its  native  habitat, 
and  without  a  popular  name. 

The  Snow  Dkop  Trre — Halesia  tctraptcra—\s  found  sparingly  in  the 
western  part  of  the  Middle  Section,  and  abundantly  among  the  moun- 
tains along  the  water-courses.     \n  some  places  it  attain.s  the  dimensions 


/  .^1 


RHODODENDRON    AND    AZALEA 


FORESTS. 


41 


of  II  tree;  its  foliage  closely  resembles  that  of  the  ox-heart  cherry.  Its 
branches  are  thickly  hung  with  white  or  pink  bell-shaped  flowers,  in 
size  and  shape  similar  to  the  snow  drop  of  the  gardens.  It  ap[)ears  to 
be  unknown  to  cultivation,  but  is  en\inently  deserving  of  consideration. 

Of  tlie  Rhodorendkox,  or  Laurkl,  there  are  four  varieties,  including 
the  splendid  rose-colored  Catawhiense.  It  grows  most  luxuriantly 
among  the  mountains  in  cooJ  sequestered  shades,  covering  large  tracts 
with  impenetrable  "laurel  thickets,"  the  retreat  of  wild  animals,  and 
the  barrier  to  the  hunter.  The  laurel  is  found  si)aringly  east  of  the 
mountains,  small  groups  of  it  being  found  on  the  rocky  banks  of  Mor- 
gan's Creek,  near  Chapel  Hill,  and  oii  the  shaded  north  side  of  the 
Occoneechee  Mountains  near  Ilillsboro. 

The  Ivy — Kalmia  latifuUa — often  called  calico  bush,  cons[)icuous  for 
the  i)rofusion  of  its  white  or  pink  angular  bell-shaped  and  delicately 
dotted  llowers,  covers  many  parts  of  the  mountains  with  dense  thickets, 
and  is  frequent  in  the  Middle  and  juirts  of  the  Eastern  Section  as  far 
as  Fayetteville,  growing  on  the  steep  banks  of  streams  with  a  northern 
exposure. 

The  WicKY,  a  smaller  variety  of  the  ivy,  is  found  in  the  Eastern 
District  in  the  small  pine-barren  swamps.  The  plant  is  more  erect 
than  the  ivy,  less  dense,  but  the  flowers  are  similar,  though  more  deeply 
tinted. 

The  Az.VLKA  presents  several  varieties,  among  which  are  the  orange 
and  lemon  colored,  peculiar  to  the  mountains,  growing  in  large  dense 
clusters,  and  adding  singular  beauty  to  the  landscape  from  the  con- 
spicuous glow  of  its  masses  of  bloom.  There  is  also  a  white  variety 
peculiar  to  the  mountains,  in  its  growth  clinging  close  to  the  water- 
side, and  of  great  and  delicious  fragrance.  In  all  sections  the  pink 
azalea,  or  honeysuckle,  abounds,  and  in  the  Eastern  Section,  among 
the  pine  barrens,  is  found  the  white  or  clammy  honeysuckle,  of  ques- 
tionable fragrance  and  undecided  beauty. 

The  Fringe  Tree  —  Cldonanthus  Virginica — often  called  old  man's 
beard,  draped  with  plumes  of  snow-white,  fringe-like  flowers ;  the  white 
and  snowy  hydrangea,  the  syringa,  the  mock  orange,  with  ilowers 
on  loose  nodding  racemes,  white  and  very  fragrant,  in  size  and  form 
much  resembling  the  blossom  of  the  orange;  the  strawberry  bush 
(Eiionymus  A7neru'ana),  with  its  long  slender  green  branches,  long 
pointed  leaves,  and  the  fruit — its  chief  beauty — of  a  bright  crimson 
color,  with  rough  warty  surface,  exposing,  when  mature,  bright  scarlet 
seeds,  before  bursting  resembling  a  ripe  strawberry ;  the  sweet  shrub 
[dallcanthvR  Horidiif^),  common  in    the  Middle  and  Western  Sections, 


I 


42 


HAND-BOOK   OF  NOKTII    CAROLINA. 


adinirod  for  the  vinous  or  fruity  odor  of  ils  chocolate-colored  flowers; 
and  the  wax  myrtle  of  the  Kustern  Section  with  fragrant  leaves— all 
these  are  some  of  the  many  plants  which  adorn  the  (loral  wealth  of  all 
parts  of  North  Carolina,  and  make  its  sections  so  rich  a  field  for  the 
research  of  the  hotanist  or  the  pleasure  of  the  anuiteur. 

Among  the  rare  vegetable  j^roducts  peculiar  to  North  Carolina,  and 
m  It  restricted  to  narrow  limitations,  is  V.enus'  Fly  Trap  {Dimmamus' 
cipuln),  found  only  iu  marshy  places  near  the  mouth  of  the  Cape  Fear 
Kiver,  a  flesh  eater,  catching  the  living  fly,  and  deriving  its  chief 
liutnment  from  the  ho.ly  of  the  insect;  and  the  Shortia,  found  in  a 
very  sjnall  space  in  Alexander  County,  remarkable  as  the  surviving 
member  of  a  prehistoric  flora,  and  found  elsewhere  only  in  Japan. 

CLIMATE  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

It  will  be  conceded  without  question  that  the  influence  of  climate  on 
human  progress  is  supreme,  because,  in  its  happy  or  adverse  conditions, 
are  involved  all  that  relates  to  comfort,  liealth,  energy  and  success  in  the 
occupations  which  enlist  human  effort.  The  regions  that  most  abound 
m  fertde  soil,  exuberant  vegetation,  and  which  favor  the  production  of 
the  most  valued  and  most  profitable  subjects  of  agriculture,  are  those 
that  most  often  have  those  treasures  closed  against  the  efforts  of  industry 
by  those  extremes  -f  heat  and  those  excesses  of  moisture  against  which 
the  physical  frame  of  the  cultivator  is  unable  to  contend ;  and  the  most 
prolific  lauds  of  the  most  abounding  regies  of  the  world  are  so 
oppressed  with  heat,  saturated  with  moisture,  or  poisoned  with  miasma, 
as  to  make  the  attainment  of  their  treasures  the  evidences  of  their 
cost  in  vigor,  hec^lth,  or  of  life  itself. 

That  land  is  a  happy  one  which  enjoys  the  just  mean  between  cold 
and  heat,  drought  and  moisture,  arctic  sterility  and  tropical  exuberance; 
a  land  in  which  energies  are  stimulated  by  the  bracing  breath  of  a 
tempered  atmosphere,  cool  enougli  to  inspire  physical  action  and  elastic 
vigor;  warm  enough  to  assure  the  rewards  of  labor  by  the  certainties 
of  healthful  maturity  and  abundant  yields  as  returns  for  the  labors 
bestowed,  carried  on  under  the  happy  conditions  of  a  genial  air,  a 
friendly  sun,  and  of  a  responsive  soil. 

Such  are  the  conditions  which  North  Carolina  enjoys,  with  no  jiortion 
of  it  either  too  cold  on  the  one  hand  or  too  hot  on  the  other  to  obstruct 
work  at  any  season  of  the  year,  while  at  the  same  time  presenting  most 
remarkable  apposition  of  the  high  temperate  i)tmosi)here  of  the  North 
and  the  balmy  breath  of  the  semi-tropical  South.     In  {)assing  from  east 


\\ 


CLIMATE    OF   NOKTII    CAROLINA. 


43 


\\ 


to  west,  from  the  low  lands  of  the  coast,  only  a  little  elevated  above  the 
tide,  to  the  high  summits  of  the  mountains,  a  mile  or  more  above  the 
sea,  there  is  found  the  same  gradation  in  temperature,  in  soil,  in  prod- 
ucts, as  if  the  same  territory,  instead  of  stretching  from  east  to  west 
over  a  number  of  degrees  of  longitude,  had  extended  itself  from  south 
to  north  over  the  same  number  of  degrees  of  latitude,  thus  giving  to 
the  8talo  not  only  a  soil  which  gives  something  of  every  product 
yielded  by  all  the  other  parts  of  the  United  States,  but  a  climate  not 
alone  tavorablc  to  its  own  people,  but  inviting  the  invalid  from  every 
other  part  of  the  country,  North,  South,  East  and  West,  to  seek  under 
its  recuperative  influences  the  blessings  of  renewed  health,  the  restora- 
tion of  imi)aircd  vigor,  or  the  arrest  of  insidious  ailments. 

The  eastern  margin  of  the  State  is  thrust  far  out  into  the  ocean  and 
brought  withm  the  soft  inlluenees  of  the  Gulf  Stream,  assuring  thereby 
not  only  the  vegetation  of  a  more  southern  latitude  and  its  earlier  and 
more  rapid  development-an  important  element  in  the  success  of  the 
now  great  mterest  of  truck  farming-but  of  a  climate  so  modified  bv 
a  not  excessive  degree  of  heat  and  moisture  as  to  be  more  constantly 
mild  and  genial,  if  somewhat  more  debilitating,  than  that  enjoved  in 
the  interior  or  farther  west.     On  the  other  hand,  the  western  imirgin 
lifts  itself  up  to  such  heights  as  to  gain  all  the  advantages  of  a  high 
Jatitude-a  cooler  climate,  more  invigorating  atmosphere,  more  hardy 
and   more  vigorous  vegetation,  and  a  general  healthfulness  i.ot  sur^ 
passed  on  any  portion  of  the  globe.     Intermediatelv  lies  that  great 
zorie,  between  the  coast  and  the  Mountain  Section,  emphatically  a  warm 
and  genial  temperate  zone,  with  neither  extremes  of  heat  or  cold  with 
tt  healthfulness  unequalled  over  so  extensive  a  territorv,  and  with'  such 
general  favoring  conditions  of  soil  and  climate  as  to  emphasize  its 
special  adaptation  for  the  perfection  of  all  the  grain?,  field  crops  and 
fruits  of  the  temperotn  zone. 

HEALTHFULNESS.-Malarial  diseases  occur  in  summer  and  autumn  in 
the  Eastern  Section,  and  in  the  lower  portion  of  the  Middle  Section 
chiefly  along  the  river  courses,  but  not  of  a  malignant  or  dangerous 
type.  And  in  latter  years,  with  increased  clearing  of  the  lands  and  the 
greater  and  more  perfect  drainage,  these  have  decreased  in  frequencv 
and  intensity.  The  general  salubrity  of  the  Eastern  Section  is  indi- 
cated by  the  vigorous  and  robust  appearance  of  the  population,  and  the 
numerous  mstances  of  high  stature  and  corpulent  person,  not  found  in 
the  same  region  in  the  admittedly  more  salubrious  climate  of  the  Mid- 
dle and  Western  Sections.  These  Inst  are  remarkably  healthful,  only 
in  the  Middle  Section  along  some  kw  rivers  being  found  any  degree  of 


■ 


44 


HAND-BOOK   OF    NOKTII   CAROLINA. 


I 

deleterious  malarial  influences.  In  the  sanitary  department  of  the 
Census  Reports,  it  is  pronounced  that  one  or  two  of  the  three  most 
healthy  localities  in  the  United  States  are  found  in  Western  North 
Carolina  in  the  mountain  region.  And  it  may  be  said  here  that  in  this 
latter  region  pulmonary  consumf)tion  has  never  been  known  to  origi- 
nate,  though  that  fatafdisease  is  not  there  unknown.  This  feature  of 
the  climate  has  given  celebrity  for  its  remedial  agency  in  such  diseases, 
and  caused  the  resort  to  it  from  all  parts  of  the  Union  of  invalids,  find- 
ing  in  numerous  instances  decided  amendment  or  perfect  cure. 

Epidemics  of  fatal  diseases  are  unknown.  The  visitations  of  Asiatic 
cholera,  scourging  in  its  various  visitations  almost  every  other  section  • 
of  the  country,  have  spared  or  overleaped  North  Carolina,  with  not  even 
the  exception  of  sporadic  cases.  The  yellow  fever  has  only  at  rare  and 
distant  intervals  visited  a  few  of  the  seaports,  notably  Wilmington  lu 
1862.  The  grippe,  so  universal  within  the  past  two  years,  has  partaken 
of  the  character  of  an  epidemic,  rarely  however  in  a  fatal  form. 

The  temperature,  the  rainfall,  the  snowfall,  tiie  relative  humidity, 
and  other  climatic  features  will  be  illustrated  by  scientifically  elaborated 
tables  api)ended  to  the  end  of  mis  chapter.     Here,  it  may  be  said  in 
regard  to  the  first  that  July  is  the  hottest  month  of  the  North  Carolina 
year;  that  for  the  spring  the  average  temperature  for  the  whole  State 
is  57,  for  summer  77,  for  autumn  59,  an<l  for  winter  41;  the  lowest 
winter  mean  being  at  Boone,  in  the  mountains,  and  the  highest  at 
Southport,  on  the  coast,  which  is  50.     Or,  taking  typical  points  in  each 
section  as  comparative  points,  we  find  the  mean  annual  temperature  of 
Raleigh,  in  the  Middle  Section,  to  be  GO,  its  summer  temperature  76, 
and  its  winter  temperature  44,  which,  compared  with  Florence,  Italy, 
shows  the  latter  to  have  respectively  the  temperatures  59,  75  and  44. 
In  the  Eastern  Section,  Beaufort,  on  the  coast,  shows  as  the  mean  62, 
78,  46;  while  Genoa,  Italy,  has  61,  75  and  47.     In  the  Mountain  Sec- 
tion, Asheville  shows  mean  temperatures  for  the  year,  for  summer  and 
for  winter,  of  54,  71,  38,  compared  with  Venice,  Italy,  which  has  55, 
73,38— an  unexpected  similarity  of  temperature  with  that  of  far-ftimed 

sunnv  Italy. 

The  cold  of  our  winters  is  never  ))rolonged  and  rarely  excessive-m 
the  Earern  and  Middle  Sections  rarely  falling  below  10°  Fahrenheit, 
thoucrli  in  the  latter  it  has  reached  zero.  In  the  mountain  plateaus  it 
is  somewhat  coMer,  there  being  a  difference  of  about  10°  in  favor  of 
the  Middle  Section.  The  heat  in  summer  is  not  near  so  excessive  in 
mid-summer  as  in  the  States  farther  north;  and  while  these  are  sub- 
jected to  brief  efiidemics  of  deadly  sunstroke,  here  it  is  very  rarely 
experienced. 


CLIMATE   OP   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


45 


THE  RAINFALL  varies  throughout  the  .Sta(e  with  the  different  sections 
lor  the  whole  State  the  average  varies  little  from  r.3  inches,  annuallv 
subject  to  the  fluctuations  of  what  may  be  called  wet  or  dry  years-  for 
there  is  no  fixed  uniformity,  though  observations  made  throucrh  a  long 
series  of  years  gives  the  average  here  stated.  The  average  for  the 
Mountain  Section  is  the  smallest,  that  of  the  Eastern  and  Coa.^t  Section 
the  greatest,  and  that  of  the  Middle  Section  intermediate  between  the 
two.     More  minute  details  will  be  given  farther  on. 

SNOW.— So  far  as  observations  have  gone,  the  average  annual  snow- 
ftili  in  the  State  is  assumed  to  be  G  inches.     Tlie  amount  in  the  Eastern 
or  Coast  Section  is  hardly  appreciable,  4  inches  in  the  Mountain  and 
6i  in  the  Middle  and  a  i)ortion  of  the  Eastern  Section.     In  some'win- 
ters  the  fall  of  snow  is  very  small;  in  others  there  occur  sinHe  phe- 
nomenal storms,  so  rare  as  to  be  referred  to  as  eras;  in  such  ca«es  a 
depth  of  from  2  feet  to  30  inches  having  been  attained.     Contrarv  to 
popular  belief  the  snows,  while  more  frequent,  are  less  dtep  amono^he 
mountanis  than  on  their  eastern  slope  and  in  the  Middle  Section*'    Vs 
there  is  less  rainfall  so  there  is  less  snowfall  in  the  Western  than  in  the 
Middle  Section.     North-east  winds  and  storms  are  unknown  in  the 
mountains.     The  wind-bearing  clouds  are  from   the  south-east   dis- 
charging  themselves  most  often  in  rain,  with  a  sutlicientlv  low  temper- 
ature  m  snow,  sometimes  of  considerable  depth,  but  rarely  covering 
the  ground  for  a  week  at  a  time.     Upon  the  change  of  wind  from  the 
south-east  to  the  north-west,  the  inevitable  course  of  a  mountain  rain 
or   snow-storm,  there  is  a  sequence  of  violent   snow-tqualls,  lasting 
through  24  to  36  hours,  but  rarely  ever  accumulating  to  the  depth  of 
more  than  an  inch.     The  well-remembered  blizzard,  which  ushered  in 
the  meeting  of  the  Southern  Interstate  Immigration  Convention  held 
at  Asheville  ou   December  17.  1890,  was  a  signal  and  very  violent 
exception.  » 

_  FROSTS  rarely  occur  before  the  lOihof  October,  and  in  the  Eastern  Sec 
tion  are  frequently  delayed  until  the  middle  of  November.  Thp  cutting 
of  tobacco  IS  very  rarely,  though  sometimes,  anticipated  by  a  killin? 
frost.  Late  frost.s,  a.  l.^e  even  as  the  5th  of  May,  the  sequence  of  abnor" 
mally  hot  weather,  dosed  with  violent  atmospheric  disturbances  occa- 
sionally occur  to  the  great  injury  of  fruits  and  truck  farms 

What  is  known  as  the  thermal  belt  of  the  Mountain  Section  may 
properly  be  referred  to  in  connection  with  frost  on  the  principle  of  Incus 
a  non  lucendo;  for  in  this  thermal  belt,  so  elevated,  frost  is  unknown 
or  so  light  in  Its  formation  as  to  be  of  no  detriment  to  fruits  and  vf  c^e' 
tation.     This  belt,  or  locality  of  exemption,  is  found  on  both  sides°of 


46 


HAND-BOOK    OF   NORTH  CAROLINA. 


the  mountains,  the  most  noted  of  which  is  on  Tryon  Mountain,  in  Polk 
County:  and  so  sliarply  dofined  are  the  hues  of  exemption  that  it  stands 
out  before  the  eye  a  horizontal  belt  of  verdure  between  parallel  lines 
above  and  below  of  blasted  flower  and  foliage.  Professor  Kerr,  in 
explanation  of  the  cause  of  the  phenomenon,  says:  "Suffice  it  to  say, 
that  it  is  due  to  the  nocturnal  stratification  of  the  atmosphere  of  these 
mountain-enclosed  bae^ins,  the  different' horizontal  belts  having  ditfer- 
ent  degrees  of  humidity  whereby  the  surface  radiation  is  controlled." 
Or  it  may  be  explained  by  the  conilict  in  those  mountain-enclosed 
basins  between  the  Ftratilications,  the  lower  stratum,  heated  by  the  raya 
of  the  sun  during  the  day,  rising  by  the  force  of  natural  laws  into 
the  upper  air,  the  colder  body ;  while  the  upper  stratum,  under  force  of 
the  same  laws,  continually  descends  until  towards  dawn  they  meet  at 
a  point  of  equilibrium  when  farther  descent  is  arrested  by  the  influence 
of  the  rising  sun,  and  the  formation  of  frost  is  no  longer  possible.  The 
fact  remains  that  within  the  limits  of  these  frust  belts,  fruits  never  fail, 
and  at  the  height  of  from  1,5UU  to  2.000  feet  frosts  never  fall.  Such 
localities!  are  found  along  the  face  of  the  Blue  Ridge  in  Burke  and 
McDowell  Counties,  along  the  face  of  the  South  Mountains  in  Burke, 
in  the  Brushy  Mountains  in  the  several  counties  through  which  that 
range  passes,  and  at  many  points  in  the  mountains  west  of  the  Blue 
Ridge.  In  the  future,  this  phenomenal  section  must  become  of  inesti- 
mable value  in  fruit  and  viticulture;  for  nowhere  else  is  there  such 
certain  assurance  of  the  security  and  maturity  of  peaches,  and  other 
tender  fruit  crops,  or  of  the  grape;  to  the  successful  cultivation  of  the 
grape  the  soil  and  the  general  conditions  of  the  climate  offer  numerous 
inducements. 


THE  POPULATION  OF  THE  STATE. 

This  is  a  topic  of  interest  to  the  people  of  North  Carolina  from  the 
marked  fact  of  their  i)resent  homogeneousness,  excepting,  of  course, 
the  important  and  large  element  of  the  African  race,  and  the  smaller 
and  inferior  remnant  of  the  aboriginal  Indian,  still  in  possession  of  a 
large  territory  in  the  western  part  of  the  State,  and  the  still  smaller 
body  of  half-breeds  known  as  the  Croatans,  occupying  a  portion  of 
Robeson  County,  and  believed,  fancifully  or  otherwise,  to  be  the  descend- 
ants of  the  lost  members  of  the  lost  colony  of  Captain  John  White,  thu 
first  effort  at  permanent  settlement  m;ide  by  Anglo-Saxon  whites  on 
the  American  continent.  The  whites  of  this  State,  now  so  interminj:-led 
and  blended  by  intermarriage  and  industrial  intercourse  as  to  preseul 


TIIK    POPULATION    OF   THE   STATE. 


47 


between  (hem  tew  distinctive  traits  of  thoir  origin,  are  the  descendants 
mediutely  or  nnniediately,  of  the  dominant  European  races  comine:' 
directly  to  our  shores,  but  more  largely  the  off-shoots  of  the  northern 
colonies  grown  populous  and  powerful  enough  to  indulge  in  that  early 
development  of  the  American  characteristic,  love  of  change  and  ad  ven- 
ture, or  the  more  practical  motive  of  bettering  their  condition  by  the 
acquirement  of  new  lands,  unrestricted  in   limit,  of  nearly  nomin-il 
cost  and  with  the  fame  of  unbounded  fertility  and  unequalled  salubrity 
Of  those  coining  direct  to  our  shores,  the  immigrating  colonies  were 
small  and  infrequent.     After  the  efforts  of  colonization  on  the  wat-rs 
of  the  north-eastern  section  of  the  State,  under  the  auspices  of  Sir  Walter 
Kaleigh  and  his  successors  had  failed,  a  long  interval  pas.ed  away  before 
deeded  or  successful  effort  was  made  to  plant  other  colonies  on  our 
shores      Among  the  more  a:nbitious  and  well  considered  schemes  was 
hat  of  Sir  John  \  eamans,  who,  about  the  year  I(i59-'G0,  landed  within 
the  mouth  of  the  Cape  Fear  liiver  a  body  of  several  hundred  colonists 
o   Lnghsh  bn-th  or  descent  from  the  island  of  Barbadoes.     A  settlement 
at  about  the  same  spot  had  previously  been  made  by  adventurers  from 
^ew  England,  who  thus  made  this  section  favorably  known,  and  who 
eventually  abandoned   it,  disappointed  in  overwrought  expectation 
In  like  manner  the  colony  of  Kir  John,  or  the  larger  body  of  it  moved 
hrst  to  Port  Royal,  in   South  Carolina,  and  subsequently  to  jH:;!! 
Where  they  founded  the  present  city  of  Charleston,  but  leaving  behind 
them  the  impress  of  a  good  name  and  a  high  character,  permanently 
stamped  and  manifesting  itself  upon  their  descendants  in  the  present 
city  of  AV  ilmington  and  other  points  on  the  lower  Cape  Fear 

In  1709  the  Baron  De  Graffenreid,  with  a  colony  of  Swiss  estab- 
hshed  himself  at  the  confluence  of  the  rivers  Neuse  and  T  ent  nd 
there  founded  the  present  city  of  Newbern-a  settlement  deslin'ed  to 
be  permanent,  but  o  slow  growth,  and  receiving  few  farther  accessions 
from  the  native  land  of  the  founder. 

A  small  colony  of  Huguenots  found  a  refuge  from  persecution  in  the 
same  section    but  beyond   the  impress  of  Lir  prilu^ipl"  u  1     he 
names,  contributed  only  in  small  degree  to  the  settleinent  of  Nort 
Carolina.  -l^^'ilu 

Perhaps  the  largest  body  of  native  Europeans  coming  approximately 
at  one  time,  and  constituting  a  distinctive  foreign  element  was  the 
Scotch  or  Highland  colony,  which  occupied  the  com.try  along  U  up 
waters  of  the  Cape  Fear,  now  known  as  the  counties^of  Bhfde  W 
berland,  Moore,  liobeson,  Richmond  and  Harnett,  TIip.o  came  ■ome 
voluntarily,  most  of  them  by  compulsion,  after  the  disastrous  defeat  of 


•18 


IIANK-liooK    OF    NORTH    lAUOI.IXA, 


"I  piHy,  iiHiRillly,  aiul  rare  „f  ,.,l„ralio„  '  "■iruilc.lstus, 

'I'l,.,  ],„nls   l',„|„.in,„«,  tl,n,„f;l,  i|,,i,-  i„|i„,„«.  ,„„:    in.l„«.,„ont, 
o  .  .,1,  ,„l,l.„l  ,„  Uh.  ,,o,,„la,i..n,  wi,i,.|,  h„„..v„,,  ,„„e  i„  .,iX  ,  " 

•".  k."B    I...  h|,.lon,  hoc!,,,,,  tl„.  Mmst  |,„|,„i„,„  j,,  t|,o  si.,|o. 

I  !"■  "tl.vr  d,,,.    „l..,„cnls  or  »elll,.„„mt  wore  ro|-„f;o..»  fr„,„  roli-ious  '■ 

nor,.     I,      ,„„..»,   „„„,  |„„,,^.,  „f  i„„„j    .,,^^  - 

.  orxoy  a,„l  l'o„„s,-|va„i.,,  i,o„,i,„M>f  ,,l„.  .-id,  lu„.l.  „,„,  nJcZ^Z 

M.ll  la,s.r  h,.,lv  was  S..„lcl,.|,-isl,.     I!„t|,  pl,„|.„,  tho,„selve.  in  I  ,,■„,;, 

;  '  ;  '"7"'"  ..„.,„ iv  k„„„„-aio„«  ,1,0  ,.;oi,  w,u„„,;,, , : 

„""'r      '"''"'"'^  '"    "'-   I':"".  ""^   Va.lk-i,,  a,„i   ti,„  Calawb. 

1.  ^  .•.^,  «,..l  b,.ca„„.  (I,..  f.„„„laU„„  of  ,l,at  |„.,,„]atio„  ,|«ti„o,I  to    rovo 

'<-"";«  .voa,-s   ,(,,  |.,vo  of   lil,„,y,  iu  l,o»tiHlv  lo  opiavsl      ,-, 

"'1»'""«1-  «.uras„,  „„  wakelul  euro  of  e.iuoalio,,  its  i„t',le  rdi  "k, 

lo,vo,-  ,ts  o„..,.«,o.s  a,„l  it.  i„.,„.t,-y;  a  pora.latio,,.  witha     J     ■  X 

<  ,1  use,!  as  „  have  Ix.o,,  g,.oatly  iost,,,,,,,.,,,;,!  i„  fo,„i„K  t hVcl  , Ct  r 

Tlu^looatio,,  of  l,i.  I„,.go  eolooy  of  .Moravi.,„s  by  (•„„„t  Zi„«.„.l,„,,; 
>i   l.o4    ,„  tbe  ,„vso„t  county  „f  Forsytb,  i,  ti,c  only  instanco  o 

bo  cult„,v  o    pocha,-  i,!„as  „,„1  c,-«.,Is^i.leas  and  c-oeds  mo,' 
'^»™o»y  ,v,lb  tbo  ,-cal  ai,n  a„.l  o,h1.,  of  „  p„,-e  Cln-i  °ia  ,i"      !,■ 
H,.na„  p  ,la„,b,.„py  bas  ofton  „l„,od  to  p„t  i,',  p,.aCi<.,:i  f       '"       ,   ' 
Ual    obor  colonies,  bas  in  p,-„ce,,s  of  tin.o  blon.lcl  witb  tbc  <.,' ',t 

ih,  ,aclc,,s  ,c,_bonovolc„ce,  .„tof;rity,  .lovotion  to  n,o,,Uitv   rcli„ion 

I.'  «  l.lcrnoss  cob.ny,  and  f„t.„-e  i„c,-oasc  of  K,-„„,b  a,  ,|  wl,It     Z     ' 
.ose  ,,,0  towns,  U'lnston  and  Salon,.  tl,c  ,„att„.ecl,  „,•  .atbo.-  sli    ,"  „ 

ti.e  soutb  by  K,„',isi„  i.t,.eb,  and/b.^::  y:;;::'.^:  K,',™,r:,r 


•tiler  Enropoaii 
1  cluirucUM-iHtifs 


I  inducement.s 
ill  wilijriy  or  in 
oloiiial  iiistury 
Sftle. 

from  rc'lif^ious 

iiortJi-easlcni 

■oiiti^nious  tor- 

'ed  from   Now 

line  climate  of 

II  (le.soi'nt.  A 
ves  ill  lianiio- 
baCouiity — as 
.)ottoms  or  iJio 

tiio  Catawba 
tiiunl  to  prove 
il»pressioii,  its 
eiiso  reljoioiis 
al,  so  widely 
the  cliaracter 
iiiii:  traits  and 

'  ><inzen(lorli; 
>'  instance  of 
3  colony,  and 
'cds  more  in 
;tianity  than 
ibrce/   This, 
ith  the  great 
'f  its  nobler 
lity,  religion 
[)rosperity  to 
d  wealth  to 
T  still  grow- 
bitioiis,  reli- 

y  descended 
oduced  into 


^land 


slave- 


WW 


tllK  rol-ftATIOX  or  TIIK  STATt  '"     iff 

bes,n,„„K  .,)  tin.  century,     The  incre„.e,  U.orefore,  l,„fi"     IV„„ 

temper  of  he  owner,,  «  teniper  softened  as  nmeh  by  hun«,nitv_verv 
often  by  aireo„on-as  it  w„.  inliuenced  by  interest  Thro  1|,  i  ,ese 
comb,,,,,   ounces  the  negro  p„puhUi„„  ineroased  until  it  carl    a  t.  ined 

tr  .riroh:  '"^  "■"'"■^  "  ""'  '■^'"  """  «""  ''"'-'-Vo^i  -. 

Since  the  emancipation  of  the  race,  the  policy  of  flu.  ^fof. 
men,  sustained  by  a  just  and  humane  pub  i^' It    ,ont    ha*-":,",:: 

everyh,ngc„„sis,en.withtheexistence„f^nsuperabl    a    n      a    r 
ble  etlnnoa    antagonisn.s,  to  eiraeo  all  the  badges  of  former     a 

rhe  ,„g„  ,  „s  all  t      rights  of  the  citizen,  and  is  secured  and  pro  tcted 

n  the  exercise  of  then,  with  the  same  jealous  safeguard  of  liriaw  a» 

be  wh,te  e,tuen.    He  testifies  before  the  courts  witLut  ,,ue     cm  a,  o 

race  competency ;  he  «ocumulates,  if  he  will    pronertv  171,, 

.eal;  he  is  adn.itted  on  e,ual  terms  with  tbeXr .  \  r;™: L;": 

he  le  rned  professions;  he  has  the  an.plest  freedom  in  the  exj^l ise  o 

h.s  rehg,ous  behefs,  and  the  n.est  absolute  control  in  his  ecdes  a     c! 

cared  fo.  by  the  State  in  institutions,  proportionately  to  the  number  of 
patien  s,  as  laiye,  as  well  built,  as  costly,  and  as  well  supe         d  bv 
competent  heads,  as  those  of  the  whites/  Jiis  education  i    w"l   p  „vf 
ded  for,  and  though  he  pays  a  little  more  than  one  third  of  tl^  noH  t„  v 
and  one-thirtieth  of  such  |>roperty  lax  as  is  assigned  to  the  m.in,  ' 

of  the  school  fund,  his  allotmcntof  that  fund  ifin  ,  opor  o    to  n""™ 
lation  not  to  that  of  race  contribution.    Apart  from    "e      ;  s  ZT  f 
not  a  I,  of  which  are  largely  sustained  by  contributions  from  Se  North 
em  btatcs,  the  negro  shares  in  the  Normal  Institute  svstem  whiM 
tamed  by  the  State,     He  holds,  also,  his  Ann         ,  ^Sl^g  a,  ;"" 
organ„ed  and  controlled  by  his  own  race,  but  aid  d  b    a  nuaT  n,  ™' 
priations  from  the  State  Treasury,  and  encouraged  by  the  good  wdUnd 
active  co-operation  of  the  whites,  thus  having  conspicuo  ifopnorluv 
give  evidence  of  l„s  progress  and  his  capacity  to  mai   t°  ff  eiK  Iv 
riva  ry  i„  the  industrial  field  with  the  dominant  race  ^ 

named  a  tract  o/ nhont  100  000  acr^^nlL  the  counties  above 

^  ..^oiiT,  1  uu,UOU  acres,  and  left  m  iiie  enjoyment  of  their 


r 


II 


50 


HANI»-B()OK   OF    NORTH    (AUOLINA. 


former  habits  and  customs.  A  ivstraining  influence  was  exorlcl  over 
thorn,  wilh  the  purpose  of  bringing  tiioin  graikuilly  in  conforniity  to 
the  usages  of  the  whites.  They  were  taught  the  principles  of  Chris- 
tianity, instructed  in  the  rudiments  of  tho  Knglisdi  branches  of  learn- 
ing, induced  to  abandon  their  nomadic  habits  and  adapt  themselves  to 
agricultural  life.  They  have  schools  among  them  ;  and  a  high  school, 
under  the  supervision  of  the  general  government,  is  established  at  Yel- 
low llill,  in  Swain  ( 'ounty,  where  children  of  both  sexes  are  best  taught, 
and  also  trained  to  mechanical,  industrial  and  domestic;  arts. 

Most  of  the  tribe  are  christiani/od,  and  many  of  them  speak  the 
English  language,  though  all  letain  and  prefer  to  use  their  native 
tongue.  They  are  quiet,  peaceable,  rarely  violators  of  the  law,  but 
generally  indolent  and  shiftless,  and  making  slow  progress  towards  the 
higher  standards  of  civilization.  They  number  between  1,500  and 
1,800,  and  increase  slowly.  _ 

( )f  the  ( 'roatans  of  Robeson  County,  little  delinite  can  be  said.  1  heir 
origin  is  involved  in  doubt,  though  it  is  clear  that  they  form  a  mixed 
and  distinct  class  of  the  blended  Indian  and  white  races.  They  may 
be  called  civilized,  engaged  in  agriculture,  trading  and  the  mechanical 
arts,  with  more  of  energy  and  thrift  than  the  native  Cherokecs.  They 
are  ordinarily  law-abiding,  though  their  vivacity  of  temperament  some- 
times leads  to  violent  individual  outbreaks  and  development  of  savage 
and  revengeful  temper,  as  was  illustrated  some  years  ago  in  the  memo- 
rable Ilenrv  Berry  Lowry  incident.  These  people  are  provided  by  the 
State  with  their  separate  schools,  and  they  take  great  interest  in  '-he 
education  of  their  children. 

The  aggregate  population  of  North  Carolina  by  the  Census  of  1680, 
was  1  3f»9  750;  bv  that  of  1800,  1,617,947— an  increase  of  218,197.  It 
is  cla.ssilied  as  follows:  Whites,  1,049,101;  colored,  5B7,170;  Chinese 
and  Japanese,  15;  Indians  (excluding  Croatans),  1,571. 

The  foreign-born  population  is,  by  the  same  census,  3,742.  The 
descendants  of  foreigners  form  a  considerable  element,  but  their  numbers 
do  not  materially  affect  the  homogeneousness  of  the  mass  of  poi)ulation. 
The  large  bodies  of  immigrants  which  annually  lodge  themselves  in  the 
territory  of  the  United  States,  dire  ct  themselves  to  other  homes  than 
are  to  be  found  in  the  South  Atlantic  States.  The  immigration  into 
North  Carolina  is  largely  from  the  New  England,  Middle  and  some  of 
the  North-western  States,  and  gives  many  and  much  desired  and  much 
valued  accessions  to  sources  of  material  development. 

The  following  table  of  population,  as  prepared  from  the  Census  Tablts 
of  1890,  is  to  be  accepted  as  accurate: 


THE   J'OI'UJ.ATION    OF   THIC  «TATE. 

Ht«t..  total ,"''''■'/"•  (Colored. 

Counties.  1,055,3S3  r,82.5((.-i 

Aluinaiicc  . 

AU-xaml..,-.   '-««8 

AriHon...                                         "'""1 

AHh...       1»'~37 

H..auf„r;': ^•''•«8=^ 

H-rti,.           "'««» 

HhMl..,!..  '•*'^'' 

Hmnswifk  ^'''"*" 

Huncoinbe....       'Mf 

•  Hmk,. : yi« 

Cal.hv.Il...    ;-««'^ 

Canwh.n.... l'''^^'' 

t'am.i-ft....  ''•'*' 

Caswell y-^ 

Catawba..       «•"'"' 

ciKitham. ..::;::"■' ^^ 

Cherola......         ^''^^ 

Chowan "-"^^ 

Clav...  ^'"1" 

,,,  ■    ,      ; 4,055 

Cleveland ir- .m 

Columbus...  :'''^"^ 

Craven....      ^^'^"^ 

f'""'''-»-i»»'i :"::::::;:: JoS 

Currituck ,'"^- 

Dare...  .     ^''^l 

1^'ivi.ison ::::::: ^ 

Davie....                                        l^'l'^ 

Duplin '^''^«» 

Durham....    ^^""O" 

Edgecombe..                         ^l''^^'' 

Forsvth ^-'^^^ 

Franklin "^'"^ 

Gaston.                     ^"'"^•"^ 

Gates ::: 1-"^- 

Graham '    [''''^'^ 

Granville.  '^•^^'' 

„  1:2  l'>'i 

Greene J-,i~- 

Guilford....             '"''~'^' 

Halifax..       ^»'«20 

Harnett      '••«1^ 

Haywood ^'^'"'^ 

Henderson         ^2,829                  517 

Hertford                              ^'--^^                1-3'S 

Hyde....               ''^^^^                7,J)4.-) 

Iredell. ^''^*^^               3,941 

Jackson..     ^'"^'''^^               5,946 

Johnston  -        '^'^^^  832 

19,917      7,322 


5,583 
H42 
4112 
0,T»0 
595 
9,203 
11,891 
8.117 
4,701 
6,626 
2.561 
5,450 
1,581 
2,320 
2.297 
9,389 
2.016 
8,199 
321 
5,157 
148 
3,093 
6,052 
13,358 
18,369 
2.010 
406 
3,528 
2,852 
7,090 
7,329 
15,600 
9,001 
10,335 
4,837 
4,713 
176 
12,362 
4,758 
8,232 
19.294 
4,247 


61 

Total 

1,017,947 

18,271 
9,430 
0.523 
20,027 
15,628 
21.072 
19.170 
16,763 
10,900 
35,266 
14.939 
18,142 
12,298 
5,007 
10,825 
10,028 
18.689 
85.413 
9,976 
0,107 
4,197 
80,394 
17,850 
20,533 
37,321 
0,747 
3.708 
-' 1,702 
11,021 
18,690 
18,041 
24,113 
28,434 
21,090 
17,704 
10,252 
3,313 
24,484 
10,039 
28,053 
28.908 
13,700 
13.346 
12,589 
13,851 
8,903 
25,463 
9,512 
27,239 


52 


HAND-BOOK   or   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


!   I 


Counties.                                             V  ^rj^.f^^ 

f«""« - 3.885 

^f""': 8,517 

^;"';"i\, •-.  io.(es 

AU'Uovvoll ft  11 1 

,,                                   ■ .',114 

Macon ^  ..,„ 

?  •■^^':'*'''^ 17,095 

Martin ^  „.„ 

Jlecklenburg oq  1 4 1 

Mitchell V20-9 

Montgomery Z.V..y^[[..."  8,m 

^"*r 1^."85 

^e\v  Hanover.   j„  Q^^^ 

Northanijjtim ,,V>4 

^"^^"^^ ----*'-i*"!i!!;i!":;  7S2 

?'"^"r 9,705 

Pamlico .  *,._ 

„           .      ,    4,(67 

Pasijuotank ^  .,qj 

^"'"'"'- ."..'.'.  5.m 

Perqmmans .  ~,„ 

Person „  .._, 

'^"'^ 13  iq'> 

Polk 7J;;: 

5''f"^'^ -.'-"  21,848 

^'f""""'l 10,989 

J'^''"?"" ----- 16,629 

RocKinoham ^. 

^•'^^''i" 17  143 

J""'e'-^"'-*J 15,073 

tT^'""'' 15,960 

i7>' 10.629 

^''''' 14,386 

^""^••' 16.926 

f^wani    f. 

„■,           ,                           - o,bi)2 

1  ran«yl  -ania ^  „  .„ 

3?^"-«" 3,000 

!^""^" 15,712 

Vance.... ' 

Wake                                ^'^^■* 

Z         26,093 

^iT"; -^.880 

^t""^*°" 4,961 

^'^''^'' 10.180 

^:r^ 15,115 

^i:'"'« 20.633 

^/-^^^^"^ 12421 

^«"^'^^ 9.197 


Colored. 
3,518 
6,362 
2,558 
1,825 
666 
710 
7,383 
19,532 
555 
2,257 
6.494 
8,521 
13,937 
12.018 
2,911 
5,243 
2,379 
5,547 
6,547 
4,574 
6,900 
12,327 
1,095 
3,347 
12.959 
14.854 
10,166 
6.981 
3,697 
9,136 
1,507 
2.813 
2,355 
925 
513 
1,225 
5,547 
11,147 
23,114 
13,480 
5,239 
431 
10.985 
2.042 
7,760 
1,369 
293 


Total. 
7,403 
14,879 
18,586 
10,939 
10,102 
17,805 
15,221 
42,673 
12,807 
11,239 
20,479 
20,707 
24,026 
21.242 
10,303 
14,948 
7,146 
10,748 
12,514 
9.293 
15,151 

25,519 
5,902 

25,195 

23,948 

31,483 

25,363 

24,123 

18,770 

25,096 

12,136     ' 

17,199 

19,281 
6,577 
5,881 

4,225 

21,259 

17,581 

49.207 

19,360 

10.:.'0(i 

10,611 
26.100 
22,675 
18.644 
13,790 

9,490 


GOVERNMENT    AND   TAXATION. 


53 


GOVERNMENT  AND  TAXATION. 

The  government  of  North  Carolina  is  a  pure  democracy.  It  is  based 
upon  the  will  of  the  people  as  expressed  in  the  Constitution,  an  instru- 
ment framed  by  them  in  their  sovereign  capacity  through  delegates 
appointed  for  that  purpose.  The  will  of  the  people  of  this  and  of  each 
State,  when  thus  expressed,  and  in  coufjrmity  to  the  Constitution  of 
the  United  States-for  the  will  of  the  people  of  each  State  is  subordi- 
nate to  the  collective  will  of  the  people  of  all  the  States— is  the  supreme 
law.  The  State  Constitution  thus  made  is  the  measure  and  test  of  all 
laws  passed  by  the  Legislature,  and  these  laws  must  stand  or  fall  by 
their  agreoment  or  disagreement  with  it. 

The  Constitution  is  a  short  instrument  but  wide  in  its  scope  and 
bearing.  It  contains  a  brief  statement  of  the  fundamental  principles 
of  civil  and  individual  liberty,  creates  the  different  departments  of  gov- 
ernment—Executive, Legislative  and  Judicial—and  prescribes  the 
powers  of  each ;  establishes  educational,  charitable  and  penal  institu- 
tions; directs  who  shall  be  liable  to  duty  in  militia;  and  prescribes  the 
rights  of  citizenship. 

The  Legislature  enacts  laws.  The  Judiciary  passes  upon  them  when 
a  question  arises  as  to  their  constitutionality,  and  expounds  them  wheii 
a  question  is  presented  as  to  their  meaning.  The  execution  of  the  law 
is  entrusted  to  the  Executive.  The  Executive  in  this  State  possesses  no 
veto  upon  the  acts  of  the  Legislature.  When  the  law  is  once  made, 
his  duty,  as  that  of  every  other  citizen,  is  obedience  in  his  sphere. 

The  riglits  of  citizenship  is  the  only  point  for  consideration  here; 
and  these  depend  upon  age,  residence  and  previous  citizenship. 

A  citizen  of  a  foreign  country  can  make  himseH  a  citizen  here  by 
becoming  a  resident;  declaring  before  the  proper  tribunal  his  purpose 
to  become  a  citizen;  and  taking  the  prescribed  oath  of  allegiance. 

A  citizen  of  any  other  of  the  United  States  becomes  a  citizen  here  by 
changing  his  residence  from  that  State  to  this. 

All  persons  who  are  born  and  continue  to  reside  within  this  Stale  are 
citizens  thereof 

The  chief  privilege  of  citizenship  is  suffrage.  The  Constitution 
ordams  that,  '■  every  male  person  born  in  the  United  States,  and  every 
male  person  who  jjas  been  naturalized,  twenty-one  years  old,  or  upward, 
who  shall  have  resided  in  this  State  twelve  months  next  preceding  the 
election,  and  ninety  days  in  the  county  in  whicli  he  offers  to  vote,  shall 
be  deemed  an.  elector." 


*"? 


64 


HAND-BOOK    OF    NORTH   CAROLINA. 


pnncple  exists  in  this  State-that  i.,  in  the  cas  of  jLt  Z    tl  e  Po  "' 

-nsnp;  ignorant  of  the  law  and'therof'.-f  inLilto       admi  ister',: 

1    sTt:","'    °r'  "T'''^'  "'"^  "-■^f<-  without  the     C"^ 
ecessa.y  to  admnnster  the  finances  of  a  connnunity;  it  was  dSmed 
b  s  to  repose  the  power  of  making  magistrates  in  ano  l,er  body    tl  nt 
guardmg    hose  communities  against  error,  whether  of  ignorance  o 
es,gn    unta  experience  and  education  should  make  tlfo  e  co  ored 
majorities  safe  repositories  of  such  power,    This  nrovi^ion  „f„     p 
s Utution  was  inspired  by  no  feeling'of  e.nnity  tS     e'o b,  '^^^^^^^^ 
t  was  a  pr„v,s,on  of  safety  as  well  for  the  cofo-ed  as  for  the  whUe3' 

coun  y  m  the  State,  whether  the  majority  be  white  or  black  and  the 

X     "?  Tfr'-    ^'  '"="'  -•"•°"«'™  "-  ''^«— -y  into  cases  ^f 
oflScers  elected  by  genera!  ticket,  for  there  the  experience  of  theThi^, 

population  accustomed  to  the  exercise  of  citizenship  and  educated  to 

responsibihties  would  counterbalance  the  inexperience  of  tie  t.or^d 

atizenship  under  the  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  carries  with  U 
high  and  important  rights  apart  from  suffrage.    It  co^ferl  a  r  "l  t   „ 

t^b:':::  Ze,! "ift"','  "^';r  "•■"  ''"'""^"- «'"-» -^^  <'-'  ^ 

10  DO  perloimed.  If  he  bo  without  property,  it  gives  him  -.  vi<,hi  .,. 
support  from  the  county,  if  incapable  of  earningit  by  kuesood 
age.  If  he  haye  property  and  is  oyertaken  by  Irrem  dial  ,n  fortun 
t  exempts  from  execution  personal  property  to  the  yalue  of  flVa  Z 
dred  do  lars,  and  vests  in  the  owner  in  fee  simple  the  ome^ea,!  ""d 
the  dwellings  and  the  buildings  used  therewith  not  exceeding  in  vale 
one  thousand  dollars,  to  be  selected  by  him.  The  unlbrtu  fate  haa 
thus  a  secure  refuge  in  case  of  disaster  in  business 

It  regulates  taxation  by  providing  that  the  General  Assembly  lew 
ng  a  tax  shall  state  the  object  to  which  it  is  to  be  applied,  and    no  n       ' 
that  ,t  be  applied  to  no  other  purpose.     It  establi   les  an  o^ZZ 
oe  ween  the  property  and  the  capitation  tax  by  directinir  th,t  2T     ■ 
tation  tax  levied  on  each  eiti.enlhall  be  equa^  toThe  tfx f  ^^X 


■j 


GOVERNMENT   AND   TAXATION.  55 

valued  at  three  liundred  dollars  in  cash.  The  capitation  tax  is  levied 
on  every  male  inhabitant  in  the  State  over  twenty-one  and  under  fifty 
years  of  ugG,  and  shall  never  exceed  two  dollars  on  the  head.  The 
effect  of  this  limitation  upon  the  capitation  tax  restricts  the  tax  on  each 
hundred  dollars  worth  of  property  to  sixty-six  and  two-thirds  cents. 
It  further  directs  that  the  amount  levied  for  county  purposes  shall  not 
exceed  the  double  of  the  .State  tax,  except  for  a  special  purpose  and  with 
■    the  approval  of  the  Legislature. 

The  rate  of  State  tax  now  levied  for  the  present  year  is  28  cents  on 
one  hundred  dollars  valuation,  besides  15  cents  for  school  purposes. 
In  addition  there  are  taxes  levied  on  certain  pursuits,  industries  and 
interests  devoted  to  certain  purposes,  some  in  aid  of  the  general  school 
fund,  some  for  pensions. 

The  follownig  statement  from  the  State  Auditor's  Report  for  the  year 
ending  November  30,  lt91,sets  forth  the  aggregate  number  and  value 
of  the  various  subjects  of  taxation  in  the  State,  and  the  gross  amount 
of  the  State,  school  and  county  taxes  derived  from  the  same: 

• 

,-       ,  STATE  TAXES. 

^''^"iher.                                                        ■  VaUiation, 

7,374.2f»5  acres  of  land $10T,0;51,8.-)l  ,$367,579  6cl 

44.640  town  lots .,..., 34,893,805  87,234  01 

139,005  liorses. 7,379,768  18,199  43 

101,609  mules 5,790,636  1.  436  56 

789  jaclis  an'l  jennies 41 ,069  103157 

37,944goats .   29,378  73  19 

637,767  cattle... 4,849,193  13,122  98 

1,194,865  hogs 1,561,553  3,903  88 

383,601sheep 392,143  980  35 

Value  of  fanning  ixtensils,  etc 13,134,455  30.336  14 

Money  on  hand  or  on  deposit 4,301,447  10,503  P3 

Solvent  credits 20,166.453  50,416  13 

Stock  in  incorporated  companies. 3.739,179  6,847  95 

Other  i)ersonal  property 15,'763,'557  39^406  37 

Total  valuation .|316,872,374 

$376,365  net  income  and  profits 2  112  34 

■^''•^"^••''^ M."!"!!!!!!.""."i;       '40500 

Traveling  theatrical  companies ;..  qq  qq 

Concerts  and  nmsical  entertainments  for  profit 253  50 

licctures  for  reward go  qq 

Museums,  waxworks  or  curiosities 4;.^  qO 

Circus  or  menagerie i!!!!!!"!!!!!!!!!;!!!  600  00 

'^|^*^^''"^^'«, 250  00 

bhows  under  canvass,  etc f>QQ  q^ 

Curriea  forward ^^    $366.59.^74 


if 


HAND-BOOK    OF   NORTH   CAROLINA. 

Brouglit  forwartl.     . 

Billiiinl  Hiiloons ^  300,593  74 

Bowling,-  alleys,  skating  rinksVetr '  ''^ ''^  ^^ 

Public  fiTi-ies,  toU-brklges,  etc'        ^'*^  ^-^ 

Livery '       '"■   248  15 

Itinerant  dentists  opticians," etc....."." ^-^  50 

Commission  merchants ' 100  00 

Merchants  or  other  dealers ^*'2  51 

Dealers  in  spirituous  litiuors       28,89;j  5a 

Peddlers 3,101  87 

Itinerant  merchants .',.".'..."* ^ '^'^'*  ^9 

Deali'rs  in  fruit  trees ' " 25  00 

Itinerant  lightning-rod  dealers" ..[.] ^^  ^^ 

Liipior  dealers— Class  2 ] "''0  00 

Tobacco  warehouses  .........    ••-'---• - j  ;^qq  qq 

Marriage  licenses *. .\" 2,015  00 

Subjects  unlisted  . . .  .'..'.'.'.*.'.'.'.* '  *." ^2,312  38 

Delin(iuents .'!.'.'.'." 1 98  87 

Arrears  for  insolvents ..." 529  87 

Double  taxes .** 122  81 

: 1,008  97 

Total  general  taxes ..  " ■ 

1601,249  91 

SCHOOL  TAXES,      . 

153,480  white  polls 

60,832  colored  polls.. ".",'.' 299,994  43 

Bank  stock ,....][[[. flO,420  34 

Kailroad  property ].*]** 3,278  48 

General  property— white !.'."." '*.'*.' ."."*' ^^'^"1  73 

Oeneral  property— colored * 283,953  13 

Licensed  dealers  in  spirituous  lifiuo'iV .*,' .* ^'^•^•'*  ^^ 

From  tines,  forfeitures  and  penalties  ' " ' "  70,039  13 

From  other  sources •—  '^•080  10 

1,416  48 

Total  school  taxes...  — — . 

-1712,489  53 

COUNTY  TAXES. 

County  purposes 

Special  county  ta.\es  69I,r)90  65 

' "—        202.861  49 

Total  county  taxes .. .  — — 

- $894,451  54 

*W  42Z''' 'f?""'  "''r  ''  '"''"'^  *,  '•'"'  °^  »229,904.32:  ou  colored  polls, 
$90,420,     0„  general  property  the  white.,  pay  a  lax  of  t280004  and 
he  colore.  :o„,le  a  tax  of  $8,735.30,    1„  addition  to  thi!  general'  „ 
there  ,s  a  ta.K  on  bank  stock,  railroad  property,  licensed  liquor  dler/ 
fines  &,  ami  some  m„>or  sources,  most  of  which  is  paid  hvlhewh  ies 
Ihe  Executive  power  of  the  State  Government  is  vested  in  ..  g'I 
ornor  and  a  L.eu.enaut  (lovernor,  electe,i  by  the  popular  v„     iuhl 


GOVERNMENT    AND   TAXATION. 


57 


73 


13 


term  of  four  years,  both  ineligible  for  two  successive  terms;  an  Attorney 
General,  a  State  Treasurer,  an  Auditor,  a  Secrctarv  of  State,  and  a 
Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  all  of  whom  are  eligible  for 
reelection.  *' 

The  Legislative  department,  also  elected  by  the  popular  vote,  elected 
for  the  term  of  two  year.-,  and  holding  biennial  session.^.  The  Senate 
consists  of  50  members,  and  is  presided  over  by  the  Lieutenant  Gov- 
ernor of  the  State,  and  the  House  of  Representatives,  of  120  members 
presided  over  by  a  Speaker  elected  from  among  the  members  of  the 
same.  The  sessions  are  limited  by  the  Constitution  to  sixty  days,  but 
may  be  prolonged  on  emergency,  but  with  suspension  of  the  per  diem 
pay.  Extra  sessions  may  be  called  by  the  Governor  should  urgent 
cause  make  it  necessary;  but  such  sessions  are  limited  to  twenty  dlivs 
but  may  be  extended  farther,  under  the  limitations  of  pay  that  ^overn 
the  regular  ses-ions.  ^ 

The  Judicial  department  consists  of  a  Supreme  Court,  presided  over 
by  a  Chief  Justice,  and,  in  conjunction  with  four  Associate  Justices 
forming  the  highest  court  in  the  State.     The  Justices  are  elected  for  a 
term  of  eight  years,  and  are  eligible  to  reelection. 

The  Circuit  or  Superior  Court  is  composed  of  twelve  members,  elected 
by  the  people  of  a  like  number  of  districts,  and  are  elected 'for  the 

same  length  of  term  and  thesameeligibiliy  to  reelection  as  the  Justices 
of  the  Supreme  Court. 

In  addition  to  these  are  the  criminal  courts  of  New  Hanover  and 
Mecklenburg  and  of  Buncombe,  having  original  jurisdiction  in  all 
criminal  matters  originating  in  their  respective  counties,  but  having 
none  in  civil  causes  of  action. 

The  above,  together  with  the  magistrates' courts,  having  jurisdiction 
over  small  sums  and  minor  offences,  and  the  Boards  of  County  Com- 
missioners, having  supervision  over,  the  direction  and  administration 
of  county  affairs,  constitute  the  judicial  system  of  North  Carolina. 

STATE  DEBT. 

The  following  statemenf,  drawn  from  the  report  of  the  Public  Treas- 
urer submitted  to  the  General  Assembly  at  the  session  of  1891,  exhibits 
the  amount  of  the  bonded  .Icbt  of  the  State  at  the  time  of  the  enactment 
of  the  law  of  March  4,  iS79,  "An  act  to  compromise,  commute  and 
settle  the  State  debt." 

These  bonds  include  only  the  obligations  of  the  recognized  bonds 
those  known  as  the  special  tax  bonds  haviufj  been  declared  uiieonsti^ 
tutiunal  and  invalid. 


58 


HAND-noOK   OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 


are 


The  recognized  bondecl  debt,  recognized  by  the  forenamed  act, 
the  lollovving;  ' 

^"l80r^V"'""  n '"  '-':  '''''  *'"  ''^^^  ''''*'^  "f  "'"^''  -l-«  i«  April  J. 
iSOl.  exclmngeableat  fortvpercent  »    - 

Bon.ls  issne.l  du.inK  and  sin,.,  the  late  war:7o;  int;;nar;m*,;;c;;;;,;;;t     ""  "^ 

ZJTr  "";'  ^r"""^'"  "'  ''=^**^  ^«^^''  "^  Education,  exchange! 
al)lt>  at  twentv-five  per  cent  - 

Aug,,,,  .0,  1868.  o,c.l,a„s™I.U.„tM,.,,,  per  cent 3,888.600  00 

Total  recognized  debt..  1        ' ' 

r>      ,    ,         ,  " ^  12.627,045  00 

Bonds  have  been  surrendered  an«I  exchanged,  as  follows: 

Class  1,  at  tortv  percent 

Class  2,  at  tsventy-five  percent'" ' *  5,081,900  00 

Class  3,  at  fifteen  per  cent         2,637,04r,  00 

"' - 3,332,100  00 

Total  a„K,unt  of  bonds  exchanged.. ^^iTVo 

New  four  per  cent,  bonds  have  been  issued  as  follows,  in  exchange: 

For  bonds  at  forty  per  cent. 

For  bonds  at  twenty-five  per  cent""!!!'"" "" ' ^   2,032.760  00 

For  bonds  at  fifteen  per  cent  "'" 659,201  25 

- ~ -        499,815  00 

™,  '       ,  I  3,191,336  25 

J!":  t  :^  fi^dX;rgir  ;n::;!;r^^'  ^^r-^  ^^^««-*-  «^  ^-*^-ai 

of  the  clenonnnation^i;l:^U.tr;r;^t;;e:;S^  "^''  "'"'  "^^  '''''''^'  ^^  '^^  ^-^« 

The  fundable  bonds  not  surrendered,  are  as  follows:  ' 

Redeemable  at  fortv  per  cent 

Redeemable  at  twenty-five  per  "ce'nt" *       S9-'.50O  00 

Redeemable  at  fifteen  per  cent         ' 624,000  00 

556,500  00 

Amount  of  old  bonds  outstanding nj76':;;jo"^ 

The  following  is  the  summary  of  the  two  classes  of  new  bonds  issued: 
i'our  per  cent,  bonds  ......^ 

Sixper  cent,  bonds...  *  3.319,100  00 

2,720,000  00 

„,,  .    ,  f  5,939,100  00 

The  total  valuation  of  real  and  i>ersonal  pronertv  in  Nm-th  r<.r...ii,     ■ 
theAudUort  H,,..„  ,„r  ,8»,.  W.0.«.,«!;.   C.^  tluaul't'^^r^^rC 


■ 


J 


RELIGION.  59 

State  J.  known  to  be  from  one-third  to  one-lmlf  below  its  real  value.    For  the  purpose 
o   aHcertanung  the  true  value  of  the  property  of  the  State,  an  ucUlition  in  th      pro- 
poit.on  nu.s    be  ma.l.  to  the  valuation  above  given.     Taking,  however,  the  vahuZi 
a.  given  m  the  Auclitor-.s  Report,  it  will  be  seen  that  a  tax  of  neve  n  and  L^la  If  e 
L't'li^idlt    "    ■'      """-— -"^  of  property  will  pay  the  interest  upon  the  wlVot 

But  there  exists  in  fact  no  necessity  for  such  a  tax,  light  as  it  would  be.  The  act 
under  winch  the  dob  was  comprondsed,  appropriates  certain  taxes  therein  enume- 
rated, known  as  pnvdege  taxes,  to  the  payment  of  the  interest;  and  bv  the  terms  of 
the  act  tins  ap,,ropnation  is  made  a  part  of  the  contract  between  the^State  and  the 
bondiio  ders  and  is  therefore  inviolable.  From  this  source  the  amount  realized  is  so 
arge,  tha  he  remamder  of  the  interest  is  provided  by  a  tax  of  onlv  four  cents  on  the 
hundred  dollars  worth  of  the  property  of  the  State,  ' 

RELIGION. 

The  religious  <lenominations  of  North  Carolina  stand  upon  absolute 
equality  lu  respect  to  the  laws.  The  vigorous  temper  of  the  people 
during  Colonial  days  in  resisting  the  imposition  of  a  State  religion  has 
never  relaxed  ;  and  the  absolute  severance  of  Church  and  State  became 
a  cardmal  and  inviolable  principle  in  the  assumption  of  popular 
sovereignty.  The  laws  and  the  Constitution  extend  no  special  favor  to 
creed  or  denomination,  assuring  freedom  to  all  to  worship  God  according 
to  the  dictates  of  their  own  consciences. 

The  following  table  presents  as  accurately  as  can  be  ascertained  the 
present  membersiiip  of  the  various  denominations  in  the  State  Two 
Ot  them,  the  Cnristian  and  the  Protestant  Methodists,  are  classed  with 
their  denominations  of  other  States,  there  being  no  separate  State 
rvjpoirt , 

Jfethodist  Episcopal  Conference  (white!  i  la  onr 

A.  M.  E.Zion  (colored  Methodist) ' * 1'J.li 

M.E.  Church  (Methodist)....                  "^ "'*" ^~'^^^ 

Christian  (0-Kelleyites)  in  Virginia.  Geo^^aa  ;;;i  N^rtiVcarohn";::;:; jo  MO 

Protestant  Methodists  in  North  Carolina  and  Virginia                           "'nnn 

Quakers "• ♦'""" 

Lutherans ^'^^^ 

Roman  Catholics "'.................'. '^'^^'^ 

Moravians ---•.--—--........  .     ---.---- — .      1,000 

Presbyterians. ..,....,.^ ._,_ ^  -••-""--•------•— .--.-.... 2,000 

Episcopalians S5,oo3 

Ba])tists  (Missionary,  white)    l'.'.'...'. J'^^^ 

Baptists  (Missionary,  colored) '.'.'.','. 1T0,33.5 

Baptists  (Anti-Missionary).. ..!111^]]*]|" 150,075 

Baptists  (Campbellites) III"II! ^'"''^^ 

Baptists  (Free- Will) I""""" * ^'^^ 

Whole  mmherot  Missionary  Baits'"////".'.*." mm     ^'^^^ 


60 


IfA\f>-I!()OK    OF    NORTH    CAROLIXA. 


PUBLIC  INSTITUTIONS. 


The  inaciiiiiory  of  the  State 


operations  by  the  assignment  of  cert 


government  is  aided  or  amphlied  in  its 


charged  by  agencies  adapted  to  tl 
These   public   institutions    1 


Mu  special  functions  to  be  dis- 


eir  ])erformance. 


lave   oversi 


ght   o 


ver  certain    penalties 


arrynigout  those  niethodt 


attached  to  the  violation  of  law,  and  also  of 

provided  for  the  cure  or  amelioration  of  mental  suffering  and  physical 
mhrnnty  of  those  scientific  investigations  designed  to  elevate  the  arts 
U  o3i  r''  T'  •'^^^';^h.'»^«the  causes  of  agricultural  disasters,  or  aid 
the  agicultura  population  to-reap  the  surest  rowardsof  their  industry 
byintelhgentdu-ection  of  their  labor  through  information  imparted 
oy  con.petent  directors;  and  in  general  the  public  institutions  comprise 
al.such  wise  and  enlightened  principles  that  tend  to  enligliten  the  popu- 
mr  mind  add  to  its  prosperity,  relieve  its  sufferings,  mitigate  its  burdens, 
aad  piac tically  illustrate  the  mutuality  of  interest  existing  between  the 
.->tate  and  the  people,  between  the  government  and  the  governed 

lliese  institutions  consist,  in  general  terms,  of  the  charitable  and 
penul  mstituuons,  of  the  Agricultural  Department  and  Agricultural 
College,  of  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  of  the  (Jeoloaicai 
Museum,  of  the  State  Library,  of  the  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics,  of^  the 

he  public  buildings  in  which  to  conduct  the  many  operations  incident 
to  the  institutions  named  above. 

THE  STATE  HOSPITALS,  originally  known  as  the  Asylums  for  the  Insane, 
are  three  in  numbeiwo„e  for  the  whites  at  Raleigh,  another  for  the 
same  race  at  Morganton,  and  one  for  the  colored  at  or  near  Goldsboro 
The  fii-st  IS  near  the  city  of  Kaleigh,  occupying  a  building,  of  brick- 
three  stories  in  height,  and  upwards  of  700  feet  in  length  and  w  th 

oXn  Mh.r^'.T  l''*''  ''  ^'";  '""  ''  ''"  --^--tion,  :il  Ihe  insane 
pat  ent.  that  might  be  presented  for  admission.     Dr.  William  R  Wood 
IS  the  present  Supennteiident.  and  the  number  of  patients  at  the  date 
of  the  last  report  was  29(5-142  males,  151  females 
for^tht  Zr"''^''  HosPiTAL.-.The  increasing  number  of  applications 

I?ov  /"''''".  '^  'T''  J'"'*'^"''  ^^"'P^^"^^^  legislative  action  to 

povide  other  and  ampler  provision  for  them,  and  the  institution  at 
Mo  ganton  was  built,  a  structure  of  upwards  of  900  feet  in  length  and 
With  every  convenience  of  ample  grounds,  water,  and  whate^er'wa.. 
loecessary  as  curative  or  ameliorative  adjuncts  to  the  relief  of  mental 
disea.se.  Ihe  institution  is  under  the  superintendency  of  Dr  P  I 
Murphy.  At  the  last  report  the  number  of  patients  was  490-233 
males  and  2o7  females. 


I'UBLIC   JNSTITI'TIONS. 


Gl 


Lasterx  Insane  x\sYLUM.-Upon  the  addition  of  the  colored  race 
to  the  ranks  of  citizenship,  their  claims,  their  rights  and  their  necessities 
required  provision  for  the  treatment  of  their  insane;  and  a  large  and 
commodious  brick  structure  was  erected  near  the  town  of  Goldsboro  a 
p.ace  most  accessible  to  the  centre  of  colored  population.  The  iusti. 
tution  IS  conducted  on  precisely  the  same  principles,  controlled  by  the 
same  rules,  and  furnished  with  the  same  conveniences  as  are  provided 
for  the  institutions  for  the  whites.  Dr.  J.  F.  Miller  is  Superintendent. 
At  the  last  report  the  number  remaining  in  the  infctitution  was  231— 
males  98,  females  J  33. 

DEAF,  DUMB  AND  BLIND  INSTITUTION.-The  original  institution  was  cstab- 
lished  in  Raleigh  in  LSIG,  and  now  occupies  the  whole  of  one  of  the 
squares  reserved  by  the  State  for  its  own  uses  in  the  plan  for  the  laving 
out  of  the  city  of  lialeigh,  The  whole  is  now  covere<i  with  suihiblo 
buildings,  or  laid  out  in  grounds  with  hard  shaded  walks.  The  instruc 
tion  IS  such  as  is  suited  to  make  useful  and  self-supporting  citizens  out 
oi  those  so  unlortunate  as  to  be  denied  the  senses  of  sight,  speech  and 
hearing,  and  the  results  have  been  highly  satisfactory. 

The  Colored  Department,  under  the  sumo  general  suf>ervision  occu- 
pies  suitable  buildings  and  grounds  in  a  dilferent  part  of  the  Citv  of 
Kaleigh.  m  no  wise  inferior,  except  in  extent,  to  those  provided  for^the 
whites. 

The  last  biennial  report-~to  Xov.  30.  ISOO^gives  the  following  as 
the  number,  sex,  color,  and  infirmity  of  tlie  pupils:  Deaf  mutes,  males 
8^;  females,  82.     Blind,  males,  71;  females,  58;  a  total  of  203      Of 
i.ese  there  were  colored  deaf  mute  males  26,  females  27.     Blind  males 
17,  females  18.     Mr.  W.  J.  Young  is  Superintendent. 

All  of  lhe.se  charitable  institutions  are  liberallv  supported  by  bien- 
nial  appropriations  from  the  State  Treasury,  and  pui.ils  or  patients  are 
taught  or  treated  without  charge. 

The  increasing  number  of  applications  to  the  blind  department  in 
the  Asylum  at  Raleigh,  in  connection  with  tlie  also  increasing  number 
Of  deaf  and  dumb,  enforced  the  necessity  of  ampler  provision  for  the 
ntter;  and  the  Legislature,  in  its  session  of  1891,  provided  for  the  erec 
tion  of  an  additional  institution  at  Morgantou,  which  is  not  yet  com- 
plete.  •^ 

THE  PENITENTIARY.-Under  the  provisions  of  the  Constitution  of  North 
Carolina,  adopted  by  the  Convention  of  1868,  provision  was  made  for  the 
erection  of  suitable  buildings  for  the  confinement,  detention  and  employ- 
men  of  such  violators  of  the  law  as  had  subjected  themselves  to  the 
penalties  of  a  lengthened  period  of  imprisonment,    Thesa  buildings 


62 


HAND-BOOK    OF    NORTFr    CARODINA. 


wero  ultimately  located  in  Raleigh,  and  are  at  length  so  far  completed 
as  to  be  fully  ai)i)licable  to  their  designed  purposes.     Architecturally 
they  are  large  and  imposing  in  style,  with  every  safeguard  fur  the    - 
security  of  prisoners-every  provision  for  health  and  proi.er  comlort, 
and   every    facility   for   useful   employment.     The   policy,  originally 
designed  to  confine  all  the  prisoners  within  tl.e  walls  of  the  mstitution 
at  work,  or  in  idleness,  was  promptly  abandoned  in  the  change  of  parties 
in  1870-  and  since  that  period  only  those  confined  for  life,  or  for  des- 
nerate  crimes,  or  those  under  infirmity,  are  rigorously  confined  w.thiu 
the  premises,  together  with  such  as  might  be  usefully  an.l  profitably 
assiiined  to  needed  mechanical  work,  under  the  eye  of  the  Superintend- 
ent     The  others,  the  able-bodied  and  the  stiorter  term  convicts,  were 
annlicd  to  such  outside  work  as  would  return  some  revenue  to  the  insti- 
lution  or  diminish  tlie  costs  of  such  work  as  the  State  was  executing 
in  its  ;overeign  capacity.    Thus  in  the  latter,  the  Governor  s  Mansion 
the  Supreme  Court  building,  and  others  have  been  constructed,  bricks 
made,  stones  dressed,  &c.;  and  in  the  larger  field  of  outside  work  exten- 
sive railroad  lines  have  been  built,  canals  dug,  swamps  drained,  ni  all 
of  which  compensation,  no^  always  reaching  full  reimbursement  to  the 
State,  has  been  made.     The  policy  of  making  the  Penitentiary  sell-sus- 
taining  by  undertaking  work  heretofore  done  at  small  charge  on  the 
legitimate  basis  of  a  hired  labor  system,  and  the  leasing  and  working 
of  large  farms  by  a  force  fami^liar  to  the  work,  and  the  crops  under 
culture  h^s  proved  successful,  and  now,  instead  of  being  a  charge  upon 
the  State,  the  Penitentiary  is  becoming  a  source  of  revenue.  ^ 

The  system  is  as  humane  as  is  consistent  with  the  idea  of  punish- 

■  ment  of  crime,  but  guarded  against  needless  rigor  or  wanton  cruelty  by 

■  the  periodical  visits  of  commissioners  appointed  by  the  State. 

The  number  of  convicts  at  the  last  report  made  to  the  Legislature  of 
1S01  WIS  1  302,  of  which  217  were  white  males,  and  7  white  females; 
and  1,034  colored  males,  and  42  colored  females  and  2  Indian  ma  es^ 

Paul  F.  Faison  is  President  of  Board  of  Directors,  and  W.  J.  Hu:ks 

Architect  and  Warden.  ,      i     •   j*.  i^j    *k« 

THE  AGRICULTURAL  DEPARTMENT.— Nothing  SO  clearly  indicated  the 
determined  and  in^oUigent  purpose  of  the  leading  mind.s  of  North 
Carolina  to  elevate  its  great  and  chiefest  interest  to  its  vighiful  dignity 
and  prominence,  and  to  prove  also  its  claim  to  consideration,  to  respect, 
as  an  avocation  employing  brain  as  well  as  muscle,  as  when  the  Legis- 
Kture  met  promptly  and  unreservedly  the  demands  ot  the  intelligent 
Jarir  .Hural  interest  and  established  the  Agricultural  Department;  and 
in  doing  =Q  there  was  no  haU-way  movement.    The  equipment  of  suit- 


I 


liompleted 
tcctu  rally 
rd  for  the    •' 
jr  comfort, 
originally 
institution 
3  of  parties 
or  for  des- 
iied  within 

profitably 
perintend- 
victs,  were 
;o  the  insti- 

executing 
s  Mansion, 
^ted,  bricks 
ork,  exten- 
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nent  to  the 
iry  self-sus- 
irge  on  the 
lid  working 
'.rops  under 
hargeupon 

,  of  punish- 
1  cruelty  by 
te. 

3gislatureof 
ito  females; 
dian  males. 
VV.  J.  Hicks 

dicated  the 
is  of  North 
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n,  to  respect, 
n  the  Legis- 
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PUBLIC  INSTITUTIONS. 


63 


able  and  handsome  and  conveniently  arranged  buildings  was  ample- 
the  appropriations  for  the  maintenance  of  the  various  branches  of  the' 
department  liberal,  and  the  powers  given  for  the  enforcement  of  the 
legislation  which  declared  the  purpose  and  defined  its  duties  abundant 
Iherefore  the  Agricultural  Department  came  into  existence  with  the 
entliusiastic  sanction  of  popular  sentiment  and  under  the  shield  and 
protection  of  the  public  law.  and  stands  not  only  a  monument  to 
the  enlightened  spirit  of  the  age,  but  a  beacon  light  of  hope  and 
encouragement  to  that  great  fundamental  interest  which,  more  than  all 
Others,  has  been  the  victim  of  neglect,  the  least  consideration  of  states- 
manship. 

^    It  must  be  stated,  briefly,  that  the  Department  occupies  a  building 
in   the  city  of  Raleigh,  originally  large  and  convenient,  but   now 
arranged  so  as  to  be  specially  adapted  to  its  many  uses;  and  that  in  the 
prosecution  of  the  work  assigned  to  it  it  has  doae-and  this  will  suffice 
to  Ulustrate  its  usefulness-what  is  expressed  in  the  words  of  another- 
^  a  has  saved  to  the  State  thousands  of  dollars  annually;  it  has  induced 
investments  of  large  amounts  in  the  mines,  forests  and  agricultural 
lands  of  the  State,  and  has  developed  the  phosphate  beds,  the  oy«ter 
grounds,  and  the  mineral  deposits  and  coal  fields  of  the  State-  it  has 
gathered  statistics  and  published  valuable  books  descriptive' of  the 
whole  State,  and  distributed  them  so  wisely  that  this  is  among  the  best 
advertised  States;  and  has,  as  its  last  and  greatest  effort,  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  successful  College  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Artt"     In 
Its  relation  to  the  former  it  has  been,  and  continues  to  be,  of  inestimable 
value  to  the  farmer.     For  as  in  the  advancement  of  agriculture  into 
the  ranks  of  a  science,  so  was  there  enormous  application  of  the  pre- 
sumably scientifically   compounded   artificial   fertilizers      Here   was 
opened  a  wide  and  gaping  door  to  fraud,  which  the  Department  was 
empowered  to  step  forward  and  close.     This  has  been  done  so  vi^ror- 
ously,  watchfu  ly  and  effectively  that  fraudulent  fertilizers  are  banished 
from  the  market,  trustworthy  brands  have  replaced  them,  and  at  the 
same  time  a  great  reduction  in  the  cost  has  been  made 

Mr.  John  Robinson  is  Commissioner  of  the  Department,  and  Mr  T 
K.  Bruner  is  the  Secretary  and  Auditor.  '     ' 

By  recent  Act  of  Assembly,  Mr.  Robinson  is  also  charged  with  the 
duties  of  Comnassioner  of  Immigration,  and  to  him  all  inquiries  should 
be  addressed  on  matters  pertaining  to  immigration,  and  for  information 
of  the  locality,  nature  and  value  of  lands,  or  upon  anv  subject  in  vitin<^ 
to  investment  in  the  pursuits  and  industries  of  this  State 


64 


HAND-I500K   OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 


NORTH  CAROLINA  COLLEGE  OF  AGRICULTURE  AND  MECHANIC  ARTS,  RALEIGH. 

The  mission  of  the  North  Carolina  College  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic 
Arts  and  its  general  purpose  is  to  teach  the  principles  and  application 
of  the  sciences,  illustrating  sound  theory  by  daily  practice,  as  to  make 
out  of  its  students  useful  and  successful  men,  instead  of  mere  intelligent 
drones. 

One  of  the  special  objects  of  the  College  is  to  foster  a  higher  appre- 
ciation of  the  value  and  dignity  of  intelligent  labor  and  the  worth  and 
respectability  of  laboring  men. 

Some  of  the  very  best  thinkers  of  our  own  time  in  this  and  other 
countries  have  acknowledged  the  advantage  of  manual  training  of 
boys  and  young  men  in  well  equipped  schools,  and  institutions  of  this 
kind  are  now  being  recognized  as  among  the  practical  necessities  of 
every  Commonwealth. 

In  all  branches  of  industry  the  competition  of  the  world  is  bringing 
about  a  closer  margin  of  profits,  and  demand  is  made  upon  men  of 
every  calling  to  study  the  best  methods  and  closer  economy  in  first 
production.  The  whole  trend  of  such  institutions  is  calculated  to  work 
out  such  economic  results. 

The  College  is  intended,  not  to  produce  theorists,  but  practical  young 
men,  who  will  become  intelligent  farmers,  horticulturists,  cattle  and 
stock  raisers,  dairymen — men  who  will  be  interested  in  making  their 
work  profitable. 

The  State  also  has  need  of  good  mechanics,  carpenters,  architects, 
draughtsmen,  contractors  and  manufacturers,  and  the  College  will  help 
to  make  them. 

While  the  College  will  g  e  practical  instruction  to  as  many  of  our 
youth  as  it  can  accommodate,  it  is  made  the  duty,  as  it  will  be  the 
pleasure,  of  the  members  of  the  Faculty  of  the  College  to  take  an  active 
part  in  Farmers'  Institutes,  which  are  accomplishing  so  much  of  good  in 
many  States  of  the  Union,  and  which  have  happily  been  inaugurated 
by  the  Board  of  Agriculture  and  by  the  farmers  themselves  in  our  State. 

The  Professors  will  be  at  the  service  of  the  farmers  of  the  State  when- 
ever they  can  impart  such  special  information  as  may  be  sought  at  their 
hands.  They  will  be  glad  to  furnish  the  best  methods  of  building  and 
filling  silos,  of  planning  barns,  stables,  &c.  They  will  also  be  expected 
to  investigate  and  furnish  thoroughly  approved  formulas  for  remedies 
in  diseases  of  cattle,  for  destruction  of  insect  pests,  formulas  for  com- 
posting, etc. 

LocATiON\— -The  College  site  and  farm,  in  all  comprises  a  tract  of 
about  sixty-two  acres. 


IC  ARTS,  RALEIGH. 
re  and  Mechanic 
1  and  application 
dice,  as  to  make 
mere  intelligent 

'  a  higher  appre- 
d  the  worth  and 

1  this  and  other 
iiial  training  of 
stitutions  of  this 
va\  necessities  of 

'orld  is  bringing 
le  upon  men  of 
3conoray  in  first 
Iculated  to  work 

i  practical  young 
rists,  cattle  and 
in  making  their 

nters,  architects, 
College  will  help 

as  many  of  our 
13  it  will  be  the 
o  take  an  active 
much  of  good  in 
een  inaugurated 
Ives  in  our  State. 
'  the  State  when- 
e  sought  at  their 
of  building  and 
also  be  expected 
las  for  remedies 
'mulas  for  corn- 
ier ises  a  tract  of 


*I 


Pl-BLIC   INSTITUTIONS.  (55 

SiUmte  on  a  commanding  cMninence,  on  ll.e  Ilillsboro  road,  one  of 
the  principal  Inglnvays  into  Raleigli,  at  the  distance  of  three-fourths  of 
anide  rom  Us  corporate  limits  the  .site  is,  in  all  respects,  a  suitable 
one  Ihe  ground  slopes  from  the  building  in  every  direction,  giving 
almost  perfect  drainage,  as  well  as  handsome  views  of  the  College  build" 
ings  from  every  direction.  "^ 

BuiLDiNGs.-The  present  buildings  are  of  North  Carolina  brick  The 
granite  used  is  from  Wake  County,  the  brownstone  from  Anson  County 
Ihe  main  building  is  170  by  90  feet,  part  one  story  and  basemenV 
Every  precaution  has  been  taken  for  good  sanitary  arrangement. 
The  class-rooms  and  dormitories  are  large  and  well-lighted,  and  the 
remannng  rooms,  such  as  dining-rooms,  chapel,  readingrrooms,  &c.,  are 
well  arranged.  '     "-'"'" 

A  carefully  planned  brick  workshop,  two  stories  high.     This  buiidino- 
contains  a  niachine-shop,  forge-shop,  woodwork  shop,  carpenter  shop" 

It  is  intended  to  erect,  as  rapidly  as  means  will  permit,  barns  silos 
stables  and  the  like,  which  shall  be  models  of  their  kind.     Meanwhile 
for  all  purposes  of  instruction,  are  already  erected  on  the  Experiment  Sta^ 
on  Parm  large  buildings  for  such  purposes,  that  the  students  will  have 
the  use  of,  near  by  the  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  Collecre 

In  the  basement  of  the  main  College  building  every  conv'enience  has 

!:.Td7a:;m:nf  ^^^"^^''^^^^-^^'  -^^  -  ^-^^^^^  ^^  ^-k^mg  m  the  boa;:i! 

Mr.  Alexander  Q.  Holladay  is  at  present  Pre.sldent  of  the  institution 
NORTH    CAROLINA    AGRICULTURAL    EXPERIMENT  STATIOM,    ALSO   THE   FEr" 

rnTc""'  '"Tr  '''''  ^^^^""  SERVICE,' ORGAN  Jeo;/." 
RALEIGH    N.  C.,  IS  under  the  control  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the 

ofTcr    ''''T^''''  '°'^^^^'  '^"^  '^^  "-^  constituted  La  p 
ot  the  College.     The  officers  of  the  Station  are : 

H.  B.  Battle,  Ph.  D  r*-      ^         ,  . 

F.  E.  Emery   B    S        " " " Director  and  State  Chemist. 

Geralp  MccIrthy,"  B."  "sc r  f  "f"f  \     • 

W.  F.  Massey   C   E  " ^ot-'^nist  and  Acting  Entomologist. 

c.  F.  vox  HERU5rAN;7u:sVw;:a'th;;'Bu\"o^^'.r"  M°r''"!*"-'!*- 

B.  W.  KiLGORE,  B    S  Bureau).. .Meteorologist.- 

F.  B.  Carpenter,  B.  S Assistant  Chemist. 

T.  L.  Blalock,  B    S     Assistant  Chemist. 

J.  S.  Meng,  B    S        Assistant  Chemist. 

Alexander  Rhode; Assistant  Cliemist. 

RoscoE  NuNvCTT  «;!  w.^„\V'"'-.^ ^ Assistant  Horticulturist. 

J.  L    CoNiNGGm:  '1    B  """""^^ t'^^'^^  Meteorologist.         ' 

P  '  Secretary. 


06 


HAN'D-IJOOK   OF  NORTH   CAROTjyA. 


rUBLIC  IXSTITl'TIONS. 


G7 


I 
o 
u 
_i 
<t 

CC 
< 


z 
o 


< 


,  Jt  ^r"'"""-°  "f  .l''"  •'^'""°''  "^- 1'^"-'-''''  ■■  ^-i"-''.  "s  a  Fertilize-  Con- 
trol  &tot,on ;  secontl,  «,  an  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  ntTe 
broadest  sense  of  the  word.  -^luuon  in  tne 

North  Carolina  has  always  shown  herself  to  be  a  pioneer  in  new 
works,  and  „  always  i,i  the  /Irst  rank  in  the  estal>li,lZ  n    If 
l..»t,tutions  for  the  advancen.ent  of  her  interests      Hi!  ?         ,     ,   ! 
first  Agricultural  ICxperin.ent  Station  in  2  Soutl.tr    st,     td      : 
««,rf  ,u  the  broad  expanse  of  America.    The  Sta.io      l'     T/,  "  ".,   ' 

01    igricultu.e.     Is  first  work  was  m  the  control  of  the  fertil  ,er  tnde 

soils,  cotton  seed  products,  tobacco  proiucts,  phos,  h . .        1  I  ' 

made  composts  and  miscellaneous  firtili.i,,.^  in-Zie      ' ,  ,      ■'"'  i""""- 

:rr;;;;r:f.hT:s^^^^ 

p.o,  nets,  the  possibility  of  the  jute  in.lu  t  y' fo    x",^  'V V  ,  n"  "tT" 
sorghum  and  sugar  beet  industry,  the  iuvestiga.ioi     '  1^0™"; 
and  wool  w.,.sle,  of  phosphate  (loats,  of  snja  hem  "  nd  v  ?       T 
I-lants,  and  others  jnst  as  iniportan,  '  """'"  ^""'S" 

Later  on  an  Experimental  Farm  was  added  to  the  agencies  ,t  worl- 
at  the  Experiment  Station.  Then  a  State  We.,tl,„,.  «  =!""""  »'  "  <"  ^ 
i-d  by  the  Station,  and  the  varion    b    1  fi  ,  ■         nfj'T"  T  "'T'"- 

™r  ^:r:hi:;-:::/«:tn^:i:r^'^  ^ "  ^^^^  -«" 

a««ons  in  everyState  ailil  t;:  :.":;;"'  uJ^^U^^^^Z^Z 


63 


HAND-nooK   OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 


know  tlmt  the  Station  (except  amount  roqnlrefl  for  the  fertilf/or  rontrol) 
IS  steadily  working  for  tf.o  benefit  of  the  agricultnre  of  the  State  with- 
out  he  expen.lKure  of  a  nngU.  cent  of  the  Slate'.s  resource.,  either 
directly  or  i.uhrectly,  for  its  suj.port.  With  the  cOn.ing  of  the  govern- 
ment  f.m.ls  the  scope  of  the  work  was  greatly  enlarged.  There  are 
now  in  operation  in  the  Station  the  divisions  of  Cheniistrv,  Agriculture 


STABLES  AND  DAIRY  BUILDINGS— Fig.  1. 

Botany.  Entomology,  Horticulture,  Meteorology,  and  on  its  start  are 
botli  sciontific  and  practical  men,  trained  experts  who  have  had  ample 
experience  both  in  the  science  and  practice  of  agriculture 

Ihe  various  divisions  at  present  belonging  to  the  Station,  and  some 
of  the  work  which  is  being  done  in  them,  are  as  follows- 

1    Chemcal  7>/r/../o._including  all  chemical  work  of  the  Station- 
the  fertilizer  control,  the  analyses  of  milk,  butter,  food  and   fodders 
marls,  phosphates,  mucks,  soils,  chemicals,  waters,  etc.,  too  numerous 
to  mention. 


STABLES  AND  DAIRY  BUILDINGS-FiG    2. 

2.  Agriculluml  Di./s/on.-Embraces  work  done  in  the  field,  stable 
and  dairy~in  testing  the  various  fertilizing  ingredients  on  different 


PUBLIC  1NSTITITH)NS. 


V,d 


crops;  tl.e  varieties  of  wheat,  oats,  cotton  and  corn,  grasses,  clovers  and 
otiicr  funioo  plants.  \iy  actual  feodiny  tests  to  ascertain  the  value  of 
fodders  and  j^ni^ss,  ensila<-(',  cotton-seed  (.roduct.s  Cor  fattening-  purposes, 
the  digestibility  of  different  food  stulfs,  and  prutitable  feeling.  In  the' 
dairy  work  various  implements  are  tested,  improved  methods  tried,  and 
in  general  to  extend  the  dairy  industry  throughout  the  State,  recog- 
nizing that  the  judicial  keej)ing  of  stock  is  the  salvation  of  our  people. 
o.  Cuoprralirc  Expnuncidx.—To  reach  as  many  soils  as  possible,  and 
to  disseminate  knowledge  of  the  work,  cooperative  field  tests  have  been 
instituted  in  various  localities  in  the  State.  Here  are  tested,  on  the 
various  soils  repre-sented,  the  various  fertilizing  ingredients  on  different 
crops,  different  varieties  of  field  and  garden  crops,  fruits,  grapes,  and 

in  general,  in  conjunction  with  the  Cent  ral  Station  at  Raleigh,  to  conduct 
work  which  may  be  helpful  to  those  localities 

4.  notaniad  J Jivision. —Tests  the  purity  and  vitality  of  field  and 
garden  seeds,  grasses  and  clover,  identifies  plants  and  ascertains  their 
value,  examines  diseases  of  plants  and  investigates  the  best  remedies; 
dis.seminates  practical  information  on  the  best  agricultural  gra.sses  and 
their  culture,  on  the  most  troublesome  weeds  and  how  to  eradicate  them. 

5.  J'Jiitoinoloi/lcal  /^/r/.s/o/;.— Studies  the  various  in.sect  pests  which 
"  infest  the  field,  orchard  and  garden  crops,  and  suggests,  remedies  and 

methods  of  extermination. 

6.  Horticultural  Dkmou  —Investigates  the  different  varieties  of  fruits 
and  vegetables,  and  their  adaptability  to  our  soils  and  climates,  also  the 
methods  for  cultivation,  gathering  and  shipment  to  markets;  oriirinates 
and  improves  new  and  promising  varieties  which  may  become  valuable 
to  the  State. 

7.  Metcorotof/iml  Divmoti.—l-M  braces  the  State  Weather  Service,  oper- 
ating in  conjunction  with  the  Weather  Bureau  of  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture.  Collects  meteorological  data  from  over 
the  State,  and  preserves  it  for  permanent  record.  Telegrams  giving 
forecasts  of  weather  for  the  following  day  are  distributed;  also  cold 
wave  and  frost  warnings  for  the  protection  of  fruit,  tobacco  and  truck- 
ing interests.  A  weekly  bulletin,  showing  the  effect  of  the  weather  on 
the  crops,  is  issued  during  the  growing  season. 

8.  Bureau  of  Information.— CovrcspondeuQe  is  invited  on  all  subjects 
connected  with  agriculture,  both  scientifically  and  practically.  The 
staff  of  the  Station  is  at  all  times  ready  to  reply  promptly,  and  give 
the  proper  information  wherever  possible. 

9.  Divisiun  of  PiiJdicatiovs.—The  Experiment  Station  issues  numerous 
publications,  including  bulletins  and  annual  reports,  which  are  sent 
free  to  all  who  request  them.     The  matter  printed  in  them  is  presented 


70 


llAND-liook-    OF  NOUTll  C'AROUNA. 


in  as  plain  aru)  practical  a  style a.s  possible. nvoi.IiuK  u.clnn..alu.esar,.l 

1'  (    n     .,  t-uvernnK  onco  ,n  about  f.vo.or  six  weeks.     Over 

jm  fannoPH  a.wl  others  „ow  receive  the.n.     The  toUovving  are  some 

of  the  sul^eets  treate.i,  an.l  o.enpyi...  each   issu.,  fron.  H  to  0    pn^e  " 

Compost  for.nuhis..  s.e.i    tests,  stock    (Celine   o„    sc^.-ntific   ,    i  Se; 

coc,.ernt.ve  fiehl  tc.ts.  Imlian  con.,  tann  L  .hnry   h!!;  ,1^     ^ S 

£       i     sM     T/'    "''^'"^^'^"''"^••"^•'   '"'"^'   '-<'   Lulls  as'u  St    k 
^od.   h.ll-suio   .l.tch.n..   some   injurious   insects,    value  of   nea-vine 

manunn«  fo.  .heat,  facts  for  farmers,  onion  and  celery  cult^. re  la  e 
wjit  ana  me  stalk  f)rocesses,  itc 

,'"!'"«'     ,  ^"  ""»  '" ">K  "l™  nr«  lo«;tecl  the  botanical  „ihI  onton.o 

logical  la bonuory,  „n,l  the  ,-oo„»  „f  the  l«ctc«,.ol„gical        L^      on 
atuut„,g  the  Weather  Service,     Upon  ,be  roof  aroihe  n  tc    IZ 
n«lru,„e,„s  for  recor.ling  velocity  of  wi,„I,  ten.perat  r  ^  I         o, 
w  "<1  Ac,  a,  well  a,  signal  (lag.,  to  disseminate    be  ^.,nii      Zcn^, 
The  Expernnental  Farm,  on  which  are  the  Kxperin.entai  b,  rn  st-  bl 

tur:,  College:  '"  "'""  "'""""■'^  '°  "'^- '^^"''^  »''  tht  .gricul-' 

ORPHANAGES 

May  bo  regarded  as  public  inslitntions.in  connection  with  tbosedcvoted 

o  clmr.ty  prevonsly  considered;  for  two  of  them,  at  least,  are  aided 

by  appropr,a|,ons  fron,  the  State  Treas.n-y,  an.l    he  omi.   ™of   ho 

r.ght  wonhl  not  be  morally  just;  because  the  relief  of  the  orphan 

and  h,s  equ.pment  for  future  usefulness  and  respectability  is  as  nu  h 

ho  cx-press,o„  of  the  sentiment  of  the  people  through  the  ehurein« 

insTitl'onf  '"""■""'  '"  ""'^'^'^''"  "'^  O^r"^-"'-  '-omeTubltc 
THE  OXFORD  ORPHAN  ASYLUM  is  the  (5rst  of  these  established  in  th« 
State  and  was  organ,»l  and  equipped  at  Oxford,  Granville  Count/ 
bu  not  or,g„,ally  ,„  ,ts  present  elfective  and  useful  character.  The 
Orphanage  is  the  stecessor  of  St.  John's  College,  established  by  the 
Masonic  1.  raternuy  of  North  Carolina  before  th^  „  „r,  and  in  its  ,n  m 
agement  and  career  the  subject  of  two  financial  disasters;  to  a  old  ho 
recurrence  of  winch,  on  the  motion  of  Mr.  John  H.  Mills,  the  clil  ge 


OUPJIANAOES. 


71 


waa  converted  into  on  Orphanage.    At  that  time  the  loverly  of  tl 


country  \vn»  oxtreino.  mul,  as  one  of  the  rosiilh  of  the  wai-,  tl 


10 


of 

ns.siircl  Its  iiiturttos  fooil,  rninicni  and  lodL'i 
and  ('( 


It*  munbor 


'i-pluins  very  great.     The  chaii^'o  of  cliaractor  of  tho  institiit 


ion 


n;?,  instruction  and  training 


in 


inipinont.  men'ally  and  physically,  for  futuro  .self-support     Tho 

•stitntion  was  lar^mly  kept  alivo  by  api)oals  to  public  aid  and  gon- 
erosit}',  until  its  imporlanw  and  the  obligation  rtstinj,'  upon  the  State 
for  tho  public  rJiarfTi;  and  care  of  such  an  over-present  body  of  lielplcs^ 
nnrortiinatc-  s(,  inipri'sscd  it.scif  upon  the  intelligence  and  conscience 
ot  tli(t  people  as  \u  make  the  demand  upon  ilie  Legislature  for  nni  tori  a  I 
aid  irresistible  The. Stale  now  a|>[)ropriates annually  from  the  'J'reasury 
§10,000.  but  the  management  is  retained  m  the  hands  of  the  Ahisons. 
Thc'  ( )rplianage  occupies  tho  buildings  and  capacious  grounds  of  Ht 
.Tohns  I'ollege;  and  farm  work,  mechanical  trades.  j)riiiting,  etc., 
togetlier  with  the  plainer  branches  of  learning,  are  taught  tiie  boys, 
and  also  the  girl.%  to  whose  course  of  instruction  is  added  needle- 
work, housekeeping  and  domestic  duties,  and  thus  every  year  a  largo 
number  of  botfi  sexes  are  sent  forth  to  earn  their  owji  living,  fortified 
with  good  characters  and  eUicient  training. 

THE  THOMASVILLE  ORPHANAGE  is  near  Thomasville,  Davidson  County, 
and  is  undei'  ihe  patronage  of  the  denomination  of  Baptists,  It  is 
under  the  immediate  supervision  of  Mv  Joiui  II  Mills,  the  founder  of 
the  preceding.  The  Oiphanage  occupies  a  number  of  well-built 
detached  buildings,  separated  as  a  safeguard  against  general  conflagra- 
tion, and  for  the  security  of  health.  Grounds  of  one  hundred  acres  or 
more  surround  the  building.s,  and  are  cultivated  by  the  male  pupils  to 
tlie  extent  of  materially  aiding  in  tho  maintenance  of  tho  Orphanage. 

THE  THOMPSON  ORPHANAGE,  at  Charlotte.  IS  maintained  by  the  Episi 
copalians.  occupies  ample  grounds,  and  is  equipped  with  all  necessary 
buddings,  ft  is  supported  by  private  contributions  or  collections  in 
the  churches,  and  its  general  objects  arc  the  same  in  relation  to  tho 
orphans  as  rule  in  the  Oxford  Asylum. 

THE  PRESBYTERIAN  ORPHANAGE. '  at  the  Barium  Springs,  Jn  Iredell 
County,  that  the  denomination  of  Presbyterians  might  care  for  its  own 
helpless.  fJnfortunately  the  buildings  wore  not  long  since  burned, 
and  have  not  yet  been  replaced,  though  i)reparatious  for  doing  so  are 
in  progress. 

THE  ODD  FELLOWS  ORPHANAGE  is  located  at  Goldsboro.  and  was  oi.ened 
on  the  10th  of  May.  18!)2.  As  its  name  implies,  it  is  under  the  auspices 
of  the  Odd  Fellow.s  of  North  Carolina,  and  is  designed  for  the  care  and 
education  of  children  of  deceased  members  of  the  Order.     Children  of 


72 


HA'-D-IJOOK    OF   NORTH    CAROLINA, 


||Oth  sexes  are  receivKj      Tl.us  far  the  children  are  instructed  only  in 
tlie  plainer  branches  of  education,  but  will  be  in  lime  subjected  'to  a 

the  duties  of  after  life.  ■ 

The  buildings  of  the  institution  are  good  and  suKstantipl,  and  twenty 
acres  of  ground  are  included  in  the  pr,  perty.  The  citizens  of  Golds' 
bo  o   contributeu    liberally  to  the  establishment  of  the  Orphanage, 

If  io  4^,r'"r^","'?^' ""  '""""^  '^'^''''^"  '^'°"  ^'■'^•"  t''^^  ^^-^d  Lodge 
o  «ooOO  and  a  so  by  appropriations  from  other  Lodges  of  the  State 
and  from  individuals. 

-W^n^S^^^'  ''  ""'^''  ^'"  nianagement  of  Di.  W,  (     Whitheid.oi 

THE  COLORED  BAPTIST  ASYLUM  was  established  at  Oxford  by  the  colored 

SteT^'T  1  '"  ^^^^^.  t'-"gl'  Pui>ils  from  oLrden^m' 
nations  are  receiyed  and  cared  for  on  equal  terms.  The  objects  and 
svs  ems  are  similar  to  this  in  the  other  Orphanages 

Ih.s  institution  has  au  annual  appropriation  from  the  State  Treasury 
Jn  aid  01  its  private  resources.  "^ 

BUREAU   OF   LABOR    STATISTICS.      ' 

As  a  [.art  of  the  macliincy  of  the  Department  ot  AgrK-uitme  Imml- 

grafon  a„d  .Statistics,  at  the  s.s.io„  of  the  General  Asse,„        ;      w 

™est„bi,sl,ed  the  JJuteau  of  Labor  Statistics,  undrr  the  stn.ervisl.. 

of  a(,oaim,ss,oner,  to  be  appoinle.l  by  the  Oovernor,  who  holds  his 

bv      "  Wt"  -'T  n  "' "'  """™'  '''■•">-  "•■  «'■■'»"■    "'•'  ^"'-«  "0  J^fi"  d 
oy  me  Act,  as  lollows; 

He  shall  collect  inforn.ation  fnDon  (lu^  mill  u>r.f  ,^r  t.>K 

The  Bureau  is  in  active  existence,  discharging  its  functions  indus 

^t^^'tstiLf  ?tf '■" ' «-''°--" '^  co.,„is.::e:l:d 


i 


I 


!   ii 


KAILROAD   COMMISSIO.V. 

THE  GEOLOGICAL  MUSEUM, 


73 


v.s.lor  f,.o,„  other  Stalos  .m  'c„u  ,'  !"  'p'*'  '"  '""'"'  '^e  inq!,iri„g 
"ct  ofl,u,d  „,„1  „,uer„„  the  „r™  0  '  t^  ,  ^^^'f/'-g  'I-'  i-^  the  ,,rod^ 
"OW.S  and  the  base,- metnl,,  7^11  'Y' '"''■'''■  ""'("■«i"us 

m-1,  the  phosphate,,  the  marb   /  "'i^  il":™''  ""  -PI--,  "'o  coal,  the 

useful,  and  the  grain,,  and  ,     '     ."'th       „  ''!  "™''''  «'™'"-"tai  and 

'""d;  and  the  fi,hes  and  Ihe^reit  »•  ■"'"  "'"  ""^"""^  "f  'I'o 

water,-al|  these  eloquen       ,^1'.         .'    T  "="  "''"">  "'""I'h  "f  H'^ 

^;ore  onr  State  has  laid  ^p' i        ,       ,.    L'^:""  ^:"-»""->  "- S-t 

•'■  "an,,, s  the  Cumlorofthe  Museum. 


RAILROAD  COMMISSION. 


By  an  aetof'the  (ienei-ol  A^  :. 
f.  '«0i,  „  Ra,h.oad  cCl  ■  ::  ^■,:  ,,t['''  ^-'i-.  -anhed  March 
bers,  to  be  eleeted  bv  the  I,egi.slaU  e  ^■'"'■"""''""S  "(  three  mem- 
V'-^"  of  railroads,  stean,bof  a  !  '  ""'  "'"'  ""^  ««"«-i  «»per. 
telegraph  eompanies  doing  b nj  1  'Vn";""",''  '""^  '^-•P'-'^^'  «■"' 
tl'o  part  of  railroad  and  othe    nub  e  I  ■"■""""•  '°''™"""S  "» 

exaelion  of  ra„re  than  a  rea.o,  ..^  """«P»'-lalion  corapanies  the 

freight  or  passengers,  nee!  ^7'"''"""  '"'■  "^  '""'"Se  » 
under  eonvie,ion'f„r'e.v,o    „         ,']  .°'  "'"■  '°  "^^  "''i-'sed  snffieient 
"■■"'  "Utl'ority  to  forbid  .n,e  I'elt;!     ""''""'""'S  the  Con.mission 
patron,  of  their  lines,  and  a     hor   i  „     ',      '7'  ""'""  l'^'^'"""™  '<> 
passenger  tariirs,  forbidding  u  Ztd  fe   ,1   '",    '  ''•■*^  '"''  "'"S^'t  and 
'I'e  charging  „,ore  for  slfort  1,      Is    eZ        ''"■''*''""''"■''*'"-' ""d 
exeurs.un  rates,  en.powers  it  to  iixthe  e    '        r"*^  ,"  '"  '""'"^  «P™ial 
passengers  and  freight,  to  n.ake  «•      ,    J  Th!,'"!  '  ?  '™"'P-'^"ion  of 
pubhe  eonvenienee,  and  take  s„eh  ,t  e     ,  ',"'"'"■"  ""^general 

a,  shall  conduee  to  the  proteetio,  of  le  b  ""     '"  "''^'  °"'^'-  »«" 

from  oppression  an.l  inin^tioe  ■,   1  ,  ,     "''  "'"'  ''•"tolling  p„blie 

"f  the  Co„n„is.ion.  'he  ,,',;  ^i  "V'  1""''  ""■"-"'  "'e-eatb 
other  transportation  n^anlg  'm  ,  '.ri'^l  f ""  T'"'  ^''-''^  «"' 
and  express  companies  '"'^  '°  "PP'^  "I™  to  leleg.aph 

The  Commission  coiisi,'.  .,,  ,.,.        ,     ,, 

T.  W.  Mason  and  K.  C.  Beddin       ,7:;; '.     Z-  "'"""'  ^^'""■™-.  -"1 

=hcl,l,and  Its  s,tt„,gsareheld  in  Raleigh 


74 


HAND-BOOK    OF   NORTH   CAROLINA. 


PUBLIC  BUILDINGS.' 

The  necessity  for  such  suitable  j.Iaces  at  the  State  Capital  for  the 
decent  and  convenient  conduct  of  the  public  business  v.'as  so  apparent, 
Iha  m  the  course  of  the  existence  of  the  State  government,  with  Raleigh 
as  Its  seat  and  centre,  all  the  public  buildings  required  have  been  con- 
structed and  in  a  style  suited  to  the  dignity  and  character  of  the  State. 

THE  STATE  CAPITOL,  begun  in  1832  to  replace  its  predecessor  destroyed 

.^f  fr.n     t!  ^^'^^^^'^'''  '""^P'^'^^  ""^  "^«^'«  ^'-'^^y  for  occupation 

m  Ib4U.     It  IS  a  massive  granite  structure,  in  plain  but  impressive 

done  style,  and  for  nmny  years  whs  regarded  as  the  finest  of  all  the  State 

Oapitols.     It  IS  situated  in  a  square  of  four  acres,  laid  off  in  broad  and 

convenient  walks,  shaded  in  part  by  native  oaks,  survivors  of  the  original 

forests,  and  with  other  trees  illustrating  very  interestinglv  the  variety 

and  character  of  North  Carolina  forestry;  and  it  is  also  Adorned  with 

flowers  and  shrubbery.    The  building  contains  the  Legislative  Halls,  the 

J^xecutive  offices,  the  Treasury  Department,  the  Auditor's  office,  those 

of  the  Secretary  of  State,  the  rooms  of  the  Keeper  of  the  Capitol,  Legis- 

iative  Committee  rooms,  and  other  needed  apartments,  is  lighted  both 

by  gas  and  electricity,  is  well  ventilated,  and  in  winter  is  thoroughlv 

heated  throughout  by  steam.     The  whole  is  surrounded  by  a  handsome 

iron  lence,  based  upon  a  solid  dressed  granite  foundation 

THE  GOVERNOR'S  MANSION,  recently  completed,  and  first  occupied  by 
h.s  Lxcellency  Daniel  G.  Fowle,  is  situated  in  the  north-eastern  part  of 
the  city  on  one  of  the  public  squares  originally  reserved  to  the  State  in 
the  plan  of  Raleigh.  It  is  a  three-story  brick  structure,  elegant  in 
design,  and  complete  in  all  its  detail  s  pleasing  in  exterior,  elegant 
convenient  and  comfortable  in  the  interior.  In  its  construction  much 
of  the  beautiful  flesh-colored  marble  from  the  Nantahala  river  in  Macon 
County  was  used,  illustrating  the  value  and  beauty  of  that  superb 
material.  '■ 

THE  SUPREME  COURT  AND  STATE  LIBRARY  BUILDING  is  situated  on  the 
north  side  of  Edenton  street,  adjoining  the  Agricultural  Building  and 
fronting  Capitol  Square.  It  has  an  unpretending  exterior,  but  is 
well  built  and  well  arranged  for  its  various  uses.  It  is  three  stories 
high,  and  contains  the  Supreme  Court  room,  consulting  rooms  the 
Attorney  General's  office,  the  office  of  the  Superintendent  of  l>ublic 
Instruction,  the  Supreme  Court  Library,  which  contains,  besides  a  lar^e 
and  valuable  collection  of  law  volumes,  j.ortraits  of  many  of  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Court  from  its  organizUion  to  the  present  time;  and  also 


EDUCATION. 


75 


the  State  Library  of  45,000  volnmea.  and  portraits  of  eminent  North 
Carolinians  prominent  in  Slate  annals,  in  professional,  civil  and  mili- 
tary and  naval  life.  To  these  buildings  are  to  be  added  those  of  the 
charitable  and  penal  institutions  before  mentioned,  all  of  which  are 
large,  imposing  and  costly  structures. 


EDUCATION. 

The  good  name,  as  well  as  the  substantial  prosperity  of  a  State   is 
indissolubly  associated  with,  and  dependent  upon,  the  initial  direction 
given  to  the  minds  of  the  young.     Care  on  the  one  hand,  neglect  on 
the  other,  bring  forth  responsive  fruit,  to  tell  in  after  years  in  the  grate- 
ful form  of  public  virtue  and  enlightenment,  or  in  the  melancholy 
spectacle  of  public  vice  or  popular  ignorance  and  aba.sement     The 
wisdom  of  statesmanship  is  never  so  wisely  directed  as  when  it  aims  to 
establish  the  one  and  guard  against  the  other.     And  such  statesman- 
ship knows  that  it  must  act  always  by  anticipation;  knows  that  it  is 
dealing  with  functions  in  a  state  of  constant  change  and  progression- 
that  It  is  moulding  and  shaping  that  which,  though  incorporeal  and 
intangible,  bears  direct  analogy  to  that  which  is  corporeal  and  material 
ni  that  It  13  impressible  to  good  or  to  evil,  retains  the  shape  and  form' 
to  which  It  IS  moulded,  and,  in  its  matured  powers,  presents  the  perfec- 
tion of  the  wise  directing  hand,  or  the  distortion  of  neglect  or  of  wicked 
design. 

The  solicitude  of  our  Revolutionary  fathers  was  never  allayed  even 
amid  the  clash  of  arms  and  the  uncertainties  of  a  pending  desperate 
strife,  until  they  had  given  expression  in  their  tentative  efforts  in  the 
formation  of  a  new  government  to  the  purpose  which  was  uppermost 
in  their  minds.     Never  in  human  history  did  a  solemn  determination 
to  discharge  a  duty,  apparently  altogether  irrelevant  to  the  cause  they 
then  had  in  hand-the  conduct  of  war  and  the  achievement  of  libertv- 
have  expression  so  noble,  so  wise,  so  disinterested.     Liberty  mio-ht"'  be 
won,  but  at  ruinous  cost;  but  whatever  befell,  posterity  must  boedu- 
cated.     That  was  a  sacred  charge  not  to  be  neglected  or  evaded.     It  was 
the  educ^ition  of  the  leaders  in  the  cause  of  liberty  that  had  taught  the 
value  of  liberty;  it  was  essential  that  that  liberty  when  assnred  should 
be  preserved   by  the  same  means  that  had  demonstra.-  '    ,ts  value 
Therefore,  posterity  must  be  educated;  and  while  the  enemv  were  «till 
thundering  at  the  gates,  and  while  the  roar  of  battle  was  still  deafen- 
ing the  startled  ear,  calmly,  unmoved  by  the  awful  commotion,  brave 
as  to  Iheir  present,  confident  as  to  their  future,  they  decreed  in  their 


76 


HAND-BOOK    OF   .NORTH    CAKOLINA. 


"ur  «,a(o  govom„,e,U.     Ye     u," te        ""'"'""-">  "f  '!'«  founder,  of 
It  iit  the  torcl,  of  public  cduc.tt^      ', f^'r  "''""  '''  ™"^  '"  ^''«- 
ite  influence  kef.t  aiive   hTt  b  of.  e?  "ll"  ""'"'""■    ''«  -«».ple„nd 

'"ken  by  Judge  Murphoy  in     e'sn  "/::;""'■  ,  ""  ''"'  ^'^1'  "'- 
■•ei-ort  nrging  ,|,e  cslablidnnen   of  a    'dti       ''''f' ^''""■■«  "f  ^SW.  i"  a 
tion.     liut  no  furlber  legislative  1  f.^"'''"'™'  ''Vsten,  of  public  educa- 
tive session  of  1825,  i       h    1         .".f:',',;';  '  ^  ""'^';'  ""^  '"'-'  ""«' 
mon  school,  .as  created  byVhe  Gen!    f  l""- "">« ^-Wishment  of  com- 
•lividends  arising  from  the  slo  K  .T         ^T""^'"''  """^'«'"'K  "f  the 
t"e  «tate  in  the' banks        New  b;  td  ^  ^'^'^''^ ''^luirei  by 
"Hsing  from  the  stocks  o«-ned  1  t  "  «r,       "ff  '"'"'•  ""^  '"'vidends 
'i™  l-on.l.any,  the  Roa,     4  ^    ,•!',.„';  "^  '"  ""=  ^ape  Fear  Naviga- 

»nd  II--'owo  Creek  Canal  Com,  3  "l.  .""''"'''',';'"'  "'"  '^""''f<'°' 
to   retailers  of  spirituous   110;!   .'n  '"''''"'^' '""'"' ''»"«« 

balance  of  the  agricnltual  ud  ,11  ,  '"'"""".'^'='-«.  "-  unexpended 
enlries  „f  vacant  land,  ad  aU  the  !„'  ?^''  f '"'  '"  ""^  ^'""^  '"^  "'« 
b-nds  of  the  State,  toge  ,     „    b   ,  r:""  ••"';'  """PP™l'm.l«l  swatup 

badcu  off  ;fa::The'ra:e-'t  """"  "' ^«3-«"-i"^.  by  anticipation 
The  largest  bod;  „  aj  ft  J  ri'''"'  """I'f ""  '"  "'^  »«boof  fu  J.' 
tbe  territory  of  {he  pr::::'  S^  e  f  xre:  e  ^'  'b  t'"'"^  7'"'''  «" 
rested  upon  the  National  Goverimientf,!.  "' "'  "  ''"'"'y  dobt 
War,  Congress  bad  frecp.e  1  ™  '  ,  All  ^^V"  "^-'"""'-y 
territory  the  poHcv  of  cedino- the  ff,,    '  '^'"''''  ""'""'g  «'fsleru 

in  the  "ting'uisbment  o?  ^u'e      e    ■"'rrtTc'.:?""  '^?""^  '"  '"'^ 
generosity,  gave  up  the  territ.rv  of  T  t^^'fohna  w.th  responsive 

school  lands,  and  fell  back  t  2   1  "T""'  "'"'  ■"'  ''"'  f'™^"-"™ 
aiJs  of  future  legislation  "Iher  resnurces  and  the  relief  or 


EDUCATION. 


77 


lished  by  the 
1  such  sala- 
a  to  ius  ruct 
d  ill  one  or 

tlie  nianda- 

ti'ess,  mate- 
founders  of 
stances,  the 
ik  in  1795. 
'o  no  more. 
:anipleaiid 
"1)080  of  an 
st  step  was 

ISIU,  in  a 
)lio  educa- 
iken  until 
lit  of  com- 
ing of  the 
quired  by 
dividends 
r  Naviga- 

Clubfoot 
>n  license 
expended 
e  for  the 
d  swamp 
'ate  may 

f^'ipation, 
)oI  fund. 
Jded  all 
•vy  debt 
itionary 
western 
y  to  aid 
pensive 
ipective 
elief  or 


Such  legislation  was  had,  and  by  the  transfer  to  the  Literary  Fund  by 
the  General  Government  in  1837  of  the  State's  share  of  the  surplus 
deposit  fund,  this  increased  the  Literary  Fund  to  ^2,000,000  and  upwards. 
The  common  school  system,  as  it  was  designated,  was  adopted  by  popu- 
lar vote  in  1839,  aiid  continued  in  force  until  superceded  by  the  results 
of  the  war.  Unuer  that  system,  in  1850  the  number  of  schools  was 
2,G57;  of  teachers,  2,730;  of  pupils,  104,095.  The  income,  beino-  \n 
that  year  §158,5()4,  increased  in  18(10  to  $208,719.  '^ 

As  a  result  of  the  war,  the  whole  Literary  Fund  was  lost,  and  new 
provision  had  to  be  made. 

Without  going  into  details  involving  the  legislation  of  several  years, 
it  is  enough  here  to  say  that  in  1890,  from  the  general  poll-tax' 
general  property  tax  (12^-  cents  on  the  $100),  special  poll-tax,  special 
property  tax,  special  property  tax  under  local  acts,  special  poll-tax 
under  local  acts,  fines,  forfeitures  and  penalties,  liquor  licenses,  auc- 
tioneers, estrays  and  other  sources,  all  of  which  are  specially  applied  to 
the  school  fund,  and  from  the  State  Board  of  Education,  there  was 
realized  the  sum  of  $721,750  38,  as  against  the  receipts  for  1884  of 
$580,311.00;  and  for  1890  the  expenditures  were  $718,225.60. 

The  school  census  for  1890  shows  the  number  of  persons  between  G 
and  21  years  of  age  to  have  been— white  males,  190,423;  white  females, 
179,721;  total,  370,144;  colored  males,  108,707;  colored  females,  107,81 7; 
total,  216,524;  of  which  there  was  an  enrollment  of— white  nialesi 
107,073;  white  females,  98,771 ;  total,  205,844 ;  and  of  colored  males' 
55,4o5;  colored  females,  61,234;  total,  116,689.  The  average  attend- 
ance during  the  same  time  was,  for  whites,  134,108;  for  colored,  68,992 
Average  length  of  school  terms,  for  whites,  1 1 .85 ;  colored,  1 1 .81 .  Aver- 
age  salary  of  teachers— white  males,  $25.80;  white  females,  §22.95- 
colored  males,  $22.72  ;  colored  females,  $20  36. 

The  value  of  public  school  propertv  in  J890,  for  whites  was  SOI*? - 
303.51 ;  for  colored,  $240,402.60.  The  number  of  public  school-house's 
in  the  same  year  was,  for  whites,  3,973  ;  for  colored,  1,820.  Number  of 
schools  taught  in  same  period,  for  whites,  4,508;  colored,  2,327.  Num- 
ber of  school  districts,  for  whites,  4,893;  for  colored,  2,289.  And  the 
statistics  of  the  Normal  Schools  for  1890,  for  the  colored  race,  show  an 
attendance  at  Fayetleville  of  145,  at  Salisbury  of  119,  at  Franklinton 
of  275,  at  Plymouth  of  123,  and  at  Goldsboro  of  115-an  increase  over 
the  previous  year  of  58. 

For  the  fiscal  year  ending  November  30, 1890,  there  had  been  levied 
for  school  purposes  on  white  polls  $229,994.32,  and  on  colored  polls 
$90,420.  On  general  property  there  had  been  levied  on  the  whites 
$283,953.31,  and  on  colored  $8,735.34. 


78 


HAND-BOOK    OP   NOUTH   CAROLINA. 


U.0  cont'nbuUon    „      f  ,u,  po     of^?        I  "T'"',''''  "'  ""  '^''o'-    I" 

of  the  public  school,  tlw.  St,    7  '"'"°"  '"  '"'*'  '■'"■  "'^  Ix-^'elit 

liavo  been  about  sVr.oi  ^""*  ^'"'"  "'"*  '""d  '  "^  IS(i8 

stie  cSLriitul::'^:^;:,^;::: -•'!:^f^^  '^«-e  or  .be 

of  the  Govenior  sLoiiwfJZ  ,      r  ""^  I^d"cat.o„,  consisting 

of  the  system  of  public  schools      ]!  "    /^'^^^^^^^^' '«  ^he  heml 

Hnd  County  SupeintondenThp  r     \T;'?      '''  bounty  Board 

elected  hy  L  (in.I  -^s  .^1'^::;^:^^:;:  Z;t.:[r  B  '"T 
Jn  conjunction  with  the  Commissioners  and  AF.n    f        "  ■'^"'"'^' 

intondent.     The  nonnal  syste      w^s  X'^^^^^^^  '''f  ^^-,  ^"P-- 

well  as  for  the  colored  peonlc  nnd  pT.)  f    ^  .       '  ^'''  ^^'^  "'^"^es  as 

for  the  forn.or  and  fi  '"  thV  Itef  T^"  ^1  "'^  """  "^'^'^^'^^^^ 
superceded  the  white  normal  silll^  exc  tTh -It '""'"?  ^^^'^  ^"^« 
is  provided  bv  the  University      The  fivp  ^  "'"^  ^^epartment 

still  continued.  ^"  '  ^''  ''"^"''^^  "°'"'"^^1  «ehools  are 

^s  made  in  the  schools  of  the  Croatan  Tndl;;^^  P.  'n"'  ^^P^"'*^^'^" 

are  detached  t..n.  both  the  whit^^li'^oC;  s^^"  '^""^^''  "''^' 

HIGHER   EDUCATION. 

THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  PARni  iWA       T'     i       ., 

•^eIs^3  ot  ^orth  Carolina,  by  a  Board  of  Cor- 


JIIOHER    RDl'CATION. 


79 


is — white, 
7,947,  tl)e 
'liole.  In 
contribute 
than  ono- 
rala,  as  if 

of  profi- 
le benefit 

from  the 
(1  sciiools  ' 
■     There 
m.     The 
nee  1808 

■e  of  the 
•nsistinor 
oy  Gen- 
he  Ijead 
Y  lioard 
3se  men 
?  Bonn], 
'  Super- 
hites  as 
blished 
em  has 
I'tment 
ols  are 

ools  of 
pubh'e 
I  ration 
which 


J  Con- 

ilso  of 
screed 
'  Cor- 


porators selected  from  among  the  most  earnest  and  intelligent  fi  iends 
of  education,  to  be  located  at  a  jioint  to  be  selected  from  among  those 
suggested  as  the  most  eligible  in  the  counties  of  Wake,  Franklin  War- 
ren, Orange,  Granville,  Chatham  and  Johnston.  The  [.lace  called  New 
Hope  Chapel  Hill,  in  the  county  of  Orange,  was  acce{)ted-J,180  acres 
ol  suitable  territory  having  been  offered  bv  the  citizens  of  that  vicinity  • 
and  here  the  village  of  Chapel  Jfill  was  laid  off,  the  first  lots  sold  and 
the  corner-stone  of  the  ol<l  Kast  building  was  laid  on  the  12th  day  of 
December,  1793,  and  the  institution  was  opened  in  1795. 

The  institution  has  now  approached  the  loftv  elevation  ori-inallv 
des.gned-that  of  a  University-having  passed  beyond  the  confined 
hmits  of  a  college  with  its  limited  curriculum.     It  now  gives  in^truc 
lion   not  only  in  the  foruier  prescribed  coin-e,  but  has  expanded  into 
the  addition  of  all  the  liberal  and  scientific  branches.     'Jhe  course  of 
study  embraces  political  and  social  science,  historv,  Knglish    (Jreek 
Latin,  modern   languages,  mental  and   moral   sciJnce,  mathematics' 
engineering,  chemistry,  natural  philosophy,  biology,  mineralogy  and 
geology.     There  are  also  special  schools  for  law  and  medicine      Five 
special  courses  of  study  leading  to  .legrees  are  arrange.l  for  the  benefit 
of  those  who  <lesire  tiiorough  general  education.     Special  short  courses 
may  be  adopted  in  connection  with  preparation  for  the  study  of  medi 
cine,  for   business,  agriculture,  teaching,   law   or  journalism       Free 
instruction  is  given  in  all  departments  to  graduates  of  other  collen-es 
and  universities.  '^  ' 

'J^he  Faculty  was  a  full  one  at  the  Commencement,  .June   18<)->  con 
sisting  of  George  Taylor  Winston,  LL.  I).,  President  and  Profes'sor  of 
iolitical  and  Social  Science;  Kemp  Plummer  Battle,  LL  D    Professor 
of  History ;  Francis  Preston  Amenable,  Ph.  ]).,  Professor  of  Ge'neral  and 
Analytical  Chemistry;  Joseph  Au,stin  Holmes,  B.  S.,  Professor  of  Geol 
ogy  and  Mineralogy;  John  Manning,  LL.  I) ,  Professor  of  Law  Thom-is 

W  !r'  n  ,?•'  ^  t'  ^\^'f'''''  ''  ^^^"g^i«^'  J^-V-unge  and  Literatur'e; 
\\a  ter  Dallam  loy.  Professor  of  Modern  Languages;  Eben  Alexander 
irofcssor  of  Greek  Language  and  Literature;  William  Cain  C  F    Pro' 
fessor  of  Mathematics  and  Engineering;  Kichard  Henry  Whiteliead 
M.  D,  Brofessor  of  Anatomy,  Physiology  and  Mate.ia  Medica;  Henrv 
Horace  Williams,  A.  M.,  B.  D.,  Professor  of  Mental  and  Moral  Science- 
Henry  Van  Peters  Wilson,  Ph.  I).,  Professor  of  Biology;  Karl  Pomerov' 
Harrison,  A.  M.,  Professor  of  Latin  Language  and  Literature ;  and  tl.; 
following  instructors  and  assistants:  Ifunter  Lee  Harris,  B  S    insfruc 
tor  lu  Mineralogy  and  Geology;  Howard  Burton  Shaw    A  B    B  F 
instructor  itx  Mathematics  and  Drawing:  Charles  Baskerv'ille  assistant 


.Y-*"*" 


80 


HAND-HOOK   OP   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


in  CIuMiiicnl  Laboratory;  Howard  A.  Banks,  A.  H.,  instructor  in  Kng- 
lidli ;  Arthur  J.  Edwards,  assislant  in  (Jlieniical  Laboratory;  Thomas 
R.  Foust,  assistant  in  Plivsical  Laboratory. 

The  University  is  sustained  by  an  annual  appropriation  by  the  State 
of  $20,000:  by  the  animal  cliarge,  $77.50  per  capita  for  tuition,  and  is 
aided  by  the  Deems  J*\ind,  which  is  designed  to  assist  needy  students 
by  loans;  by  the  Francis  Jones  >Smith  Fund,  the  income  of  which  is 
a{)plied  to  the  education  of  such  students  as  the  Faculty  may  desig- 
nate; by  the  B.  F.  Moore  scholarship,  by  the  Cameron  schohirship,  by 
the  Alumni  scluilarshij),  and  by  the  Mary  Ann  Smith  scholarships. 

Free  tuition  is  also  oll'ered  to  candidates  for  the  ministry,  to  the  sons 
of  mini?^te^s,  to  young  men  under  bodily  infirmity,  and  to  young  men 
prej)iiring  to  teach. 

DENOMINATIONAL  COLLEGES. 


» ' 


The  leading  denominations  of  North  Carolina,  in  their  desire  and 
{)urpose  to  give  special  advantages  to  their  young  men  preparing  to 
engage  in  the  ministry,  by  cqui[»ping  them  with  all  the  advantages  of 
education,  more  within  the  limits  of  denominational  lines  than  else- 
where attainable,  made  early  efforts  to  establish  colleges  under  their 
own  control.  Thus  Wake  Forest  College,  Davidson  College  and  Trinity 
College  came  successively  into  existence,  the  educational  representa- 
tions respectively  of  the  l^aptist,  the  Presbyterian  and  the  Methodist 
denominations. 

WAKE  FOREST  COLLEGE  was  chartered, at  the  session  of  the  General 
Assembly  of  1833.  A  tract  of  land  containing  ()15  acres,  twelve  miles 
north  of  Raleigh,  at  the  point  now  known  as  Wake  Forest,  was  pur- 
chased, and  the  erection  of  buildings  begun,  and  the  institution  opened 
on  the  first  i\[onday  of  February,  1834. 

The  system  first  adoj)ted,  which  was  that  of  manual  labor,  associated 
with  the  ordinary  college  curriculum,  was  soon  abandoned  as  imprac- 
ticable and  unproductive  of  satisfactory  results,  and  tlie  collegiate  sys- 
tem only  retained.  Laboring  under  the  embarrassments  of  debt  in  tho 
early  years  of  its  existence,  it  was  at  length  relieved  in  1849.  Since 
that  period,  by  the  earnest  and  liberal  zeal  of  prominent  members  of 
the  Baptist  church,  an  endowment  fund  has  been  accumulated,  now 
amounting  to  $194,000.  In  the  number,  excellence  and  eleg;ince  of 
the  college  buildings,  Wake  Forest  is  the  equal  of  any  like  institution 
in  the  country. 


uctor  ill  Eng- 
tory ;  Tlionms 

in  by  the  State 
tuition,  and  is 
oedy  students 
e  of  which  is 
by  nuiy  desig- 
:;holMrship,  by 
liohirships. 
ry,  to  the  sons 
to  young  men 


iir  desire  and 
1  preparing  to 
advantages  of 
les  than  elso- 
s  under  their 
je  and  Trinity 
al  representa- 
:,he  Methodist 

■  the  General 
,  twelve  miles 
rest,  was  pur- 
tution  opened 

.)or,  associated 
ed  as  imprac- 
collegiate  sys- 
of  debt  in  tho 
1849.  Since 
it  members  of 
mulated,  now 
d  elegJince  of 
ke  institution 


liEXIIMINATKISAI,  l.'or.t.KclES. 


81 


nmo  ,„   h,,„    ,.ry  „„„,}•  pronniK.nt  ■„.•„,  not  only  in  ll,o  ,,ulml,  Iml  i, 

I  ho  |.,K.nlt.v  now  con,,i»l,  .,r  ,■.  |.;,  Tnylor,  M.  Lit.,  D.I,     IV,"/;"!' 
rrolo.,,or  Moral  |.|,ilo,o|,l,y  an.l  Poliuoul  .Scionco;  W  I).  lUv , 

mat,  .,W.  Wall    M.  A.,  I,.|,.,  |.,,,,„,„,  „f  j,.,    |.^| 

M    T     P:-      ■  ^^■.\-""'""-  !'■   -^  .   I'rofojso,'  or  f„uin;   J.   K   I,„„„e„„ 
M.  A    1  VoWor  l'l,y.,i,,„„,l  A|,,,Ii,.,l  .Xr„tl,on,„ti,.,    K.  ,i   M,.S' 
A»s„l„,ul.,.ofo,or  of  M.,ti,.,„,„.,...,;  .,.  ,u;«,.lylo,  M.  A  ,  A.^^i     ,   (  P    .' 
feo,.  of  I  „ngn„go,;  T.  S.  «,„.i„klo,  li.  S.,  Director  of  1-  y.c.  I,  , 
II,,'  i,nn,l>cT  of  stndpiits  18Ul-'2  ivii.s  211.  ","1,0. 

,Mi„iste,-3  rcccivo  freo  luilio,,.     All  those  of  thoi,- das.,  who  have  I,c,.,> 
.censed  to  la.acl,  a,„l  aro  nnable  to  co„,n,a„,l  ,!,„  „,oa,,s     '     .,  Tt 
defray  the  co.st  of  l,oar,l.  „,„y  roceivo  aid  for  tl,i.,  |,„r,,„s    f  a    ■  , « 

Boar,   of   ..d„c.at,„n  of  ,l,„  Ma,„ist  Sla.o  Conv..,, ,,  L  fa  -a.s  ,1,!     .,.    " 

may  bo  at  ,.s  d,spo.,al.     An.ong  tl,o  othor  ai.U  to  i,  digont  vo    ,       ."^ 
;.tl,e     Uostwick  r.„,n  Fn„d,"  erc.tcl  by  M,,  J.  A.  it,.,  vlk  "?  S 

of  $10«  eacb,  12  per  cent,  slock,  in  the  Stan.lanI  Oil  Trnst  .Stock  t  b, 
l,eld  ,„  porpotu.ty,  the  annual  intcvst,  at  pros,  nt  $1,-110  o  ,'s  i  , 
",ak,„g  loans  to  .stn.lcnls  to  pay  thoir  Ini.i.ln  bill.s,    ,  d  ,,;    i,  V  " 

bo  loaned  at  -1  per  cent.,  payable  se,„i-„„n„allv,  o,    icrn,    ,  '    ^,1   ,  i.', , 
M,,  ;:  "st"  ;'"7"""  ■'""'■^'Stn-lonts-  !,„„„  Association,  in         , 
IU.>,ch,  lb77,  lends  nioney  ansing  f,„m  the  intc-cst  of  its  i„vesl,.,l  f,„,d 
to  „,. hgen    yonng  n,en  wishing  to  stn,Iy  in  the  College  ll      ,    ,         1  i 
ropaal  w,tl,  interest  after  the  eon,plelio,,  of  the  course 

DAVIDSON  COLLEGE,  the  P,esbyto,ia„  instiln.ion  ol'  higher  leai^nin. 
may  bo  reganlcd  as  the  legitin,ate,  if  so.ncwhat  rcno  0  s nceo"  fn 
Queen's  Oollego,  o,-  Liberty  Hall,  as  it  was  calie.l  af.er   ioy     rt      n 

1         III,    .  ,  ""^  '""'"  y^"''  "  *''''  "•»»  selected  in  tbc  no,ti, 

ern  part  of  ,\  eck  enb„,g  County,  at  wbi.l,  has  bee,,  called    1  elile,a,t 
an.    geograplncal  centre  of  the  State.     Willian,  Ue  D,      i,on    .son 
of  the  Kevolu,,„„ary  hero,  Gen.  Willian,  Davi.lson,  donated  the  bu  1, 
n.e  s,te  together  with  a  largo  tract  of  land  and  0  her  v  ,1  ,  bio  sift; 
The  ,nst,tut,on  was  named  in  honor  of  General  Davidson  ^ 


82 


H  .M>-Ii001v 


OF   XOKTir   CiROLix, 


Tl.e( 


()!)( 


was 


ffc  waso}ioiied  in  Afarcli,  1837 


gmnted  by  the  J^egisJature  in  1H38 


with  60  students.     A  charter 


Th 


at  first  adopted,  but  aT  at  W'.ko  F  "".  !"«^"«'^"'^1  labor  system  was 
abandoned/  In  185^  Ma  .111  n,,  T  '  p'^'"''^'^  "  '^^'^"''^  «"^'  -^^« 
munificent  bequest  of  $258,000  to  the  Co  L  h,  h  r ''^^  T '''  '^"^ 
existing  financial  trouble  ,  nd  assu  ed  i  7,/  r  .  ''"'"^ ''  '^  "" 
rassnient.     The  ternis  of  the  Ih  ,T        /^^^'/"'■'^  ^''^'^^'^^^  ^^'om  enibar- 

and  only  that ":::[ ^ M t^ '^  trr^r''''"^  ^^^'''^'^^'^' 
to  the  ,„.,>ooe.,.  ...ii ;  „  : : ,.  :;t:;"  °'  ^  "■'"■ "-  -•'"'-■' 

of  «;j,000,  o,„l„„-od  by  t hoPre    ,.:Tc.,      ,  ri  n  '"'"'r"''  «cl.ola,.hip 

Davis  «-l,o:„rsl,i,,  of 'asoo     ,  k™    '       "  ■"r'''''""-^''  "'«  "■  •^■ 

•■•ml  tl,»  Thomas  Brown  schola.shii, of  SI  nm       I  ,   '      *"'"''«'0'' 

MiMieo,-geE.M-ils„„,ofClu;rioVte  ^  ""'"■'•"''"*  '■•■"'■'"g-'  "»d 

vorsitv,     A  no';*^ -vn,li,.,fo  ^.^„        i      ^■         ^  ■ '""'-  '•'"it  the  btate  l.ni- 
j-     .1-  j'u>.  ^lauuaie  course,  leadnur  to  <li<:>  ,1,.,..,        /•  ^r 

Arts,  is  available      Tli..  onuv^.  of       !   "^  ^'""^  ''^  ^^^''^'^^e^'  o^ 

.i^;;......„o,,o:;.or:„::r;:;-;r,:::;rt'-^ 

south  of  the  town  of  Hi..',  p      ,  ^^         ""''''^  ^^""^>''  ^^^'^  "ii!es 

.bo,.  o„o  iuuj;':rn  ■!:«':,  :;:™,;:,,-^"';;;  ij™'™\i'»''™'",  -^ 

the  el.argeof  the  school,  and  H,„        °  >  ,.  „  'f  ""^""^ 

yea,-s  „M.  was  elected  a,  sice,  so  1  I's  ,  n  ,''  I'"  °"'^'  """'«''" 
«"•!  the  na.ne  ohanged  to  "  W  '  I  ,  •'  T' ?.' '''^-'•'"''■'""J 
school  was  l,rou,.ht  .  ,Jc,  S,.,.„  ■       «'■      "^  """  «'""•'"■■  'I'e 

Slate  l,«,,n,o  .^  4LC     „  J       ,  'r,:''","'' ""''  "'^' ^'Overno,- of  the 

«,.eri„.endc„t':ftt;:,nVnt.:i°i  ;;,,^;:''-'',;:;:;"fr;-;i"'' ^^ 

.™l  CollcKc  wa  n,  ea  ,!  °  "';,<^''".''  -"•>  "  <=<-'ti««'le  f.-ora  the  Xor- 
in  sncl,  sJuxd  A  ,  ,"  ,n  T  ""'??  °'  ')»''i«-tion  to  teach 
e..ceof  the  Alethodl     ^         "L  f  I''"  ^  .f  ^'''■■"'  Carolina  Confe,- 

t  I  iinitli,  held  n,  Nilisbuiy  m  1851,  the  connec- 


DENOMINATIONAL   COLLEGES. 


tion  between  tlie  sohool  and  the  Conferen 
Trustees  of  the  College  agreed  that  yc 
try  shouhl   be  educated  without  ch 


ice  was  a 


-dopted,  , 
ege  agreed  that  young  men  preparing  for  th 


iirge.     In   1853  the  charter 


S3 


and  tlie 
e  minis- 


a.nended,  and  tl,e  College  was  authorized  to  confer  degrees,     in  185^ 


th 


e  m 


anngemeiit  of  the  institution  was  tntDsferrcd  to  the  North  C 


..na  Conference  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Clntroh,  Soull,,  and  hv  act 
of  i,e  I.eg,sl„tn,.e  the  College  was  vested  in  the  Conference  with  al  the 
r  1  .;','"   ""t'"''  ,""'"','»■  S-"«l  ■■"  »-l'  cases,  and  the  na.ne 

1^^  ^^ci  ''If ',1    ■'"    '",'"""•'■  ''""^*''"  ''■'■»  '-"-g^  ^"n^™'!  f-" 

pen  led.     l>r.(.,ave„,  „,  that  year,  was  re-elected  President   and  the 

..ext  year  e..crc,ses  were  resumed.     lu  1SS2  l,r.  Craven  died  with  ,1  ,! 

astrous  innuenoe  on  the  fortunes  of  the  institution,  which  fel   s„  low  as 

Of,  eaten  tts  ex.sleuco     Prominent  laynren  catne  to  the  rescue,    nd 

Hs  strong  h  was  renewed,  its  currioulutn  broadened, its  scholastics  and. 
ard  ra.e,  .  and  ,t  took  rank  with  the  other  colleges  of  the  South 

Co  I'li   IVm  '"■■™'-";;"°';"'I.'  "■<•  »■■■''■'■  "f  "'-^  ^oard  of  Trnsteesof  the 
College,  of    he  .North  Carohua  and  of  the  AVestern  North  Carolina 
Conference  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South,  and  of  the  .    .  "' 
Asscnth  y,  amending  the  charter,  the  instilntion  was  ordered  to  be 
removed  to  Durham,  where  mackwell's  Park.  eonsis,ir,g  of  s  ',  1™ 
and  a    al,  acres  of  eligibly  situate.1  land,  was  secured  as'a  site  fbr  tl 
huihhug    and  grouuds.     Eu,eral  douations  made  bv  citizens  of  Dui! 
ha,n,  ,,ud  otner  .nuuificent  aid.  have  enabled  the  mmiagon.ent  to  nr,  - 
eed  soraptdywuh  the  construction  of  the  ..eccssarv  buildinAtlt 
the  session  of  l,sl,2-'3  will  be  opened  at  Durham.    'Phese  bui  d  .t! 
consist  0    the  Main  College,  the  Technological  building    he  Co     J^ 

d'     lict;.''""ir""';  """'"""^  "'"'  '-'"'  '■^■''•'-'-  '■-  "-  "■  °     'V 
an.     olliceis,  allogellier  constituting  a  nia,«s  of  well  constructed  .,nd 

arc  In  c.tur„lly  imposing  edifices.     The  grounds  are  ^eil  1       'o"   :  ' 

the  whole  IS  an  mdependent  municipal  corporation,  with  ils  own  mivor 
commissioners  and  peace  olhcer.  ■     ' 

At  jMusent,  the  institution  has  eleven  chairs  of  instruction  au,l  six 
nsssta.it  mstruetors,  distributed  auiong  the  several  depart,,  e,  of 
n,s  ruet,o„  into  wliieh  the  work  of  ,he  (•ollege  is  divid;.d.  T  le  w„,k 
of  ,nstruct,on  ism^ganued  uuder  the  foIlo,vi,ig  dei.art.nenls  viv  ■  The 
Deparhneut  of  Philosophy  and  Letters;  the  ,4,itii,c  .^ "n  '.t.  t 
Jechiioiogical  Deparlnient;  the  Department  of  ilistory  Politic-  '-i,! 
&oe,a  Science;  the  Tiieological  DeparUnent;  the  Law  ^  , ,;  '■ 
ami  the  Commercial  Depaitiiionl.  '  ' 


84 


HAND-BOOK    OF    NOKTH    CAKOLIXA. 


Among  the  ocher  ^le^.^ij^i;:  /;    ^  t^'Kirt"'       •     u 
mance  County,  on  tlie  linp  of  fl,.  v    ..   ,f     ,  (-oHoRe,  in  Ala- 

sonvillo  Slatio  ,      ut .     ,, ,    •        '^T      V"™''""  ""il™"'!.  "ear  Gib- 
It  is  for  bot      „e       ,;    I  "  1'     "'"'■■'"'  '■■■'  "'"  "'™'i"" '  •l'"-^l'- 

.arge  a„„  w^r:;™! J'  n.^;:^  i;!:;;'":;:,,  ^b, '  ^"7"^"  -^'^ 

cause  of  education.  ^  ^aluable  auxiliary  to  tl 


le 


SECONDARY  INSTRUCTION. 

".S' t  .:::;\r:A::a^^ri;Xb' ■ :  tb"°°'^  --■"'»-  ■■• 

THE  BINGHAM  SCHOOL,  establislied  in  1703  bv  (ho  Kev  Will"        P- 
Juun,  a  native  of  Ireland,  at  I'lttsboro     T  ;  c,  ''"  ^""^■ 

through  throe  ironorations  of  iul  "'"^'  ^'^  ""'^  succession 

pre-eininent  in  th!'  S  u   h     .        'T^T'  ""'  '"'^''^^''  '^^''^  '«"S  been 
Mr.  Bin,.ham   fo    five    n  "I  n^   throughout  the  whole  l^nion 

IlilLsboro.     At  hi    d  eh  '      IS  l^',  ""'""'  '°  ^'"^^^^"^  ^'''^  ^^''^-^  ^^ 

with  a  reputatdr:;;..  t  M^i  ."^  •,:7"^^'  T'  ''  ''''''-^' 
Carolina  and  from  all  the  Sou  L  s  t  f  S  ,'"  ^T'^  ''  """^'^ 
was  removed  to  Oaks  in  Orwe  !'  /  ,  Subsequently  the  School 
by  his  sons  William  and  XtH^^^^^  T  '^''  ''""••^■"^^'  wasassisted 
versity.  On  the  d:r:!f  ^  ^la  1  X;,  "^;  ^^f  ^^  <^^  ^he  Uni- 
to  a  point  near  Arebanesviilo  I'm  f7     "'•^'^''"''  ^''^  ^^^^^'"1  was  removed 

sooniifter  died,  anZ::!;:;^^  t/^- \::rVorf r"  ?^^"^'^^ 

mslitiui,)!!  was  still  condi,rtn,I      t        '  '  .''™""  '  Kobcit,  by  «boin  the 

boon  added,  an  offleer  o  t  "eUni,  sV''  T  ",  '""'""■■^'  ''""'"^'^  ''»^ 
as  con^andant  of  tl  e  adets  Owi:  '',i  7  '""'"S  ^""'  ''<"'•"=') 
of  the  School  build    Ibvtv;, «?      *-•   ^^'"''  t'"'"''''''"  °f  "  l'""i°» 

was  induced  by  fa  t,tie';f,tr;:rt,e's,ST:';'i^ 

Home,     ri  ecou  °   0   in  T    )    '"'  /"  ''''"'•'  "'  ''''"  '>y  J""-  "■ 

™athe„atieai,::-::ti,t:;ri:^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

«ii^  iLriiuies.     J'.ach  course  IS  arranged 


PRIVATE   SCHOOLS   AND   COLLEGES. 


incidentals,  $95 
!U2.50. 
lent. 

-ollego,  in  Ala- 
road,  near  Gib- 
ristian  (,'liu'-eh. 
equipped  with 
luxiliary  to  the 


85 


preparatory  in 

as,  in  a  large 

ducation.     At 

Villiam  Bing- 
iis  succession 
has  long  been 
ivholo  Union. 
?ssor  of  Latin 
liis  School  at 
lis  eldest  son, 
at  Ilillslioro, 
rts  of  Xoith 
y  the  School 
I  was  assisted 
i  of  the  Uni- 
vas  removed 
m  Bingham 
•y  whom  the 
-•lassical  and 
feature  has 
?cn  detailed 
if  a  portion 
rt  Bingham 
ville,  where 

'  James  II. 
le  classical, 
is  arranged 


for  four  years  1  he  classical  course  embraces  the  studies  in  the  schools 
0  J.atm  Greek,  Mathematics,  English  (Jrammar  and  Rhetoric,  Geogra- 
phy  and  li.story.  The  Scientific  and  English  course  embraces  Math- 
emat.cs,  Natural  Science,  Metaphysics,  English  Grammar  and  Rhetoric. 
Geography,  History.  ' 

French,  German  and  Bookkeeping  are  elective  studies.  •  The  School 
IS  strictly  n.ilitary  in  its  organization  and  merit 

THE  DAVIS  SCHOOL  is  a  cla.ssical  and  military  School,  established  at 
LaGnmge,  Lenoir  County,  in  JSOl,  by  Col.  A.  C.  Davis.  It  soon  com- 
manded  extensive  patronage  and  acquired  wide  celebrity.  In  manv 
respects  It  is  modelle:!  after  the  Bingham  School,  but  adopting  at  its 
founda  ion  the  military  feature.  Causes  not  necessarv  to  refer  to,  sug. 
gested  the  wisdom  of  the  removal  of  the  institution  to;ome  other  point. 
Lhg.be  places  with  liberal  offers  by  citizens  were  made,  and  Winstou 
was  se  ected,  land  acquu'ed,  commodious  buildings  erected,  and  in  1890 
the  School  transferred  to  the  new  location  where  it  prospers  bevond 
anticipation,  the  cadets  numbering  annually  about  225 

PRIVATE  SCHOOLS  AND  COLLEGES. 

Many  institutions  in  Xorth  Carolina,  ranked  in  the' reports  of  the 
Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  under  the  above  title,  have  merit 
sufficient  to  advance  tliem  into  the  class  of  colleges,  but,  being  placed 
under  the  supervision  of  the  public  school  authorities,  can  be  considered 
only  as  they  are  above  entitled.  There  are  so  many  of  them  that  they 
can  only  here  be  referred  to  biiefly. 

Among  them  are  Holt's  School,  Graham  College  and  Oakdale  Acad- 
eniy,  all  at  Burlington,  Alamance  County,  all  for  both  sexes,  for  whites, 
and  \adkin  Academy,  for  colored,  at  Mebanesville;  WeaverviUe  Col- 
k-ge,  \Vea^^rvllle  Buncombe  County,  for  whiles  and  for  both  sexes; 
Ravenscrof  ]Iigh  School,  Asheville,  whites,  male;  Rutherford  Col- 
ego,  near  (  onnelly's  Spring.,  liurke  County,  whites,  male;  Catawba 
College,  .Newton,  Catawba  County,  whites,  both  sexes;  Concordia  Col- 
k>gx^  Connor  Catawba  County,  whites,  both  sexes:  Thompson  School 
Sder  City,  Cha.luun  County,  whites,  both  sexes;  Ilayesville  Ahile  and 

lenaeCollege,!  ayc.ville,ClayCVa,nty, whites;  Colored  I'resbvteri^^ 
Schoo,Layetteville,  Cumberland  County,  both  sexes:  Warsaw  lU^h 
Schoo  ,  Uarsaw,  Duplin  County,  whites,  both  sexes;  Woodward  High 
bd.oo,  Durham,  Durham    County,  colored,   both   sexes;    Louisburg 
lunale  Academy,  Louisburg,  Franklin  County,  whites:  Gaston  Colk-e 
Dallas,  Gas:on  County,  whites,  female;  Jligh  Classical  School,  Oxford' 


86 


HAND-BOOK  OP  XonTlt  CAROLINA. 


G  anvil  e  County,  colore,!,  boti,  sexes;  Oak  Ridge  School,  Oak  Ridgo 
.u,  lord  County,  wh,t.«,  both  sexes;  (Juilfonl  College,  (iui  ford  CounW 
lutes,  bo  i,  sexes;  High  l-oint  Fe„,ale  College,  Ilig  ,  Poi,,     r  °^fod' 
County,  vvlutes;  Liberty  Aeaderny,  Liberty,  K„;,d„lt,l,     ,    ,^v        u  , 
boll,  sexes;  Leaksv.lle  High  Sebool,  Leaksville,  K„ ekin.Hw,    CW  ' 
«•  intes,  both  sexes;  Knoehville  High  School,  Rowan     "o     t  •  ^  u  V 
both  sexes;  Monroe  High  .School.  .Monroe,  Union  Countv      lUe,  bo  h 
exes;  Ktt  rell  Normal  and  Industrial  School.  Kittrell,  Vaee  County 
colore.1,  both  sexes;  Skyhn„l  Institute,  Blowing  Kock  w't^ZlcZnZ' 
.  ntes,  both  sexes;  Moravian  Falls  Acadcn.y    Wi'lk;  V  2,         fs' 
both  sexes;  >ahunta  Academy,  riukney,  Wayne  County,  whUes,  Wh 

HIGHER  FEMALE  EDUCATION. 
Tiie  State  of  North  Caroli.ni,  while  acting  promptiv   thou..h  not 

unlj  r.cently  has  the  sovereign  conscience  been  awakened  thron.rh 
the  pe.s,sta,t  energies  of  the  Soperinlendent  of  Public  ltd, 
Ma  0   S.  M.  t„,gcr,a„d  the  Norn,al  and  In.lustrial  School  eslab  shed 
at  Creensboro    or  the  education  of  fen.alcs  in  the  special  branches 
d  s,gnated  .n  the  charter.    The  care  of  female  e.lueition,  th      t" 
dc  olved  iu>on  ,n,l,vidual  or  doominational  interest  in  the  intellectual 
volfare  and  traniing  of  that  sex  upon  wl.onr  so  unavoidably      pl^ 
be  con,plex,on  ol  society,  of  its  morals,  its  manners,  its  habits,  and  a 
iHunan  Ins  ory  dlustrates  in  innumerable  instances  of  its  inte  lecl.n 
culture  and  ,ts  ultimalo  useful  tendencies  and  resulls  "^"''^"'•" 

To  tins  individual  and  deno.rn-national  solicitude  is  due  the  existence 
0    the  female  schools  and  acadennes  which  have  trained  and  refined 
^     generafons  of  w.ves  and  mothers,  taking  their  places  in  the  s     a 
o.Id,  a.hhng  new  lustre  to  their  sex,  adoriung  their  homes  with  all 
hat  mak<.s  home  happy,  refined  an.I  useful,  and  giving  perennial  illn 
.•al.on  of  the  innuenee  of  the  wife  and  tbe'nK,th«.  up°o,      "  I  '  ." 

the  an,e  and  the  fortunes  of  the  husband,  the  sou  and  the  broth  r 
Ibe  first  of  the  public  female  schools  to  be  named  is- 
THE  SALEM  FEMALE  ACADEMY,  founded  by  the  Moravians  in  1802.    There 
ad  been  private  schools  in  the  State  so  excellent  as  to  have  drawn  o 

scHbed  ;r;i'\'°'"  "*""  '""'^  "^  "■«  «"""•  '■"»  "-  bono  „  "be 
asc,  bed  to  the  Moravians  of  having  locate.l  the  first  institution  of  a 
pubhc  nature,  and  which  now.  after  the  lapse  of  ninety  yeat,  grows! 


JIIGIIER    FKMALK    EIHX'ATIOX. 


87 


!,  Oak  Ridge, 
Ifonl  County, 
'int,  Guilford 
•uuty,  wiiites, 
bam  Counlv, 
uiity,  whites, 
whites,  both 
nice  County, 
uiga  County, 
mty,  wliites, 
whites,  botli 


llioufi^li  not 
ition  to  [)ro- 
no  practical 
nale  youth, 
cd,  through 
Instruction, 
established 
il  branches 
,  therefore, 
intellectual 
ily  depends 
jits,  and,  as 
intellectual 

e  existence 
nd  refined 
I  the  social 
38  with  all 
inial  illus- 
character, 
)rother. 


Th( 


)-.  J  nere 
!  drawn  to 
)r  must  be 
ution  of  a 
it-s,  grows, 


I 


rather  than  loses,  in  usefulne?s  and  reputation,  for  it  draws  to  it  annual 
recruits  from  all  and  the  most  distant  of  the  Southern  and  Western 
States,  to  fill  the  places  of  those  sent  forth  to  illustrate  the  solidity  and 
the  S[)lendor  of  their  mental  and  social  equipment. 

The  school  is  regularly  graded  with  a  four-years  mathematical  course, 
with  most  thorough  cultivation  in  music,  painting,  drawing  and  needle- 
work. A  commercial  course  is  also  provided.  The  corps  of  instructors 
is  from  twenty-six  to  thirty.  The  whole  number  of  alumme  is  betweert 
six  thousand  and  seven  thousand. 

For  many  years  it  was  the  only  institution  of  wide  repute  in  the 
South  for  female  education.  Tts  pupils,  therefore,  have  been  Avell  rep* 
resented  in  the  leading  families  in  the  South.  A  large  number  of  these 
alumnie  became  teachers  and  heads  of  seminaries  and  academies,  with 
the  best  and  most  useful  influences  upon  the  subjects  of  their  train- 
ing- 

The  buildings  and  accommodations  of  this  school  are  elegant  and 
commodious. 

ST.  MARY'S  SCHOOL,  at  Kaleigh,  occupies  the  buildings  and  grounds 
once  used  by  the  E])iscopal  School  For  Boys.  They  were  applied  to 
their  present  uses  in  May,  1842,  when  the  Rev.  Aldert  Smedes  founded 
the  present  St.  Mary's  Schoo',  under  the  auspices  of  the  Episcopal 
Church  in  North  Carolina.  'i"he  exerci.ses  have  been  maintained  con- 
tinuously ever  since,  the  son  of  the  founder,  the  Rev.  IJennett  Smedes, 
succeeding  to  the  control  on  the  death  of  his  father.  The  patronage 
is  from  this  State  and  many  of  the  other  Southern  States.  The  course 
of  education  is  ample,  embracing  all  the  substantial  branches,  as  well 
as  the  ornamental,  to  the  extremest  point  of  culture.  The  course  is 
arranged  for  five  yea  is. 

PEACE  INSTITUTE  is  situated  in  the  city  of  Raleigh,  in  grounds 
containing  eight  acres,  and  the  main  building,  which  cost  !?40,000,  is 
probably  the  largest  and  one  of  the  best  school  buildings  in  the  State. 
The  Institute  is  the  outgrowth  of  prominent  men  in  the  North  Carolina 
Synod  of  the  Presbyterian  Churcli  to  establish  at  the  State  capital  a 
school  for  young  ladies,  to  be  of  high  grade.  When  the  stejis  were 
taken  to  establish  such  school,  William  Peace,  of  Ralejgh,  headed  the 
subscription  with  $10,000,  and,  in  recognition  of  his  generosity,  the 
Institute  was  honored  with  his  name  The  l)uildings  were  erected 
before  the  war,  but  before  being  used  as  «  .  ohool  they  were  taken  jjosses- 
sion  of  by  the  Confederate  Government  and,  during  the  war,  used  as  a 
hospital.  After  the  war,  in  1872,  Peace  Institute  was  leased  by  the 
Rev.  Dr.  Burwell,  I).  D.,  and  his  son,  John  P,  P>ur\vel],  and  continued 


88 


IIAND-HOOK    OF    NORTH    CAROLIXA. 


.H..ler  ,l,e  ,.,a„.go,r,.„t  of  fether  „,„l  .„„  „„til  rooontlv,  wl,o„  it  .,mo 

;::;;,':e,;!;;;.;;;;;;.'"^""""" "'  '"■■  '"-"''^'  ^"'"  ^-^-o  p-pent; 

Tl,e  average  annual  ei,roII,„eiit  is  abuut  two  l.undred,  repiesentinir 
la.go  ,„„nber  of  S„„,he,-„  .Stale.  Its  course  of  instrue  i„  e  X  J 
e  l.llou„,g  ,le,,ar„„e„ts;  Coilegiale,  Xor.nal,  Primarv,  Ki^  ie"^; e  , 

'';:;:■•  i;;";,'/«::t,-r'^^ """-'"  "'»■■»«"--  «..;.■.„  anrnri'j 

.        GREENSBORO  FEMALE  COLLEGE  occupies  a  flue  brick  building  i„  ..  fine 
..a tura   park  o(  forty  acres  iu  a  pleasant  part  of  Careen    1     i 
W  lbo,hst  ,ns„tul,on,  .be  original  sugge.sion  of  the  Trustees  o    the 

J.I.iMo,,    u,urcl,,a.«kuig  ibat  a  female  collfge  under  tlieir  au.nice. 

ron       ,    s    ,     ,'  ""'  '^"™'"'"  <;■'"■'■'''■"■«■  ol'tained  a  ebarler 

r  d        X,;',?    "«'f.""'™-  ,T'"«  ""^  '1-  fi-t  f-n,ale  college  cl,  r- 

teied  n,  .V,rll,  Carohna,  and  the  first  .soutb  of  tbe  Potomac  exee  t 

f..udcnls  under  tbe  presi.lenc.y  of  Ibe  Rev.  .Sobanon  Lea,  succ  cTcd 

Ibc  be».     bas.  b.  Deems,  and  tbe  Kev.  T.  Jl.  Jones.     Tbe  .school  buib' 
ing  was  desl,-oyed  by  lire  in  1S03,  and  not  rebuilt  until  1871 
"l.™cvl  u,  1«73  under  tbe  presidency  of  tbe  liev  T,  M  Jo  ,t  -ui  e  n' 
""»"'  ""J";  !■"..  "ith  great  success  until  the  period  of  I  is  St'l    wld    i 
occurred  ,n  ISSi.,  when  be  was  succeeded  be  [he  liev.  P.  L         '„" 
A  i.rcparalory  course  and  a  collegiate  coiu-.se  reouii-b, ,  f,',,,,.  *,     '    • 

UomloO  to  200,  representing  several  Soutliern  and  Western  Lu 

THE  CHOWAN  BAPTIST  FEMALE  INSTITUTE    is    locUed     nt     A    n-f,      T 
Jlerfford  Cnnniv-      n  1  ..       ,  luutaii    at    .Murtreosboro, 

Jlti  10  d  (  oun  X.     It  ha,  very  ii„e  buildings,  situated  on  InVhIv  orn. 
onfed  g,.und,  containing  twenty-eight  a^.es.     This  instii^n  o    " 
ated  n.    he  purpose  of  the  Hertie  Union  Meeling  (Baptist)     X^fL 
the  counfes  ot  Xorthn.npton,  Bertie  and  Jlertlbrd   to  estVl   is    in        "^ 
midst  a  high  .school  for  crirjc  .,,„]  „      i      i        ,  ,!       ^'^^'i^^''^'^  "i  their 

Murfrees,,™.  anli  ..e'Xtb':;      ,   ' «    v  t'!     I'.'e'l.ir/Tir'  i'' 
of  South  ('..roliua,  and  a  graduate  of  M'ake  F^f C^  as        hIu  ' 
ibe  prospcDty  of  Ibe  institution  was  so  ranid   nnd  .v!        T 
demanded  tbe  erection  of  large  build  nss     nd  InTsM  ."^   ? 

cmnpany  took  eba,go  of  tbe  scl.ool,  se,:^^:!:  siti'nVe:';::::  ' 
»  large  ami  bandsonre  brick  building.     Tbe  value  of  tbe  i.roperty  is 


IIIGHKII    FKMALK    KDUCATION. 


89 


vhcn  it  came 
id  pros{)erity 

representing 

on  embraces 

indergarten, 

any  i'emalo 

^g  in  a  fine 
oro.     It  is  a 
stees  of  tiie 
le  Methodist 
iir  auspices, 
North  Caro- 
:.'li  the  same 
I  a  charter 
dlege  cliar- 
nac,  except 
vas  opened 

succeeded, 
l'ipj),J).I), 
liool  build- 
n.  It  was 
s,  and  con- 
:'ath,  which 
I^ixon. 
Lir  3-ears  is 
f  pupils  is 

States, 
rfreosboro, 
?h]y  orna- 
ition  oriiri- 
embracing 
ih  in  their 
ovidcd  at 
^IcDowell, 
president, 
larked    as 
3int  s!ock 
;omp]eted 
operty  is 


now  estimated  nt  $")0,000.  The  funds  were  cliicfly  contributed  by  the 
Chowan  Association.  With  its  greater  facilities,  tiie  institution  was 
soon  filled  with  young  ladies  from  most  of  the  Southern  States,  and 
some  from  tiie  Nor  h.  It  has  had  successively  as  its  presidents.  Dr. 
McDowell,  Kev.  William  Hooper,  D.I).,  LL.D.,  Rev.  Mr.  Forney,  and 
again  Dr.  McDowell,  who  returned  to  the  presidency  in  1SU2,  and  died 
in  1881,  to  be  succeeded  by  I'rof.  John  1).  Brewt  r,  the  present  president. 
In  the  College  there  are  two  departments,  the  })reparatory,  requiring 
two  years  for  completion,  and  the  collegiate,  four  years.  In  the  latter 
the  course  is  as  full  and  satisfactory  as  in  the  other  female  colleges  in 
the  State. 

THE  OXFORD  FEMALE  SEMINARY  is  the  continuation  of  the  Raleigh 
Female  Seminary  (liaptist)  estdblished  in  Ifaleigh  about  1870  by  the 
Rev.  William  Royall,  D.D ,  who,  on  his  transfer  to  Wake  Forest,  was 
succeeded  by  Prof.  F.  1\  Ilobgood,  who  removed  the  institution  to 
Oxford  with  a  corresponding  change  of  name.  It  has  there  fiourished. 
The  school  grounds  comprise  four  acres,  handsomely  laid  out.  The 
course  of  study  comprises  b  dh  a  prei)aratory  and  a  collegiate  depart- 
ment. The  Faculty  consists  of  learned  ins'ructors  in  ample  ibrco  and 
of  high  qualification,  representing  in  thciracquiremcnts  the  University 
of  Virginia,  the  Stuttgart  Conservatory,  the  Cooper  Institute,  and  other 
well  known  institutions. 

THE  ASHEVILLE  FEMALE  COLLEGE  is  a  flourishing  institution,  originally 
established  under  the  auspices  of  the  Ilolston  (Methodist)  College.  It 
possesses  one  of  the  finest  collegiate  buildings  in  Xarth  Carolina,  .situa- 
ted in  a  grove  of  thirteen  acres  in  extent  almost  in  the  centre  of  Ashc- 
ville.  It  has  a  full  corps  of  able  instructors  in  the  preparatory,  collegiate 
and  ornamental  branches,  and  draws  a  large  p  .tronage  from  most  of 
the  Southern  and  Western  States,  together  with  a  large  local  attend- 
ance.    Prof  P..  E.  Atkins  is  at  present  president  of  the  institution 

NORMAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL  SCHOOL  FOR  FEMALES.  The  neglect  by  the 
State  of  its  duties  in  relation  to  female  education  as  a  care  of  the  State, 
as  well  as  that  of  the  males,  was  partially  repaired  at  the  session  of  the 
General  Assembly  at  the  urgent  instance  of  the  Superintendent  of 
Public  Instruction,  S.  M.  Finger,  zealously  suppotted  by  members  of 
the  Legislature  and  endorsed  by  public  sjntiment.  The  act  creiting 
this  institution  authorized  the  existence  of  a  "  Normal  and  Industrial 
School  for  Females,"  for  the  purpose  of  pre|)aring  pupils  for  the  voca- 
tion of  teaching  and  to  equip  them  with  a  practical  induslrial  education 
for  their  future  self-maintenance.  To  secure  the  construction  of  the 
school  at  Greensboro,  tiie  citiz3ns  of  that  {)]ace  made  a  cash  donation 


90 


IIAND-nooK    OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


mmTJn   ""  """'''""  "'  "'"  '^'"'-''"S''  ">  «■!"«'■  ll'o  stale  mldecl 

iv.  o  ruiicn  aiKl   h.  1.  Cray,  of  Kaleuri,  and  others-  l.nf  «),.  „ 
.no„t,oned  alone  „pp,.„r  i„  the  deed  !(    onvv  n  c     Uv'       „d       '' 
an    c„p„,  „u,  bni.:k  Unldin,.  „„ve  been  con^^c    d.  «  :.  ,  ti ^ 

t,on  ,.,  to  be  opened  on  the  2Sth  of  September,  ]«fl2. 
I  lie  school  is  eiulou'er]  hv  tliP  Stofri  ,..;n.  i 

given  $2,0(10  for  this  ye,ir,  will,  ihe  prospeet  of  nmkin.r  „  ,i,„i  . !'  '  ! 
annn.il  and  perniunenl.  "i.iKM.g  „  s,n„,i„r  g,ft 

in  [be '^  T  ""r;,"'","'"'-''""'  i"»tit„tions  for  the  education  of  fe„,„les 

liefore  Ic.nving  the  subject  of  school,  and  colleges  for  the  wbit.s  b„-„f 
reference  w,ll  be  made  to  son.c  of  the  etforts  of  the  F  ie„  1,  or  n  . 'le  / 
<o  .llustrate  the  loyalty  of  their  sect  to  the  cmse  of  c  1    '  io,  ' 

THE  NEW  GARDEN    OR  FRIENDS  BOARDING  SCHOOL   i      IvTr      ,        • 
Guilfo,-<l  Coui,ty,six  miles  "cstof  Greensboro  indi^oL       ,,■?''  '" 
extending  from  that  city  to  Winslo       in  fsiq   h    «T  °'\    "  '■'"'™'"* 
on  its  present  site,  and  L  1834  f  char,      la    gr .  Uel'^ThlT'^r"' 
purchased  a  s„,al,  tract,  contiguous  to  which  Elibclni     editor: 
of  seventy  acres.     Donations  in  money  followed  from  other  Sn,„     ^^ 
liberal  contributions  came  from  Friends  in  En^la""    Tl     tf    ','""' 
opened  in  1837  as  a  mixed  school,  on  the  first  it    tent    five  W    "'1 
uventy.  ve  girls  being  present.    The  institution'  n  w     as    hre  '    ""! 
and  wc  I  equipped  brick  buildings.     Two  cour,,es  of  stu  Iv  t       «T  ,! 
ary  and  SeiciUifie,"  and  the  " C'la-ssical "■  are  provided,  e«b  extend  if 
over  four  years,  and  special  normal  instructiin  is  given       i'domnf 

tl :;"'', on  1 " "° ^»'Ti "" «'""■ «'"- "^  "stabii h  , ', „ : 

than  0,000  boys  and  girls  have  studied  there 

There  are  other  institutions  belonging  to  the  Friends  ,,,,1,.  1,       . 
be  noted  by  name;  liclvidere  Aca.lcmv  IVroidl,?,     „',      ^    '""  '" 
in  ..35;  the  "  Baltiinore  Friends,"  who  i;;ve Tl^     dt^ :C:e 
s;.  I  ools  under  their  direction  ;  and  the  "  Model  Farm  "  entermL  U  , 

to  Is.pioiits.     The  farm  contains  two  hundred  acres  and  is  rdicd 
un.ler  the  charge  of  an  experien,.ed  agriculturist.    The  en,    ■  mi     I  '! 

Ihe  I  i  ladelphia  l.riends  have  established  numerous  schools  in  Ibi, 
S  ate  or  the  benefit  of  the  colored  peofde,  and  the  Friends  of  NwYk 
have  done  the  same  for  both  whites  and  colored.  . 


COLLEGES  FOR  THE  COLORED  PEOPLE. 


91 


e  State  added 
e  donated  by 
It  tlio  names 

0  handsome 

1  tlie  institu- 

roj)riation  of 
y  Fund,  has 
similar  gift 

1  of  females 
in  a  publi- 

wiiites,  brief 
or  Quakers, 
)n. 

Garden,  in 
he  railroad 
was  located 
he  Trustees 
dded  a  gift 
States,  and 
School  was 
e  boys  and 
hree  large 
he  "Liter- 
extending 
plomas  to 
lent,  more 

ly  here  to 

fy>  opened 
^e  or  more 
^ise,  estab- 
ii'e  and  to 
is  placed 
'prisc  Jias 

•Is  in  this 
few  Yoifc 


COLLEGES  FOR  THE  COLORED  PEOPLE. 

In  addition  to  the  number  of  public  schools  for  the  col-'red  race  taught 
in  1890  (2,327  in  all),  and  the  higher  schools  named  above,  there  are  tive 
institutions  of  sucb  elevation  of  aim,  such  extent  of  facilities  and  such 
ampleness  of  equipment  as  to  rank  them  among  the  colleges  of  the 
State.  These  are  Biddle  Institute,at  Charlotte;  Scotia  Seminary,  Con- 
cord; l>ennett  Seminary,  Greensboro;  Livingstone  College,  Salisbury; 
and  Shaw  University,  Raleigh. 

These  institutions  are  none  of  them  within  the  control  of  the  educa- 
tional authorities  of  the  State,  make  no  reports  to  them,  and  are  the 
sole  repositories  of  information  relating  to  their  management  and  con- 
dition. Respectful  application  for  such  information  was  made  to  the 
Presidents  or  officers  in  charge,  that  the  colleges  of  the  colored  people 
might  be  placed  on  equal  footing  in  this  work  with  those  of  the  whites. 
Responses  were  made  from  four  of  these  institutions— Shaw  University, 
at  Raleigh ;  Livingstone  College,  at  Salisbury ;  Scotia  Seminary,  at  Con- 
cord; and  IJiddle  University,  at  Charlotte. 

SHAW  UNIVERSITY  had  its  origin  in  the  interest  of  the  Rev.  IT.  M.  Tup- 
per,  D.  D.,  of  Manson,  Mass.,  who  was  a  private  during  the  war,  and, 
after  the  cessation  of  hostilities,  was  sent  to  Raleigh,  N.  C,  as  a  mis- 
sionary to  the  colored  people,  founding  a  church  and  o[)ening  the 
school  which  gradually  expanded  into  the  now  extensive  and  well 
endowed  Shaw  University.  The  University  owes  its  name  to  the  bene- 
faction of  Hon.  Elijah  Shaw,  of  "Wales,  Mass.,  who  pledged  to  the  aid 
of  Dr.  Tupper's  movement  the  sum  of  $5,000. 

The  property  of  the  late  General  Daniel  M.  Barringer  was  soon  after- 
wards purchased  for  $13,000. 

The  University  is  now  well  established,  with  extensive  grounds,  hand- 
some and  capacious  buildings,  all  of  brick,  with  collegiate  buildings, 
boarding-houses,  chapel,  medical  and  law-school  buildings  and  all  the 
appliances  for  a  University  course. 

There  is  the  Theological  Department,  in  which  young  men  are 
trained  for  the  ministry;  the  Leonard  Medical  School,  with  a  fine 
building  and  a  corps  of  competent  teachers;  the  Law  Department,  and 
the  Female  Department,  provided  with  a  capacious  four-story  brick 
building;  the  whole  with  ample  and  shaded  and  ornamented  grounds, 
giving  token  of  a  very  remarkable  change  in  the  condition  of  the  col- 
ored race.  The  value  of  the  whole  properly  is  estimated  at  $150,000, 
free  from  encumbrance. 


92 


IfAN-D-lJooK   OF    NORTH    CA 


KOLINA. 


lern 
one 
rom 


tlie  Congo.  ^  ^""'^^  "^  Ali-jca  and  tlireo  i' 

As  H  matter  of  interest   tJ.«  <^'.*>i 
follows:  '     ''  Catalogue  for  1891-2  is  Jn.sertcl,  as 

Males...!'.'?"'''"''''''"'' ''^''"•'^'• 


MaloH.. 
Foaiiiles 


N'OK.M.VL  roLnsK. 


Mules... 

SCIKNTIKK!   COriLSI.;, 

Foniulcs 

Mules 

OI..\HSIC.\L  C'OUHSE. 

Mules 

MKDICAL  an-RSE. 

Feaiules /'  ' 

13 
11 

laa 


2;} 


i.AU-  CotHsi.;. 


Males ;';;^^';>^<;V  COUHSK. 

I'^eiiiales 


10 
1 


" 204   I  Mules..    '^"*^"^'^°^<^''^L  couksk 


]H 


43 
10 


01 
1 


Mnios..../^';':;'™f''«'"^o^^- 

FeniuU-s  (Sehool  of 'Dn'^-niak- 

"<g.  Uo.iiestic  Arts,  Cokii,.., 
otc.) *" 

Instniiiicntiil  Miisii;  !.\. 

Total  n,al,.s  not  counted Vwice.".""  005 
■lotul  females  not  counted  twice.   Hi? 

Total. 


13 

11 
46 

191 


V22 
04 


sattcHeui,  1),,.;  i,  i,,;ia:,*;r'^ ' '"°"' ""'""-' 


following  summarj': 


Tl 


>e  liev.  JJ.  J. 
e  patronage  i.s  good,  as  shown  bv  the 


*^ENERAL  SUMMARY 

formal  and  .Scientific  Department 

(^mnunar  .School  Department 

1  iej)aratory  Dej )artment [[[[  _  ^ , ^ 


17 
127 


Boarding  PnpiJs. 
Day  Pupils 


251 

7 


Total. 


Total. 


North  Carolina... 

'South  Carolina .' ' ''"' •'^" 

Georgia 


2m 

SUMMARY  BY  STATES. 


"•gnna 


20 


Florida ^' 


Tennessee 

Alabama 

New  York 

Maryland  . . . . 
Pennsylvania 


258 


!.58 


2 
2 
1 
1 
1 


COIJ.KGKS    FOR   THK   COLORED   PEOPLK. 


93 


tlie  &nutliern 
St  Indies,  one 
h1  til roo  from 

i Inserted,  as 


13 

HSK. 

10 

1 

■ 11 

L'KSE. 

46 

)OI.. 

191 

-iiiiik- 
ikiiig, 

1 33 

64 

vice.  167 
483 

^".  C,  is  an 
lioni  Pres- 
'J'lio  object 
useful  and 
iclies,  and 
liev.  J).  J. 
wn  bv  the 


351 

7 

358 

2 
2 
1 
1 
1 


LIVINGSTONE  COLLEGE  originated  in  the  North  Carolina  Confcronee  of 
the  African  Methodist  Episcopal  Zion  riiurch.  It  began  its  work,  as 
Zion  Wesley  Institute,  in  one  room  of  a  minister's  parsonage  in  Con- 
cord, X.  C,  in  187'J.  In  1881  Kcv.  J.  C.  I'rico  went  to  London  as  n 
delegate  to  the  Ecumenical  Conference,  which  met  in  that  city  in  8ep- 
lomberof  the  same  year.  After  the  adjournment  of  the  Conference, 
Mr.  I'rice  remained  in  Creat  liiitain  about  a  year,  and  during  this  time 
he  raised  ten  thousand  dollars  with  which  the  trustees  of  the  institution 
bought  the  present  site,  consisting  then  of  one  dwelling  and  forty  acres 
of  land.  The  institution  has  had  a  steady  and  successful  growth  ever 
since. 

The  institution  was  originally  chartered  under  the  name  of  Zion 
\\%  sley  College— subsequently  changed  to  Livingstone  College.  Begin- 
ning with  three  teachers  and  tliree  pupils,  there  are  now  twelve  instruc- 
tors and  two  hundred  and  fifty  students  And  the  institution  is  now 
conducted  in  four  large  buildings,  with  fifty  acres  attached,  the  whole 
property,  near  the  town  of  Salisbury,  being  valued  at  §100,000.  Ik\sides 
the  main  building,  there  are  seven  or  eight  cottages  for  the  use  of  the 
instructors.  The  school  is  owned,  taught  and  controlled  by  nc<'-roes. 
The  entire  teaching  force  is  paid  by  the  colored  people  themselves. 

This  institution  is  supported  by  the  African  Methodist  Episcopal 
Zion  Church.  They  appropriate  §0,000  for  its  maintenance  every  year. 
In  addition  to  this  amount,  the  churches  give  $2,000  every  year  as 
Children's  Day  money.  The  students  pay  toward  their  own  support 
about  $4,000  every  year. 

The  Tresident,  the  Kev.  J.  C.  Price,  D.D.,  a  full-blooded  negro,  a  man 
of  fine  ability  and  with  remarkable  gifts  of  oratory,  makes  the  writer 
of  these  pages  the  following  interesting  statement: 

"As  range  of  instruction  we  have  thi-ee  regular  departments— pre- 
pai-atoi-y,  normal  and  classical.  The  last  course  is  also  termed  college 
course,  and  the  pei-son  completing  the  studies  of  this  course,  receives 
the  degree  of  A.  P,.  The  special  work  of  the  normal,  of  course,  is  tlie 
preparation  of  teachers  and  for  others  who  cannot  or  do  not  take  the 
college  course.     Number  of  Faculty  twelve,  including  officers. 

"Our  buildings  ai'e  large  and  commodious.  One  building  is  100x40 
and  four  stories  high,  brick;  another  is  60x40,  four  stories,  brick  ; 
another  is  91  x38,  three  stories,  frame;  another  is  GGx  SO,  two  stories, 
brick.  Students  are  not  admitted  under  twelve.  Of  2o0  students,  200 
are  from  other  towns  and  States.  Last  year  we  had  seventeen  States 
and  seventy-five  towns  and  cities  represented  in  the  institution.  The 
sexes  are  about  equally  divided. 


0-1 


"AN„-„„„K-    ,„„  ,,,„„    ,,„„,,^_^ 


""^"^-"KirH~»"";-^ I 

<'•»«',■.,  ,„i,|  „  „  „,■,;,,'  "  '^""'^SO  ''•""■«,  will,  „  o„n„  „f  ,  ", 

•  -1«  ".0  „„,Kl,t;  „,„,  t,,„  u<,„  e r    ;'"■  "'  "'"^l'  ll.«  mod,,,  ,-,,, 

1  '«i<K'nt  of  tl,e  Univeiviiv  iJVl     1.   '"'""■■""iTand  i\o,,„„l  137    .,.,"' 
ST.  AUSUSTINE  THEoS,    :„^„'*"'-  "^  ''■  ■'^""''"».  1>.D  " 

i^'-'V"  ';"'^'«"  '•■°"' " .  1  "r:r'*r^  ■•-...  ins,;;,,,^,.  ,,„„,. 

";K'lM.nd  occupies  suitable  »,::"^r'"''''-'''  "•  ti.e  viciult/„f 
»  I'TOv.smn  for  the  two  se«s     T  "  ""  "''  '"■''^*'  »''"'  «P"- 

-  .*u.i  tn.i,,iu,.  T,.e'u:::';';r  ,:;:t--;«o..  .3  «ive,!  to  ui:;^ 

™-'-'.-.vie.toai.trit:::a-;;;-;i:,t-:i 


(or.i.iioKs  roil  tifk  coi.ohki)  pkoi-m-; 


05 


''«  institution 
""(I  Stanford, 
vt'inoiotlmn 
^  (o  the  in.sti- 

',   under  (Ihj 
)'>  under  tlio 
ri'ni  Cliureli 
t'«  lar«(.  a, 1,1 
Of  J/('iu;v  ,/. 
•lost  Jihtral 
i>  of  colored 
''ocations  of 
profo3!-ors, 
of  six  jiro- 
'ffiiation  of 

"ll!  (  'lil.Ksj- 

tlie  dtgreo 
o/"  Wcient'o. 
its  ajij)ro. 

lec'hanical 
'i^'s  ciiiefly 

ff''oun(Js. 
fii'ttnonts, 
137.   The 


higlior  ^M-ades  of  industrial  life,  tin;  !.(%dslature  of  North  Carolina,  at 
tho  session  of  1 8!)  1,  enacted  "  that  a  (Jollcgc  of  Agriculture  and  Mt>chan:c 
Arts  be  established  for  the  colored  race,  to  be  located  at  some  eligible 
l)lace  within  tho  Slato,  to  bo  selected  by  the  r.oard  of  Trustees"  chnrge(l 
with  tho  nnmagenient  of  the  institution.  The  corporate  name  is  "The 
Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  for  the  Colored  Race." 

Th(!  selection  of  the  U)cation  was  open  to  tli(>  ollc-rs  t)f  the  various 
connnnnilies  de;tirous  of  ihu  presence  of  the  institutit)n,  and  was  inllu- 
enced,  in  coinu-ction  with  ease  of  access  and  sinular  considerations,  by 
the  most  liberal  oilers  in  land  and  money  lor  tho  erection  of  the  build- 
ings. (Jreensboro  became  the  successful  bidder,  and  tlm  work  of  con- 
Hlru(!tion  is  now  in  f)rogres9. 

The  State  appro|)rintes  annually  out  of  [\h\  public  moneys  i!i«2,oU()  to 
the  su[)port  of  the  school. 


on  cstab- 
s-xes.     It 
i'la,  and 
ide  by  a 
'iiiity  of 
th  sepa- 
>Jogical, 
"cn  are 
Voung 
u.seful 
nd  the 


Reeoff- 
olored 
in  the 


96 


irANn-BOOK    OF    NOKTII    CAROIJNA. 


'<   11 


li! 


DESCRIPTION  OF  COUNTIES. 

The  counties  in  the  State  are  ninety-six  in  number.  Addition  to 
them  has  been  made,  as  demanded  by  the  exigencies  of  increasing  popu- 
lation, by  subdivision  of  the  hirgor  ones,  or  the  combination  of  portions 
of  those  lying  contiguous  to  each  other.  The  limit  of  addition  has  now 
probably  been  reaclicd. 

^  The  counties  have  already  been  named  in  the  statement  of  popula- 
tion. They  will  be  considered  here  alphabetically,  the  descriptions 
being  drawn  from  personal  observation  or  the  most  reliable  authorities; 
and  the  statistics  are  taken  from  the  last  annual  report  of  the  Auditor 
of  the  State,  excepting  such  as  relate  to  industrial  operations,  natural 
resources  and  such  other  topics  as  are  germane  to  those  subjects. 

The  fu'it  to  be  named  is  the  county  of 

ALAMANCE. 

Historically,  this  county  possesses  great  interest.  It  was  the  focus  of 
the  troubles  of  the  R(gulator.-',  and  on  its  foil  was  fought  the  decisive 
battle  between  the  R(«yal  forces  and  those  of  the  rebellious  colonists,  a 
preliminary  to  the  struggle  between  the  <,Vown  and  the  colonies,  to  be 
continued  until  American  Indejiendence  was  secured  by  the  succfss  of 
the  latter.  The  county  was  fornitd  in  1S4S  from  parts  of  Guilford  and 
Orange. 

This  county  is  drained  by  the  upper  waters  of  the  Cape  Fear  River, 
and  one  of  its  principal  tributaries,  the  Jlaw  River,  crosses  it  from  the 
north-western  to  the  south  eastern  corner.  The  soils  of  this  county  are 
largely  fertile  red-clay  loam,«,  with  oak  and  hickory  forests.  Slate  hills, 
which  rise  to  the  elevation  of  low  mountain  chains,  occupy  the  southern 
end  of  the  county,  and  have  oak  and  pine  forests  and  thin,  sandy  loam 
soils.  The  northern  portion  consists  of  alternating  tracts  of  gray  sandy 
loams  and  red  clays.  The  cotton  belt  barely  touches  tiie  southern  edge 
of  the  county.  The  upper  end  is  devoted  to  the  production  of  tobacc^o, 
and  the  whole  of  it  to  grain  crops,  of  which  the  yield  is  large. 

The  manufacturing  facilities  of  the  county  are  very  great,  and,  in 
number  of  cotton-looms  and  .spindles,  Alamance  stands  first  of  all  the 
counties  in  the  State.  There  are  also  gold  deposits,  both  vein  and 
placer,  in  the  middle  and  southern  sections. 

The  North  Carolina  Railroad  runs  through  the  centre  of  the  countv, 
and  has  been  an  important  stimulus  to  its  industries  and  general  pros- 


ES. 

.  Addition  to 
creasing  popu- 
ion  of  portions 
dition  has  now 

ent  of  popula- 
e  descriptions 
)]e  authorities; 
)f  the  Auditor 
itions,  natural 
subjects. 


as  the  focus  of 
it  the  decisive 
us  colonists,  a 
colonies,  to  be 
the  succfss  of 
"Guilford  and 

le  Fear  River, 
:cs  it  from  the 
[lis  county  are 
^  Slate  iiills, 
,'  the  southern 
n,  sandy  loam 
of  gray  sandy 
southern  edge 
on  of  tobacco, 
arge. 

great,  and,  in 
irst  of  all  the 
)th  vein  and 

)f  the  county, 
general  pros- 


DESCRIPTION   OF   COUNTIES. 


97 


perity.  Graham  is  the  county  seat,  with  a  population  of  991.  It  con- 
tains three  cotton  factorips.  Haw  River  town,  the  seat  of  the  Granite 
Cotton  Factory,  contains  317  inhabitants.  Burlington,  formerly  known 
as  Company  Shops,  and  the  location  of  the  railroad  machine-shops,  has 
a  population,  by  census  of  1890,  of  J  ,72G.     Here  are  five  cotton  factories. 

This  county  contains  230,039  acres  of  land,  with  a  valuation  of 
$1,885,543,  and  501  town  lots,  valued  at  .$528,998.  The  leading  prod- 
uct is  tobacco,  the  crop  of  which  in  1889,  by  the  Census  Report  of  1890, 
was  901,922  pounds,  with  a  small  area  in  the  south-east  corner  of  the 
county  in  which  cotton  is  successfully  produced.  Tlie  production  of 
wheat  and  other  grains  is  large,  and  it  is  unsurpassed  for  the  quality 
and  abundance  of  the  fruits  adapted  to  the  climate,  and  is  also  favor- 
able to  the  raising  of  the  domestic  animals.  The  Auditor's  last  report 
shows  the  number  of  these  to  be,  2,581  horses,  815  mules,  G  jacks  and 
jennies,  43  goats,  5,891  cattle,  8,222  hogs,  4,113  sheep. 

The  receipts  from  taxation  from  this  report  gives,  as  the  general  State 
tax,  $9,541  67 ;  for  pensions,  $1,287.28 ;  for  school  purposes,  $10,313.19; 
and  for  county  purposes,  $11,043.01. 

The  population  of  Alamance  by  the  last  census  was,  white',  12,088; 
colored,  5,583;  all  others,  3;  total,  18,271. 


J  til 


ALEXANDER. 

» 

Alexander,  one  of  the  smallest  counties  in  North  CarcHna.lies  south 
of  Wilkes,  and  is  separated  from  it  by  the  chain  of  the  Brushy  Moun- 
tains. A  large  part  of  this  county  is  traversed  or  penetrated  by  spurs 
and  high  ridges  thrown  off  southward  from  that  range,  many  of  which 
rise  to  the  elevation  of  2,000  feet,  and  its  territory  is  drained  southward 
by  the  tributaries  of  the  Catawba.  The  south-eastern  section,  as  well 
as  the  middle,  is  characterized  largely  by  oak  forests,  with  red-clay  soils, 
the  higher  divides  and  ridges  and  spurs  showiig  a  large  admixture  of 
pine  and  chestnut,  and  a  more  open  light-colored  and  sandy  soil.  The 
northern,  western,  and  north-eastern  sections  are  quite  broken  and 
mountainous.  The  culture  of  cotton  has  entered  the  territory  of  this 
county  within  the  last  few  years,  though  its  product  amounts  to  but  a 
few  scores  of  bales.  Tobacco  is  cultivated  to  some  extent  on  the  lighter 
soils,  but  corn  and  wheat  are  the  principal  products.  Tt  has  ample, 
but  undeveloped,  water-power,  and  it  has  iron-ore  beds  of  considerable 
extent,  as  well  as  a  great  variety  of  other  minerals. 

The  county  contains  157,250  acres  of  land.     The  area  in  cultivation 
is  well  adapted  to  all  the  grains,  as  well  as  the  other  products  already 


98 


HAXD-BOOK    OP   XORTH   CAROLINA. 


^f 


'III! 


which  never  fail,  boingsecu  ed  M   LT  f'  ""''  *""^''  ""^  ""P^  "f 
the  Ingher  sides  of  that  ra  1  of  1       f  ""='  "^  "  ""='■"»•  l"="  "l°"g 
«l.o„.,,  the  following  to  be  t,     rmt,  ord"     "^^    '"'^  ^"'"'"^'^  «^P°rt 
880  home,,  : ,022  „,ules,  44   acks  „' d  ,»~ "r™"'' '"  "'"  ™"»'y  : 
2,WS  sheep.  '       '""''  ""''  J""""^*.  *.204  eattle,  7,402  hogs, 

Aliis  county  conffliii«  l-^Toro 
»o!.0.780.        ^       ""'"  '•"■-■'O  »"-'•''  °f  '.-".d,  with  a  valuation  of 

The  receipts  for  taxation  are,  for  gener.l  ^,„„ 
fof  ponsrcis,  $SS7.W;  schools   S3  ufo  f         P'"'P°»«''.  «'2,4-fi.'J3  ; 

The  population  of  Alexa  det  iv  fh '      '^  ""'""^  '"«''  «5.007.83 
8.558;  colored,  8J2;  all  otl^'l^^ot^t  0,403""  "'  """  ™^'  "•'"'-' 

ALLEGHANY. 

-uih;'^t2';v;r:^,r  ^tf  z"  r^"^^-'?  ^"■^-'  -<'  ^^  ^<'-"«' 

parallel  and  higher  chain      'si,  e      %   ^"."^  ""''Jle  action  is  a 
into  the  New  and  Kanawl^  Kivers  ti  s  »',^'"u"  "'''""'  """'""'■•l 
ties,  constituting  the  New  RiveJ  ^''t       '      u    ""'  '"'^  f»"°"'i''g  ^oun- 
State  dr,,ined  by  the  Ohio     It  i  i        t  elHl""'  f'''  ""''  •""■'  "'  "^« 
■■arrow,  elevated  fransinontane  nlat™       "T'""''^"'  «-d  of  the  long, 
of  .>ot  less  than  2,800  feet       L  /ore   ,  .       ,    ', ""  "'""'«'  <''''™'i™ 
with  an  adn,ixtur   of  wh  te  n  ne  i'      ,  "'"  "'  '"'''■  '='''='"'"  "'■d  ph.e, 
between  that  and  the  iZlZtZ         ""%  °'  ""^  ^'"'  K'-^S^  "-d 
g.-..y  and  yellow  upland  Tims      VI  ,  "It      '^  f  "^  '"■^  *»  -■»"■»'■ 
H-i  its  principal  tHbutaries  espec'ial    Vi  ,1     R        "'  ""^  ""^^  """" 
t.-acts  of  bottom  lands.    Its  agricnl  ore  ■  '^''."'^,^,"«'.  "--o  considerable 
tio..  of  grains  and  grasses  llTlZ  '"■''""^"^  '«='"'«">  "'«  P'-oduc- 
wi-t  and  rye  are  nU  ZCi:^:^Tl.J^  ''"'""'^  "'  ''™^- 

It  .s  a  region  well  suited  to  the  grasses  and  the  i  ,  . 
farmnig,  , is  elevation  assurin..  a  'emn!.;  1  .  '■■dustry  of  dairy 
winter,  and  exemption  fromVe  tZT  "°' "  ""'^  <="■"■■"«  i^" 
domestic  .-•■.imals  is,  1,555 Lrses  22!  ','"'"?":'■■  '""  ""'"''or  of 
goats,  7,020  cattle,  5,743  koglsTi'sLTr  '  '  '  """  '""'''^''  ' 
IJiis  county  contains  l'^qo7«  r  , 

«355,454,and-a4town'i:ti,':r;:!d:t76:  s'"""'"'"'  ^  ""-"°"  °f 

Keceipts  for  taxation  are  State  S^l  Ai  ^  -q  • 

^2,149.04;  county,  $2  984  73  '  '  P^"«^^»^^' $250.54  ;  schools, 

population  h,  the  ^enn.  of  1890,  white,  4,907;  colore.,  519;  toUl, 


'f  the  Brushy 
,  the  crops  of 
lal  belt  along 
iter's  Report 
I  the  county  : 
'.  7,402  hogs, 

I'aluation  of 

h  *^2,476.<J3  ; 
5>  $5,007.83. 
was,  whites, 


DESCRIPTION   OF   COUNTIES. 


ANSON. 


99 


is  bounded 
section  is  a 
northward 
v'ing  coun- 
^art  of  the 
f  the  long, 
elevation 
and  pine, 
iidge  and 
■  common 
ew  River 
isiderable 
9  produe- 
of  buck- 

of  dairy 
imate  in 
mber  of 
5nnies,  8 

ition  of 

schools, 

';  total, 


Anson  County  lies  on  the  southern  border  of  the  State,  and  is  bounded 
on  the  east  by  the  Pee  Dee  River.     About  one-third  of  its  territory,  in 

the  south-eastern  portion,  belongs  to  the  long-leaf  pine  belt,  with' its 
characteristic  soils  and  forests.     The  north-western  and  northern  sec- 
tions of  the  county  consist  of  slate  soils  (gray,  gravelly  clays),  occupied 
by  forests  of  oak,  short-leaf  piue,  hickory,  dogwood,  etc.     The  river  hills 
near  the  Pee  Dee  have  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam,  becoming  more  red 
and  clayey  on  the  lower  slopes.     There  lies  across  the  middle,  in  a 
north-east  and  south-west  direction,  a  low,  nearly  level  tract,  five  or  six 
miles  wide,  of  brown,  yellow  and  gray  sandy  and  clay  loam  soils 
derived  from  the  clays  and  sandstones  of  the  Trias.     These  lands  are 
naturally  quite  productive,  but  are  much  worn,  and  have  been  devoted 
mainly  to  the  culture  of  cotton,  which  is  the  most  important  industry 
of  the  county,  although  the  corn  crops  are  quite  large.     For  many 
years  cotton  was  the  chief  agricultural  product  of  the  county,  being 
the  largest  producer  in  the  State,  and  the  quality  of  the  staple  ranking 
higher  than  that  of  any  upland  staple  produced  anywhere  in  the  cot- 
ton area  of  the  United  States.     Relatively,  the  product  now  is  less  than 
formerly,  partly  from  deterioration  of  soil,  and  partly  tlirough  the  facili- 
ties afforded  by  the  construction  of  railroads  through  the  county  for 
transportation,  thus  inducing  a  diversity  of  crops  and  indu.stries.'^  By 
the  census  returns  of  18U0  the  crop  of  1889  was  10,822  bales.'  The 
county  is  traversed  from  east  to  west  by  the  Carolina  Central  Railroad 
and  is  connected  with  Cheraw,  S.  C;  on  the  south  by  another  railroad 
of  a  length  of  twenty  miles.     On  the  Carohna  Central  lie  valuable  and 
exhaustless  quarries  of  brown  sandstone  of  superior  quality,  and  largelv 
used  throughout  the  State  for  building  purposes. 

Wadesboro  is  the  county  seat,  on  the  Carolina  Central  Railroad,  and 
at  the  northern  terminus  of  the  Wadesboro  and  Cheraw  Railroad'  It 
has  a  population,  by  the  last  national  census,  of  1,198.  It  is  a  large 
interior  cotton  market,  the  annual  receipts  varying  from  15,000  to  20,000 
bales.  It  has  a  cotton  factory  and  a  silk-mill,  the  only  one  in  the  State 
where  silk  yarns  are  converted  into  thread  for  Northern  silk-weaving 
establishments.  Near  the  town  are  noted  quarries  of  much  valued 
sandstone.  Polkton  has  a  population  of  247,  Lilesville  of  222,  and 
Morven  a  smaller  one. 

The  nature  of  the  soil,  and  also  the  attention  of  the  people  so  largely 
to  the  culture  of  cotton,  have  not  favored  the  increase  of  thfi  do.ne«tic 
animals.  The  number  in  1890  was-horses,  1,055;  mules,l,826-  jacks 
and  jennies,  5;  goats,  56;  hogs,  6,201 ;  sheep,  2,048. 


i 


100 
This 


HAND-BOOK    OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Tins  county  contains  322,008  acres  of  land  valued  -U  ^1  no-  ooq        : 
410  town  lots,  valued  at  ^207  183  "i^'>  valued  at  .?l,09o,993,  and 

«cJSoM::;,t;;r3',r^' ''''"' ^ ''"-''-'  '^^^.ot;  scoo,, 

PoruIaUon-.hitc,  10,237;  colored, 9,700;  „l,„t,,o,,3;  t„,„,,  20,030. 

ASHE. 

the1Ir,e?:r-v-:i;;:/'.::,,rT '■■"•-'"" — <"  ">o  state,  ,.djoi„i„g 

upon  the  sun,„  U      •  ;    '  B      ''pT' '•'  -uth-eastan  edgo  testing 

tln-u.stout  al,n„.t  aero.,  its  entho    e    i,  n-  ^ti^^'^T  "^'"^ 
ponits  an  elevation  of  nearlv  l  0(10  fc„f        •  "?"ciiing  at  various 

3.500  feet  above  tide     I   i,  d'-a  1      '  ^ n?"":  ""  ''™™S^  •''''™"™  °f 
wlneh  meet  in  its  nort,,    ,  ,t  tf"    ™  '^l*^  "^  ^'"^  «--er, 

resemble  tbose  of  Allegl.a       Cou'  t v     .    '"'''•"'''■, ^'"'';  '■""'  "griouUnre 
ii  this  region,  and  rve  and  hnT    '    .  "'"'  '""'»  "'""'  '"'  ■=>"«h 

0.  Allegban,'  and  Vim"  ttmll^  X.r  Zl'l,:  r"  "'^ 

tiot;rtisZ:it:;ii.'::i:"b-r  ^-r'  '^  ->" -"r 

as  poplar,  sugar  maple,  wil  o  v  l^V^"  T^  '"■"'°'=''  ^^  "«" 
constituents  of  the  fores  s  in  n>an  n  aee  Jeff'  T'  ""''°'''""' 
with  a  population  of  413  ■  '  ^"""'  "  ""'  """"^i'  ^'i'. 

lot^icii  «oo  075  '''r'brad::St:„?f ."'  ''''•'">'  -'^  ^«  '-» 

thiseounty  to  paster  „s  w  U ';  '  I  oltr  1''^'"^'  ""''''''""  "' 
the  following  statement  of  .1  e  ,!un  b e.  of  d  "f  "^"-y- ''^  ^''"»  by 
2,500  horses,  384  mules  12    n.U  "' .<>on^<'^i'<'  ammals  in  1890: 

7.4COhogs,  io,60o"heep       ^""''^  ^'"' J-'»-.  «  goats,  12,840  cattle, 

Taxes— State,  $3,297.21- pensions  sj^-^j 7  9Q       i      i  ^- 
$5,534.27.  '^'"''°"-''^^4'-23;  school,  15,160.05;  county, 

Population-whites,  15,033 ;  colored,  595  ;  total,  15,628. 

BEAUFORT. 

the^Pamnl'S  wM^rt  tlUs'^rTf ,"  '""""^■'  ""  '"^'^  ^^"'^^  "^ 
sound  of  the  same  nln^  n-l'o  to  r^-r'  '"r"^"'  '^  ""  "'»  «f  «>« 

wide  projections  or  h;^;:i:;.7t,;ru'r;ttV;i  of  irr^'r; 

on  the  ease  b,  Pungo  Rive,  another  broa< I'l^rPamlL'' Ztd 


DESCRIPTION    OF   COUNTIES. 


101 


whose  waters  also  penetrate  the  county  in  numerous  wide  navigable 
bayous.     A  considerable  proportion  of  the  county  is  occupied  by  swamp 
lands.     In  the  northern  section,  and  across  its  whole  breadth,  lies  the 
western  extremity  of  the  great  intersound  swamp,  which  attains  its 
greatest  elevation  here  of  40  feet  above  tide.     In  this  culminating  swell, 
between  the  Koanoke  and  Pamlico  Kivers,  rise  numerous  tributaries 
of  these  rivers  and  of  the  sounds.     The  central  portion  of  this  part  of 
the  swamp  belongs  to  that  class  of  soils  described  as  "pocoson,"  and  is 
of  very  low  fertility.     Along  the  courses  of  the  streams,  as  they  flow 
out  from  this  swell,  are  consid....ble  marginal  tracts  of  semi-swamp 
and  oak  flats,  which   are  very  productive.     There  are  also  belts  of 
cypress  swamp  near  Pamlico  Kiver  and  the  other  streams  on  both  sides, 
and  south  of  the  swamp,  in  the  middle  as  well  as  along  the  western 
edge  of  the  county,  the  land  is  mr.stly  a  level  piny  woods,  with  a  light 
sandy  soil.     In  the  eastern  portion  of  the  countv,  and  on  both  sides  of 
the  Pamlico  Kiver,  both  along  the  banks  of  this  river  and  of  the  before- 
mentioned  projections,  are  large  tracts  of  oak  flats  and  semi-swamp, 
which  are  among  the  most  productive  soils  of  the  region.     Near  the 
mouth  of  Pungo  River  occurs  one  of  the  largest  prairies  or  natural 
meadows,  Savannns,  in  the  State,  embracing  an  area  of  J, 200  or  1,500 
acres     It  is  treeless  and  fringed  by  short-leaf  pine  and  oak  forests,  and 
has  a  fine,  close,  gray  sandy  soil,  as  impervious  as  clay.     Its  subsoil  is 
of  the  same  character,  but  is  more  clayey,  and  is  of  a  slightlv  vellowish 
color.     Marl  is  found  in  various  parts  of  the  county,  but  is^liUle  used. 
Fishing  is  an  industry  of  considerable  importance.     The  catch  of 
herrings  and  shad  is  second  only  in  importance  to  the  catch  in  the 
Albemarle  section.     Great  quantities  of  these  fish  are  shipped  fresh 
packed  in  ice,  to  the  Northern  markets,  and  are  also  sent  into  the  inte- 
rior of  the  State.     The  same  conditions  exist  in   this  county  as  are 
found  in  other  counties  for  the  raising  of  cattle.     The  Scuppernong 
grape  and  all  of  its  varieties  are  indigenous.     The  celebrated  Meish 
grape,  named  in  honor  of  its  discoverer,  Mr.  Albert  Meish,  a  native  of 
Westphalia,  Germany,  had  its  origin  in  this  county.     The  business  of 
wme-makmg  can  be  carried  on  profitably. 

Beaufort  was  erected  into  a  separate  countv  prior  to  1775,  and  named 
in  honor  of  the  Duke  of  Beaufort,  one  of  the  original  Lord  Proprietors 
of  Carolina.  About  40  mile.s  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  150  miles 
from  Raleigh,  the  capital  of  the  State,  it  is  in  form  nearly  a  quadri- 
lateral, bounded  on  the  north  by  the  counties  of  Martin  and  Washing- 
ton, east  by  Hyde  and  Pamlico,  south  bv  Pamlico  and  Craven  and 
West  bv  Pitt.  '  '  ' 


102 


HAND-BOOK    OF   NORTH   CAROLINA. 


To  those  seeking  a  homo,  th 


ere  is  no  more  important  factor  tha 


Rood  healthy  climate.     In  this  particular  Beaufort  Con 


blest 


ho,  and  t  ,0  thermometer  rises  again  ,„  i„  „.,™„,  average  tfte 
wmter,  wh.ch  ,s  between  SO"  and  05<>  Fahrenheit.    In  the  st  ,n,ne, 
while  we  of  course  l,avo  our  i,ot  days,  as  do  all  other  pi    es  vet  H>e 

hertnometer  seldom  records  a  te.npera.ure  of  over  90=  £l  r  'n he H 

wl^"    ome  froml^  w'  T  ""'  "  T''^"'^  "'  ''^  gontL  b^ez 
wuicn  come  Irom  the  broad  expanse  of  salt  mter  to  the  east  of  u, 

Th    general  average  for  the  summer  nionlhs  is  about  80»  pXnhe   ' 

1  amlioo  E,ver,  a  beautiful  stream,  which  varies  in  wi,lH    f 

quarter  of  a  mile  to  five  .niles,  runs  through  U     eo    u;        „  Tout 

north-west  to  south-east,  and  empties  into  Pamlico  SoL  1  Tea"  the 

eastern  extremity  of  the  county.    This  river  abounds  i     fish  o    t le 

fines  k„,ds,  o  which  more  will  be  said  hereafter.     The  average  depth  of 

the  chaune,  of  the  r.ver  from  its  mouth  to  the  western  line  of  ^be  countv 

.s  about  ten  feet,  and  any  vessel  drawing  not  more  than  8  f  et  loa de/ 

can  eastly  go  to  the  extreme  western  end  of  the  county  bmantof 

the  river.    The  county  is  divided  by  it  nearly  into  equal  pa"  ,  and 

with  us  numerous  tributaries,  serves  a  most  useful  purpose  a    .means' 

of  gettnig  to  market  the  results  of  labor.     Py  meanLf'it  I  ZrJZ 

merce  is  earned  on,  both  by  steam  and  sailing  vessels  with  Zn  T 

othe  north  and  some  foreign  commerce,     ifs  C  s  are    i  'd'"  h 

^u:t:rr'"-  ™"  "^°"  "^  '^'-'"  •>--  "■»  — -  r- 

The  swamp  lands  are  considered  to  be  among  the  best  in  the  world 
bemg  equal  ni  fertility  to  the  bottom  lands  of  the  Nile,  though  unlke' 
then,,  not  depending  upon  an  annual  overflow  for  their  fertilify-  or  the 
Mississippi  bottom  lands,  and,  unlike  them,  not  being  subi    t  t'o  inu^ 
dation.    These  lands  are,  in  all  cases,  found  at  the  head  of  tl     nume  o  3' 
sti-eams,  which  rise  m  the  county  and  feed  Pamlico  and  Pungoffive," 
The  lands  are  higher  than  any  other  lands  in  the  county  and  are 
rfiaped  like  an  immense  plate,  of  which  the  rim  is  the  higlestpa  t 
This  rim  serves  to  keep  a  certain  amount  of  water  in  the  ceiftre   vldeh 
has  led  to  the  term  swamp  lands.    They  are  covered  with  the    or  st 
kmds  of  timber,  including  pine,  cypres.,,  white  cedar  or  juniper  r™ 
some  oak,  maple,  beech  and  poplar.  '     '  ^      ' 


'"WfftffUWIMigga-i 


DESCRIPTION   OF   COUNTIES, 


103 


These  lands  are  nearly  always  very  ^asily  drained,  and  when  drained 
are  the  easiest  lands  cleared  in  the  w, rid— the  first  crop  of  corn  always 
paying  the  expenses  of  clearing,  leaving  the  timber,  which  has  been  cut 
from  the  land,  a  clear  profit.  The  method  of  clearing  the  land  is  to 
cut  it  down  clean  in  the  early  fall  and  let  it  stay  until  spring,  when,' 
during  a  dry  time,  it  is  burned  off  and  corn  planted,  which  will  produce 
fifty  bushels  of  corn  per  acre,  at  a  cost  of  not  over  two  dollars  to  cultivate. 

The  number  of  acres  in  this  county  is  353,3fi3,  valued  at  .$1,130,335." 

The  number  of  live  stock  is— horses,  1,391;  mules,  732;  jacks,  2; 
goats,  285;  cattle,  9,951 ;  hogs,  10,284;  sheep,  4,274. 

Population— white,  11,869;  colored,  9,203;  total,  21.072. 

Taxes-State,  $7,322.47;  pensions,  l|941.31 ;  schools,  $6,033.02  ;  county 
$13,501.23.  ^ 

BERTIE. 

Bertie  County  lies  south  of  Hertford,  in  the  angle  between  Roanoke 
and  Chowan  Kivers,  and  consists,  for  the  most  part,  of  level  piny 
uplands,  having  a  sandy  loam  soil ;  but  the  northern  part  of  it  is  largely 
pine  flats,  having  an  infertile  ash-colored  fine  sandy  soil.  The  south- 
ern part,  near  the  Roanoke  River,  and  along  its  chief  tributary,  the 
Cashie,are  wide  tracts  of  level  oak  and  pine  lands,  which  are  very  pro- 
ductive. The  Roanoke  River,  through  almost  the  whole  length  of  this 
county,  is  bordered  by  a  tract  of  alluvial  lands  from  three  to  six  miles 
wide,  subject  to  annual  overflows,  and  covered  with  heavy  forests  of 
cypress,  maple,  ash,  etc.,  which  are  among  the  most  fertile  of  the  con- 
tinent. In  the  middle  region,  on  and  near  the  Cashie  and  its  tributa- 
ries, arc  considerable  bodies  of  valuable  swamp  and  ,semi-swamp  lands. 
Cotton,  corn,  potatoes,  fish  and  lumber  make  up  the  list  of  industries 
of  this  county.     Marl  is  found  in  the  southern  and  middle  sections.  ■ 

Windsor  is  the  county  seat,  with  a  population  of  522.  Lewiston  has 
a  population  of  373. 

The  number  of  acres  in  this  county  is  374,419,  valued  at  $1,449.34, 
and  283  town  lots,  valued  at  §151,430. 

The  number  of  domestic  animals  is  1,811  horses,  1,044  mules,  3  jacks 
and  jennies,  157  goats,  9,027  cattle,  18,811  hogs,  5,300  sheep. 

The  product  of  taxation  is— general  taxes,  §0,880.25 ;  pension.s,  $977.10- 
schools,  $11,821.81;  county,  $8,050.94. 

Population— white,  7,885;  colored,  11,291 ;  total,  19,170. 


104 


IIAXlJ-noOk:    OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


II 


BLADEN, 
sive  bfrJiPs  of  m,m  o.  1  '^  ^  ^''^  streams  are  oxten- 

aoHi  i     f     ,T'  >  "■^^'-"■'"-■■1'.  l<'g<=H'er  witl,  ,l,e  stronns,  sive  ample 

Ihe  number  of  acres  in  the  county  is  454  91'^  value,]  «V«Tnnr  ooo 
r.nd  ]0l  town  lot.,  valued  at  $28;J7o  «l,00b.929. 

'^'1^0  number  of  domestic  animals  is-horse^  oT-"^-  mules  7^4-  •     i 
2;  goats,  51)5;  cattle,  8,289;  hogs,  20,700;  sheep  V,:^"  '  ''  ''''''' 

ilie   product   of   taxation  is  — general  taxes    ^4()T9nQ 
16^.43;  schools,  85,407.5;;;  count;;  ^1^9^"'  ^''"''''   ^"^"^"^' 

Population-white,  S,046;  colored,  8,117;  total,  16',7(J3. 

BRUNSWICK. 

occupied  1,  .,.e  ,.at  pU'c  tj^'o'::  w^T^  Ciri;: 

nm„y  :™,ect,o„.,  covers  nearly  I,„lf  the  territory  of  tl^eou    ',      T, 
wa,„p  .3  bordered  by  wide  tracts  of  cancbrakes.Ld  co,  larexte.I  1 
areas  of  ,;„,„,  cypress  and  juniper  swamp.s,  whid,  have  be    ,  f,  ■     Tf! 


\t 


DKSf'KIPTlON   OF   (OUN'TIEa, 


105 


1 


century  the  center  of  n  Iiirge  lumber  Irnde.  The  viirious  HtreaiiiH  wliich 
flow  from  tlii.s  swHnip  to  nil  points  of  the  eonij.nss  luu  bordere.l  by  oak 
flats,  tracts  of  semi-swamp,  and  often  by  eanebrakes,  and  in  the  body 
of  it  are  numerous  hummocks  or  ilat  ridges  having  a  silty  soil  and  a 
growlli  of  short-leaf  pino  and  small  oak^.  lietween  the  arms  of  the 
swamp,  on  the  narrow  divides,  and  particularly  in  the  southern  portion 
of  the  county,  near  the  seashore,  are  patches  of  long-leaf  pine  lands 
with  sandy  soils,  and  elsewhere  of  level  piny  woods,  valuable  for  lumber 
and  naval  stores.  Along  the  Ca^e  Fear  are  largo  bodies  of  alluvial 
lands  of  unsurpassed  fertility,  whici  are  among  the  best  rice  soils  in 
this  country.  Waccamaw  Lake  occupies  the  highest  part  of  Green 
«wainp,  and  covers  an  area  of  about  forty  square  miles.  Naval  stores 
und  lumber  are,  of  course,  the  principal  inierest=,  agriculture  being  of 
subordinate  importance  and  limited  mainly  to  the  cultivation  of  rice, 
of  which  its  product  is  more  than  double  that  of  any  other  county  in* 
the  State. 

At  the  mouth  of  the  Cape  Fear  River  lies  the  town  of  Southport, 
once  called  Smithville  in  honor  of  one  of  the  former  Governors  of 
North  Carolina,  whose  name  is  imperishably  associated  with  the  des- 
tinies of  the  University,  but  who  is  forgotten  in  that  spirit  of  innova- 
tion which  neither  reverences  the  [mni  nor  respects  the  present.  This 
port  offers  a  fine  harbor,  used  at  present  as  an  incoming  or  an  outgoing 
stopping  point  for  vessels  inward  or  outward  bound,  in  connection  with 
Wilmington,  and  also  as  a  refuge  for  vessels  in  distress,  now  much 
utilized  by  reason  of  the  increased  depth  of  water  on  the  bar.  It  is 
destined  to  be  a  very  important  coaling  port,  lying  on  the  path  of  both 
north-  and  south-bound  vessels,  to  which  object  great  facilities  will  soon 
be  added  by  the  completion  of  a  road  into  the  interior,  lately  begun, 
and  to  be  connected  with  the  coal-fields.  Southport  is  the  county-seat' 
with  a  population  of  1,207.  ' 

The  number  of  acres  of  land  in  the  county  is  410,055,  valued  at 
$527,400;  and  225  town  lots,  valued  at  $121,505. 

The  number  of  domestic  animals  is -horses,  315;  mules,  199;  goats, 
711;  cattle,  8,279;  hogs,  10,447;  sheep,  593. 

Proceeds  of  taxation-State,  $2,080;  pensions,  $403.93;  school,  S4  801  • 
county,  $2,931.40.  '       ' 

Population— white,  6,139;  colore  1,  4,707  ;  total,  10,900. 


/. 


100 


HAND-BOOK    or    NOHTir   CAROI.INA. 


BUNCOMBE. 


Buncombe  County,  once  so  uinple  in  its  area  as  to  receive,  and  almost 
merit,  the  title  of  the  "State  of  JUineombe,"  is  now  nuich  reduced  in 
extent,  and  is  no  larger  than  many  of  the  counties  of  which  it  is  tho 
parent.  Its  eastern  boundary  Ibllows  the  line  of  the  Jilue  Kidge,  its 
crests  forming  tho  dividing  line  between  McDowell  and  Buncombe. 
Oil  the  west  the  New  Found  range  marks  the  se[)aration  from  Haywood 
County.  Madison  on  the  north,  and  Henderson  on  the  south,  have  no 
natural  boundaries,  the  lines  of  division  being  artificial. 

The  area  of  the  county  is  (520  miles.  The  acreage  is  341,542,  of 
which  00,()02  acres  were  improved  at  the  time  of  tho  census  of  1880. 
Nearly  the  whole  surface  is  susceptible  of  imi)rovement;  for,  though 
the  mountains  predominate  as  natural  features,  there  are  few  without 
deep  soil  to  the  top,  and  much  of  the  best  pasture  land  and  a  large  por- 
tion of  land  now  used  for  the  culture  of  fine  yellow  tobacco  is  mountain 
side  or  mountain  top. 

Buncombe  County  is  bisected  by  the  French  Broad  River,  which, 
rising  in  Transylvania,  pursues  a  course  nearly  north,  and  passes  out 
of  the  State  into  Tennessee  at  Paint  Rock.  It  is  a  stream  of  consider- 
able volume  and  of  surprising  width  for  a  mountain  stream.  At  Ashe- 
ville  it  is  110  yards  wide,  and  little  less  than  that  for  twenty  miles 
above.  Below,  the  character  of  the  stream  changes  and  the  width 
varies.  At  Asheville  the  rapids  begin;  above  that  point  the  cur- 
rent is  gentle,  and  there  is  natural  navigation,  with  some  obstructions 
which  the  National  Government  has  partially  removed  up  to  Brevard, 
in  Transylvania,  a  distance  by  water  of  forty  miles.  The  water-power 
of  the  river  has  not  been  utilized.  Above' Asheville  there  is  none; 
below,  the  narrow  interval  between  the  river  and  the  cliffs  causes 
embarrassment  in  the  location  of  mill-sites.  The  Swannanoa  is  the 
only  other  river  in  the  county  of  any  importance — more  noted  ibr  its 
beauty  than  for  its  usefulness.  Numerous  small  streams  prove  much 
more  useful  in  their  applications  to  mills  and  machinery  than  the 
larger  bodies  of  water. 

The  valleys  of  Buncombe  County  are  narrow  and  limited  in  extent. 
The  general  surface  of  tho  county  is  hilly  rather  than  mountainous, 
offering  facilities  for  agricultural  operations  largely  used,  though  the 
mountains  are  sufficiently  lofty  and  abundantly  numerous  to  give  a 
mountainous  character  to  the  landscape. 


?,  and  almost 
1  rcdnc'Ofl  in 
Ijicli  it  is  tlio 
lie  lii(lg(!,  its 
1  Buncombe. 
Dm  Haywood 
)Utli,  liavo  no 

s  34 1,54  2,  of 
iisns  of  1880. 
;  for,  though 
)  few  wi  til  out 
1  u  largo  por 


)  is  mountain 

3 
; 

iiver,  which, 

<: 
o 

C 

id  passes  out 

; 

z 

of  consider- 

n.     AtAshe- 

"I 

tweiity  miles 

r 

id  the  width 

int   the   cur- 

^ 

5  obstructions 

p  to  Brevard, 

i  : 

f. 

)  water-power 

lere  is  none; 

cliffs  causes 

nanoa  is  the 

noted  for  its 

)  prove  much 

■I 

ery  than  the 

ted  in  extent. 

mountainous, 

1,  though  the 

3us  to  give  a 

\!c- 


DESCRIPTIOX    OF   COUNTIES. 


107 


The  soil  of  Buncombe  is  fairly  fertile,  but  does  not  equal  that  of 
Haywood  or  Transylvania.  But  it  is  sufficiently  productive  in  all  the 
cereals,  the  grasses  and  fruits  of  the  temperate  zone.  Wheat  produces 
an  average  of  ten  bushels  to  the  acre.  Oats  yield  exuberantly;  corn 
thrives  and  produces  from  thirty  to  fifty  bushels  to  the  acre;  clover  and 
all  the  grasses  are  so  well  favored  by  soil  and  climate  as  to  appear 
indigenous.  The  fruits  find  a  congenial  home  here,  especially  the 
apple,  which,  in  size  and  flavor,  and  in  abundant,  healthy  yield,  are 
seldom  equaled.  The  Irish  potato  here  finds  a  ftivoring  soil  and  cli- 
mate, the  yield  being  great  and  of  superior  quality.  All  kinds  of  vege- 
tables grow  with  luxuriance,  and  the  cabbage  is  especially  noticeable 
for  size  and  good  quality. 

The  timber  of  this  county  includes  all  the  varieties  known  in  the 
mountains— oak,  hickory,  walnut,  elm,  beech,  birch,  sycamore,  maple, 
locust,  buckeye,  pine,  the  hemlock,  spruoe  and  others,  with  an  under- 
growth of  chinquepin,  dogwood,  laurel,  kalmia,  azalea  and  other 
shrubby  trees. 

Among  the  products  of  the  county  is  tobacco,  the  one  which  has  most 
largely  and  most  rapidly  added  to  the  profits  of  agriculture.  It  has 
been  cultivated  as  a  general  crop  only  within  the  past  twelve  years,  and 
the  soil  of  the  hills  down  the  French  Broad,  and  back  a  few  miles  from 
the  river,  seem  better  adapted  to  its  culture  than  the  southern  portion 
of  the  county,  where  few  planters  have  attempted  it.  The  quality  pro- 
duced is  almost  altogether  the  bright  yellow,  of  a  quality  that  com- 
mands prices  equal  to  those  obtained  for  the  tobacco  of  the  center  of 
North  Carolina.  The  culture  is  increased  under  growing  demand  and 
convenient  markets,  and  it  has  become  the  money  crop  of  a  greater  part 
of  the  county. 

Buncombe  County  is  traversed  by  three  railroads,  or  rather  by  three 
branches  of  the  same  road,  the  main  stem  of  the  Western  North  Caro- 
lina road  entering  the  county  from  the  mouth  of  the  Swannanoa  Tun- 
nel, and  dividing  at  Ashoville  into  the  Paint  Rock  branch,  which  is 
43  miles  in  length,  and  the  Ducktown  or  Pigeon  River  branch,  finished 
to  Murphy,  a  distance  of  130  miles;  and  by  the  Asheville  and  Spartan- 
burg road  to  Spartanburg,  S.  C,  a  distance  of  70  miles. 

Asheville  is  the  county-seat,  a  city  containing  now  a  population  of 
upwards  of  12,000,  with  ail  the  conveniences  of  a  city,  with  numerous 
fine  hotels  unsurpassed  in  the  South,  electric  and  gas  lighting,  electric 
railways,  waterworks,  sewerage,  improved  streets,  telephone  exchange, 
ice  factories,  etc.  Its  fame  as  a  health  and  pleasure  resort  extends  over 
the  continent. 


■i 


108 


HAND-BOOK    OF    NOimi    CAROLINA. 


Buncombe  County  contains  341  ,(]22  acres  of  land,  valued  at  $2,m  '^OS- 
and  l,8oJ  town  lots,  valued  at  $2,900,712,  the  total  valuation  for  county 
and  town  and  other  property  listed  for  taxation  reaching  17,(524  918 
_    I  he  number  of  domestic  animals  is-horses,  3,382;   mules,  2,320- 
jacks  and  jenmes,  23;  goats,  20;  cattle,  14,231;  hogs,  11,1G1;  sheep,' 

ropulation-white,2S,G40;  colored,  0,(528;  all  others,  11 :  total,  35,200. 

BURKE. 

Burke  County  lies  westward  of  Caldwell  on  both  sides  of  the  Catawba 
luver,  which  traverses  its  middle  section  and  drains  its  entire  lerritorv. 
Its  southern  Hank  lies  upon  the  crests  of  the  South  Mountains,  which 
iiere  reach  an  elevation  of  over  3,000  feet  above  the  sea  an<l  send  olF 
spur,  i„  a  northerly  and  north-easterly  direction  almost  to  the  middle 
ot  the  county.     The  northern  end  is  elevated  upon  two  of  the  niost 
imissive  spurs  of  the  Blue  Pudge,  Linville  and  Table  Kock,  which  here 
rise  to  an  elevation  of  nearly  4,000  feet;  and  from  this  are  thrust  out 
mimerous  long  and  rugged  spurs  and  ridges  in  a  south-easterlv  course. 
A  large  part  of  the  territory  of  this  county,  therefore,  is  mountainous, 
and  the  average  elevation  is  not  less  than  1,300  feet.     In  its  middle 
section  are  considerable  tracts  of  red-clay  soils,  with  forests  prodomi- 
nantly  ot  oak,  hickory,  etc.,  while  the  remainder  of  the  county  is  char- 
acterized  m  this  respect  by  mixed  forest,  of  oak,  pine,  chestnut,  etc,' 
with  white  pine  m  the  mountains  of  the  south  and  north.     The  river 
and  creek  bottoms  are  very  extensive  and  fertile,  and  have  light-colored 
clays,  loams,  and  sandy  soils.     In  the  middle  section,  on  both  sides  of 
the  river,  the  uplands  usually  have  a  red-clay  soil  and  oak  forests     The 
other  parts  of  the  county  have  soils  of  a  lighter  color,  yellowish  to  gray 
loams,  and  forests  of  tlie  usual  mixed  character  of  the  region-oak  pine 
chestnut  sourwood,  dogwood,  etc.     Placer  gold  mines  are  numerous  iu 
the  feouth  Mountains,  and  there  are  several  vein  mines  on  the  north 
side  of  the  county.     Cotton  and  tobacco  have  been  a.lded  to  the  list  of 

rru^'^fj'^^''  ''^^'''"  ''  ^'''''  ^'"'^''^  ^^"^  g''^'"  <0'-'"s  the  chief  crop. 

ihG  diffusion  of  gold  through  this  county  is  remarkable.     It  is  found 
chiefly  on  the  south  side  of  the  line  of  the  Western  North  Carolina    ' 
luaiiroa.l,  and  most  largely  among  the  South  Mountains,  on  its  spur3 
and  among  its  valleys.     The  gold  area  extends   into  the  adjoining 
county  of  Rutherford,  the  placer  workings  of  which  have  been  only 


I>n:SCRIPTION    OF   COl'NTIES. 


109 


surpassed  in  profit  by  those  in  California,  and  at  one  time  tlie  resort  to 
them  was  as  large  and  tumultuous  as  ever  animated  the  immortal 
"  Forty-nine-ers  "  The  quantity  of  gold  taken  here  between  1832  and 
1842  was  so  great,  and  the  needs  of  a  circulating  medium  for  the  con- 
venience of  miners  and  the  country  around,  that  the  General  Govern- 
ment authorized  the  issue,  by  Dr.  Bechtler,  of  Rutherford,  of  gold  pieces 
of  the  denominations  of  $1,  §2.50  and  $5,  pure  gold,  without  alloy ;  and 
BO  great  was  the  trust  reposed  in  the  knowledge  and  the  integrity  of 
the  coiner,  that  the  issue  of  this  private,  unique  mint,  passed  current 
without  question  throughout  the  Union. 

Morganton,  the  county  seat,  is  the  site  of  the  great  and  handsomely 
built  Western  Asylum  for  the  insane;  and  the  Asylum  for  the  Deaf  and 
Dumb  for  the  whites,  having  become  in  danger  of  being  overcrowded 
with  patients  with  the  growth  of  population,  the  Legislature  has  made 
provision  for  the  erection  of  another  institution  at  Morganton  for  the 
same  class  of  unfortunates,  to  be  known  as  "  The  North  Carolina  School 
for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb."  Here  also  is  a  cotton  factory  and  an  exten- 
sive steam  tannery,  one  of  the  largest  and  best  equipped  in  the  South. 
The  population  is  1,557.     Glen  Alpine  has  a  population  of  252. 

There  are  in  Burke  County  370,347  acres  of  land,  valued  at  $780,110, 
in  addition  to  the  value  of  312  town  lots  at  .$14G,977. 

The  number  of  domestic  animals  is— horses,  1,20G;  mules,  1,100  ■ 
jacks  and  jennies,  23 ;  goats,  21 ;  cattle,  0,093 ;  hogs,  8,01 2 ;  sheep,  2,G4g' 

Taxes— State,  $3,012.08;  pensions,  $55?.92';  schools,  $4  995  48- 
county,  $11,500.25.  '        >       ■      > 

Population— white,  12,.'^78;  colored,  2,5GI  ;  total,  14,939. 


i 


CABARRUS. 

Cabarrus  County  is  not  unlike  the  adjacent  counties  in  general  features 
its  topographical  character  being  similar,  and  its  agricultural  products 
the  same.  It  is  drained  ])y  the  upper  waters  of  Rocky  River,  one  of  the 
chief  allluents  of  the  Yadkin,  and  abounds  in  water-courses,  which 
traverse  its  territory  from  north-west  to  south-east,  dividing  it  into  nar- 
row zones  or  flattish  swells,  the  higher  parts  of  which  are  comparatively 
level  and  are  covered  with  a  growth  of  oaks  and  pines  and  have  a  char- 
acteristic gray  to  yellow  loam  soil,  while  along  the  borders  of  the 
streams  there  are  numerous  and  often  extensive  tracts  of  alluvial  bot- 
tom lands,  which,  as  well  as  large  tracts  of  red  clav  and  dark  gravelly 
loam  soils,  are  covered  with  heavy  forests  of  oak,  hickorv,  walntit,  pop- 
lar, maple,  etc.     Along  the  eastern  margin  of  the  county  lies  a  narrow 


110 


HAND-BOOK    OP    NORTH    CAROLINA. 


belt  of  a  few  miles  in  breadth  of  slate  hill-land,  in  the  forests  of  which 
tlie  short-leaf  pine  predominates.  The  soils  of  this  tract  are  much  less 
productive  than  the  average  of  the  county.  Cotton  enters  as  a  large 
element  into  the  agriculture  of  this  county,  and  divides  almost  equally 
the  attention  of  its  population. 

Cabarrus  was  early  famed  for  the  discovery  within  its  territory  of 
the  largest  mass  of  pure  gold  ever  found  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
United  States.  The  search  for  that  metal  was  continued  for  many  years 
with  great  success  by  placer  mining,  and  is  still  continued  in  tliatform 
and  also  by  vein  mining. 

Concord,  the  county  seat,  on  the  Richmond  and  Danville  Railroad, 
is  a  thriving  town  with  a  {jopulation  of  4,330,  and  contains  cotton 
mills  and  other  manufacturing  establishments.  Mount  Pleasant  has  a 
population  of  375. 

The  county  contains  223,034  acres  of  land,  valued  at  $1,505,292,  and 
563  town  lot.s,  valued  at  $284,245. 

The  number  of  domestic  animals  is— horses,  2,129;  mules,  1,001; 
jacks  and  jennies,  11 ;  goats,  33 ;  cattle,  0,370 ;  hogs,  8,230;  sheep,  2,710, 

Taxes  produce  for  State  purposes,  $8,142.47;  pensions,  $1,105.17; 
schools,  $9,009.43  ;  county  $10,021.75. 

Population— white,  12,803  ;  colored,  5,459  ;  total,  18,142. 

•     CALDWELL.  ..         ' 

Caldwell  County  lies  upon  the  flanks  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  and  extends 
southward  beyond  the  Brushy  Mountains,  a  smaller  and  parallel  range 
2,000  feet  and  more  in  altitude.     It  is  drained  by  the  upper  tributaries 
of  the  Catawba  River  and  of  the  Yadkin,  the  larger  of  which  rise  in  the 
summits  of  the  Blue  Ridge  and  its  culminating  region  in  Grandfather 
Mountain,  which  touches  the  elevation  of  nearly  0,000  feet  above  the 
sea.     This  mountain  throws  off  a  number  of  long,  heavy  spurs  down 
to  the  middle  of  the  county,  and  is  traversed  midway,  in  a  direction 
parallel  to  the  other  two  chains,  by  the  Warrior  Mountains,  so  that  its 
surface  is  for  the  most  part  quite  broken  and. rugged;  but  the  different 
chains  are  separated  by  extensive  open  valleys,  and  there  is  a  great  area 
of  river  and  creek  bottoms.     The  lands  in  the  middle  and  southern 
sections  generally  have  a  red-clay  or  yellow  sandy  loaiii  soil  of  more 
than  medium  fertility,  while  its  higher  regions  on  the  ridges  and  spurs 
of  the  mountains  are  frequently  slaty  ledges,  with  gray  sandy  and 
gravelly  soils  of  medium  to  low  quality.     Its  forests  are  predominantly 
of  oak  in  the  middle  section,  and  of  pine  and  o"k  in  the  southern  and 


is  of  which 

5  much  less 

as  a  large 

ost  equally 

erritory  of 
:)art  of  the 
nany  years 
1  that  form 

)  Railroad, 
lins  cotton 
isant  has  a 

35,292,  and 

les,  l,f;01; 
leep,  2,710. 

$1,105.17; 


id  extends 
illel  range 
tributaries 
rise  in  the 
:'and  father 
above  the 
)urs  down 
L  direction 
so  that  its 
B  different 
great  area 
southern 
il  of  more 
and  spurs 
andy  and 
)minantly 
thern  and 


J 


[)KSCI{IPTION    OF    COINTIKS. 


Ill 


nortlu-rti— that  is,  in  the  more  mountiiinous  regions,  while,  in  the  latter 
section,  white  pine,  hemlock  and  chestnut  constitute  a  considerable  ele- 
ment of  the  forest  growth.  The  chief  cr.^ps  are  grain,  but  tobacco  cul- 
ture has  been  recently  introduced,  and  for  a  few  years  past  a  few  bales 
of  cotton  have  been  raised  in  an  ex{)erimental  way. 

Through  the  northern  part  of  this  county  run  tlie  Yadkin  Jliver  and 
some  of  its  upper  tributaries,  along  which  lie  that  beautiful  system  of 
broad  and  fertile  valleys  which  so  early  in  the  history  of  this"  secti(,n 
of  the  .State  attracted  settlement,  the  immigration  being  markcul  by  the 
preponderance  of  brave,  energetic;  men,  able  to  secure  th(;ir  hold  against 
the  resistance  of  the  Indians,  as  well  as  to  subdue  the  forces  of  nature, 
resulting  in  that  lengthened  period  of  repose  and  the  reduction  of  the 
valleys  to  that  finish  of  culture  and  stage  of  refinement  which  they 
now  present  to  the  eye.  The  A^illey  of  the  Yadkin  is  conspicuous 
through  Its  entire  length  for  its  beauty,  fertility  and  [.roductiveness. 

Lenoir  is  the  county  seat,  a  pretty  village  of  (;75  people,  and  long 
noted  as  an  educational  centre.  It  is  the  terminus  of  the  ( Chester  and 
Lenoir  Narrow  Gauge  Railroad,  connecting  at  Hickory  with  the  Western 
North  Carolina  Railroad. 

The  number  of  acres  of  land  is  :334,271,  valued  at  $853,278;  and  20", 
town  lots,  valued  at  $76,343. 

'l~he  numberof  domestic  animals  is— horses,  1,208;  mules  972-  jacks 
aiul  jennies,  30;  eattle,  (i,804;  goats,  10;  hogs,  10,080;  sheep,  3,224. 

Taxation  yields-for  State  purposes,  $3,015.30;  pensions,' $578  15  • 
schools,  $4,270;  county  purpo.ses,  $4,53(5.40. 

Population— while,  10,737;  colored,  1,501;  total.  12,318. 


CAMDEN. 

Camden  County  is  a  long  narrow  strip  of  territorv,  parallel  to  Cur- 
rituck. Northwestward  it  reaches  the  Dismal  Swamp,  and  southward 
Albemarle  Sound,  and  lies  between  two  of  its  projecting  arms,  Pa.squo- 
tank  River  and  North  River.  The  northern  and  larger  portion  of  this 
county  belongs  to  the  descrif.tion  of  semiswamp  or  oak  Hats,  and  along 
the  mam  rivers,  and  frequently  for  a  mile  or  two  from  their  margins 
are  gum  and  cypress  swani{)s.  At  a  distance  from  the  streams  the.se 
lands,  as  in  the  i)receding  county,  are  characterized  by  a  heavy  growth 
of  oak,  hickory,  short-leaf  pine,  etc.  The  middle  portion  of  the  south- 
ern end  of  this  county,  along  the  divide  between  its  two  bounding 
water-courses,  has  a  narrow  zone  of  sandy  loam  soil,  with  long-leaf  j,ine 
forests.     The  main  crops  are  corn  and  cotton,  with  some  small  grains; 


1 


112 


HA\I»-BOOK    OK    XOllTII    (.'AKOLINA. 


li 


but  hshing  and  truck-farn>ing  are  also  among  the  connnon  an.l  profit- 
able in.hKstnes.a.ul  s.v.ral  thousand  bushels  of  flax-seed  are  annually 

IndTmil  ""''  ""  ""''  '^  ^^"■'''  '^' ''''  ^^""^'  «^^'"'"'^  ^^--^ 

The  county  contains  118,235  acres  of  land.,  valued  at  $830,444;  and 
05  town  lots,  valued  at  $21,155. 

The  nuniber  of  domestic  animals  is-horses,  034;  mules  297-  jacks 
2;  goats,  27;  hogs,  7,705;  cattle,  3,208;  sheep,  1,328  -•^''  J"^'^^' 

«o/'T''r,Jr.*\"'''~'"'  '^''^'  f'"''^^^'*^''  ^J'^^'-SO;  pensions,  $229.91 ; 
schools,  $3,421.32;  county,  $2,903,15.  * 

.ropulatio-.i-whiie,  3,347 ;  colored,  2,320 ;  total,  5,507. 

CARTERET. 

Carteret  County  occupies  a  long  strip  of  country  south  of  Craven 
County;  and  or   .  aml.co  Sound,  and   is  bounded   southward  by  the 
Atlantic  Ocean.     It  is  traversed  east  and  west  through  the  middle  by  a 
succession  of  swamps  the  largest  of  which,  occupying  its  eastern  pen  n- 
sular  projection,  ,s  called  the  Open  Ground  Prairie  Swamp      This  i^^  a 
peat  swamp,  rpiite  barren  in  its  middle  parts,  but  fringed  around  Us 
•   margin  with  oak  fiats  and  gray  silty  soil.     There  is  also  a  line  of  sand 
islands  (sand  dunes)  along  the  coast,  and  inland,  parallel  to  the  coast 
are  several  ridges  of  long-leaf  pine  sandy  lands.     The  highest  i.art  of 
the  county  is  only  37  feet  above  tide.     Carteret  has  the  advantage  of 
tlie  best  harbor  on  the  coast  of  this  State. 

^  This  county  lies  immediately  on  the  sea  coast ;  its  general  direction 
IS  east  and  west  or  nearly  so.  It  is  protected  from  the  ocean  by  narrow 
strips  of  beach  and  sand  hills,  that  are  known  as  the  banks.  Between 
the^e  banks  are  two  narrow  sounds,  navigable  for  small  vessels,  known 
as  Core  Sound  and  Bogue  Sound.  There  are  several  navigabl^  creeks 
emptying  into  these  sounds,  giving  facilities  to  farmers  for  the  shipment 
of  their  crops.  1  he  soil  is  generally  light  and  sandy,  and  will  produce 
a  1  o  the  cereals  and  cotton,  also  melons  of  very  large  size  and  of  exqui- 
site  flavor;  also  sweet  potatoes,  Irish  potatoes,  and  all  kinds  of  vegeta- 
ble..    The  season  is  very  early,  owing  to  the  proximity  of  the  ocean. 

The  Atlantic  and  .North  Carolina  Railroad  terminates  at  Morehead 
Ci^^  which  lies  immediately  on  Beaufort  harbor;  the  ;yaters  are  of 
sufficien    depth  to  admit  vessels  of  very  large  size.     On  the  bar  there 

Z   Tnll  'l  T  P   T'  "'  T'''  ''^'-     ^"  '^'^  ^^^'^'*.> '  «'^  ^^-  strips  of 
land  calle.1  the  Banks  are  droves  of  wild  hardy  horses,  known  as  bank 

ponies.     These  animals,  though  small,  make  very  efficient  farm  horses 


'IM 


I>KHCHII'TI(»N    OK    COUNTIKS. 

H-reiH  anotlicr  industry,  that  with  suitable  annl 


113 


carriiid  on  very  profitably  bv  tl 


le 


ppliancey,  could  be 
people  of  Carteret  County;  the  indus 


try  .s  wha hng.  At  certain  seasons  these  huge  n.onster.s-  if  the  deen 
v...t  he  sho..s  of  North  Carolina,  and  are  Ljuently  seen  '  1  "^ 
-  oo!s.  Karly  n.  ,he  ei.hte.nth  century,  the  coLt  of  North  r  1  'a 
^^as  a  tan^ous  eru.s.ng ground  tor  the  Xew  England  whaler.  A  /e  K 
-n- says  that  the  whale  fishery  then  carried  on  by  the  New  g- 
|uu  er  on  the  coast  of  North  Carolina  vichled  annually  fron.e  ve  fo 
H.  teen  bun.  red  tons  of  oil,  an.l  that  be  had  seen  thr.^.  whale  shir  It 
one  tinie  m  the  Cape  Fear.  ^ 

Beaufort  is  the  county  s.at,  with  a  population  of  2,815,  includioL^  the 
ownsb.p    and  ^Iorebead  City,  the  tenninus  of  the  Atlantic  an^^.U 
^.a.olnia  Railroad,  has  a  population  cf  1  IK) 

^--Ji.oi.,  and  1,4/8  town  lots,  valued  at  -«;i2n84'> 

NunjlKH- of  domestic  animals-horses,  1,247;  mules,  70;  goals  135- 
cattle,  G,8(;i; ;  l,ogs,  !.,;J0 4  ;  sheep,  2,310.  ^        '         ' 

Taxes   produce   for   State    nnrnn^m    *•)"(!('!--  •  .... , 

schools  ^•— .vn  .         pniposcs,  .>i,.,bb.oo;    pensions,  §34G.4o  ; 

bcnoois,  .>^,/oo.Ul  ;  county  ta.xes,  $3  204  10 

l'ui...l..li„„_wl,it<,8,^2S;  colo,«l,"2,-jn7;  nil  otliors,  1 ;  total,  10,S2o. 

CASWELL. 

Caswell   Co„„l.v  has  a  somewhat  thin  gravelly  soil,  though  with 
cl    l,ott„,„s  aIo„s  Dan  Kivor,  whi.h  hows  along  and  IhnLl    i 
no,  he,.,,  honlor  an,l  along  Country  Line  an.l  Ilyoo  CVeeks     '  'l    fa    ' 

While  g  a,n  c,o|s  occupy  a  coini.arativoly  subordinate  position  and 
no  produced  prn,cipally  along  Iho  river  and  creek  bo  ton  s  wh 
aboun.l  „,  the  n.nthern  and  eastern  sections  of  thiscountv     X  n     1 

rests,  „I„  le  the  hghter  tobacco  soils  occupy  most  of  the  southcrnand 
western  portions,    (.aswell  ranks  third  au.ong  the  tobacco  cou  „ 

It  has  only  a  few  urban  .settlements,  the  population  being  distributed 

com  nodious  houses.     >>  anceyville  is  the  county  .seat,  no^ed  for  its  ele 
gant  court-house.     Its  population  is  small 

an?osp?  ^"T:  ""T'T  "-^^'^^"^  ''''-''  "^  ^^"^^'  ^''-l^^^^l  at  $1,163  076 
and  280  town  lot.s,  valued  at  S11S,G7G  ,i"o,u/o, 

8 


114 


ilAMj-IlOOK    OF    XOIiTir    CAROLIXA. 


ropulation-wliite,  (5,039  ;  colored,  9,38!> ;  total,  1G,02S. 

CATAWBA, 

Catawba  County  lies  on  the  northern  border  of  the  cotton  belt  and 
on  the  n.ar,.n  ot  the  P.edmont  division  of  the  .State.  It  i.s  bounde.l 
northward  and  eastward  by  the  Catawba  River,  and  h«s  it.s  western 
end  on  the  oot-lnlLs  of  the  .South  Mountains.  As  to  its  middle,  south' 
em  and  eastern  part.s,  it  resembles  the  county  of  Ire.lell,  from  which  it 
IS  separated  by  the  Catawba  Hiver.  Ti„-ough  the  mid<ile  region  of  i 
and  HI  a  north-ea.st  and  south-west  direction,  is  a  broad  belt  of  oak  and 
Hkoy  lores   wUh  a  red  clay  soil,  while  that  of  the  western  section  is 

flou    nto   he  Catawba,  are  occasionally  bordered  by  considerable  tracts 
ot  alluvial  lands,  at,d  along  the  course  of  the  Catawba  are  extensive 

.  t  oms.  These  and  the  red  lands  of  the  county  are  verv  productive 
In  the  south-eastern  corner,  as  well  as  along  the  north-western  border 
are  mountain  spurs  which  rise  to  an  elevation  of  ],500  feet  and  more 
above  .sea-level.  A  broad  flatfish  plateau  crosses  the  county  in  a  north- 
west and  south-east  direction  between  these  mountain  spurs,  which  for 
the  most  part,  is  characterized  by  .sandy  and  gravelly  loams,  and  its 
oak  forests  are  intermingled  with  much  pine. 

The  culture  of  cotton  has  been  introduced  into  the  county  .since  1870 

Tu  r  :'Tr  '^•'  "'""'''  ''■°''-  ^^'^^  '^^'-Ser  part  of  its  territory  is 
still  devoted  to  grain,  of  which  more  than  half  a  million  bushels  are 
produced.  J  o bacco  has  been  added  to  the  list  of  its  products  within  a 
lew  years  nearly  half  of  the  county  being  well  adapted  to  the  better 
grades  of  this  crop. 

This  county  was  largely  settled  by  immigrants  of  (Jerman  origin 
who  retain  unimpaired,  their  thrift,  industry  and  skill,  both  as  fanners 
and  in  mechanical  industries.  Few  counties  in  the  State  are  better 
cultivated  and  made  more  productive.  It  is  traversed  by  the  western 
divLsion  of  the  Kichmond  and  Danville  Railroad,  and  also  bv  the 
Chester  and  Lenoir  Narrow  (Jauge  Railroad. 

Newton  is  the  county  seat,  with  a  population,  including  the  adjacent 
villages  of  Conover,  with  337,  Maiden  2B4.  and  Newton  1,09(3,  of '3,633. 
Catawba  296,  and  Hickory  2,023.     This  is  the  most  important  business 


DESCIUI'TIOX   OF   CULXTIKS 


115 


town  in  the  county,  containing  a  large  wagon  factory,  wocl-uorks 
good  hotels,  schools,  churches,  Ac.  In  the  county,  eight  miles  1  stan  ' 
are  the  famous  Catawba  Springs.  ^  ""*' 

Domestic  anin.als-horses,  1,!J23;  mules,  1,471  ;  jacks  an,]  jennies 
18;  goats,  GS  ;  cattle,  7,434 ;  hogs,  10,775 ;  sheep,  4,oU 

,..      nl.^'^o*"''"^'^""^"''^^       purposes, $7,4SS;  pensions, $1,023  lO- 
schools,  !$8,3(i3;  county,  $7,f>31. 43.  .«'^,^-o.i^, 

Population-white,  10,073;  colored,  2,G10 ;  total,  18,(>SD. 

CHATHAM. 

Chatham  County  lies  contiguous  to  the  long-leaf  i.ine  belt    anri 
.  eludes  a  small  strip  of  it  along  the  southern  edge.     I    i    dm  Llby 

he  waters  o  the  Cape  Fear  River,  ,he  n.ain  alHuents  of  whi  n  te 
near  Us  south-east  corner.  The  principal  of  these.  Deep  River  ha  o„ 
both  sKles,  extensn-e  bolton.  lands,  covered  with  oak  and  short-1  f  pin" 
forests,  winch  are  very  productive.  A  large  part  of  its  surface  hv 
and  b.oken  especially  near  the  rivers,  and  i!.  the  middle  ad    .. 

astern  sections  these  hills  rise  to  an  elevation  of  from  600  to  7(  0  b et 
above    he  .sea,  attaunng,  in  a  few  cases,  the  elevation  and  desi^nati  , 
of  small  mountau.s.     The  average  elovati„n  is  500  feet.     The  soil    are 
for  the  most  part  those  of  the  oak  uplands,  generally  sand^g    .to 
yellowish  ioams,  alternating  here  and  there  with  belt-  of  red-ch      o  1 

pine  in  I..     With  the  exceptions  noted,  the  forests  consist  mostly  of 
oak,  hickory,  etc.     Along  tho  eastern  n.argin  of  the  coun  v  TslliZ 
^^   tract  of  oak  and  pine  lands,  with  a  gily  day  loam  ::[f  o^i^^S 
ongin.     Only  a  minor  portion  of  Chatham,  in  the  southern  -md  en« 
ern  parts,  is  devoted  to  the  culture  of  cotton,  grain  cropf  o      i;      ,;  L" 
predominant  agricultural  interest.     The  tobtcco  crop  for  18  gfv  » 

-  34o,4(.0  pounds.     Its  facilities  for  manufacturing  are  unsu  pa  sed 
Iwo   argeand  two  other  considerable  rivers  cross  ils  terrrrv  wi,     .' 

^ .: ;:::  ^^i," ''' '-'  -i  '-^^^^^  ^  ^■--  ^^  ^^  4.;^ 

bn    th  .  r;'  .  '''^f:^'VroyK\e  only  meagre  facilities  for  navigat  on 

but  this  defect  IS  supplied  by  the  Raleigh  and  Augusta  Air-Lint  ^i' 
road,  which  passes  through  the  southern  part  of  the  county  an   Vi; 
connects  Rittsboro,  the  county  seat,  by  a  branch  road  of    we  "    n   le 
with    roncure.     The  Cape  Fear  and  Yadkin  Valley  road  n^n    thr     I' 
the  whole  western  end  of  the  county,  and  its  con^ructioi "      ^ 


11(5 


IIAND-noitK    OK    NOUTH    CAIIOMNA. 


luted  the  growtli  ol'  luimeroua  villngos,  such  as  Egypt,  (hilf,  Oie  Hill, 
Silor  City  and  others,  all  of  which  havo  hecoine  ceiitors  of  industrial 
pursuits,  and  also  of  good  schools.  At  Egypt  is  a  coal  mine,  the  most 
extensive  in  the  Slate,  opened  before  the  war,  and  now  again  operated 
with  snceess.  The  coal  is  hituininous.  At  Ore  Hill  is  a  very  valuable 
iron  niine,  worked  during  the  Kcvoiutiouary  war,  and  again  during 
the  late  Civil  war,  and  is  now  to  be  largely  utilized  in  connection  with 
the  steel  works  in  process  of  erection  at  (ireensboro. 

I'ittsboro  is  the  county  seat.  Its  population  was  not  returned  sepa- 
rate from  that  of  the  township.  Combintd,  it  was  bv  the  census  of  1890, 
2,242.     Siler  City  has  2r,4. 

The  total  number  of  acres  in  the  county  is  -1!»S,184,  the  value  of 
which  is  $1aS5(J,857,  and  there  are  VulH  town  lols,  valued  at  §5»l,!)12. 

Of  domestic  animals  there  are  2,7()0  horses,  2,424  mules,  23  jacks  and 
jennies,  859  goats,  14,141  cattle,  20,879  hogs,  l,s,207  sheep. 

Product  of  taxation— State,  $8,048.40;  pensions,  !$ 1, 203.05  ;  schools, 
:f9,()G4.29;  couniy,  !?12,18(;.0:J. 

Population— whitp,  17,214;  colored,  8,199  ;  total,  25,413. 

CHEROKEE. 

Cherokee  County  oc'cu[)ies  the  extreme  western  corner  of  the  State,  of 
which  it  includes  the  whole  breadth,  iit  this  point  less  than  20  miles. 
It  is  bounded  in  j)art  on  the  north  by  the  Smoky  xMountain?,  and 
touches  the  States  of  Tefinc^see  and  Georgia  on  the  west  and  south. 
The  valley  of  the  Valley  River  is  open  and  comparatively  level,  with 
extensive  bottoms  and  bordering  hilly  lands.  This  valley  is  nearly  20 
miles  long  and  from  3  to  5  miles  broad,  and  contains  a  large  propor- 
tion of  fine  agricultural  lands.  Its  agricultun;  is  divided  between  the 
culture  of  grains  and  grasses  and  cattle-raising,  and  mines  of  gold,  iron 
and  soapstono  have  been  open  and  wrought  for  many  years.  The 
iron-ore  deposits  are  of  great  extent,  and  there  is  a  great  variety  of 
colored  marble  on  Valley  and  Nantahala  Rivers  which  needs  only 
means  of  transportation  to  become  valuable. 

The  timbered  land  amounts  to  at  least  twelve-thirteenths  of  the  entire 
area  and  is  covered  generally  with  a  heavy  growth  of  almost  all  the 
varieties  of  the  oak  except  the  live  oak,  interspersed  with  white  and 
scaly  bark  hickory;  tuli[>  or  (poplar)  of  two  varieties,  cucumber  and 
wahoo,  white  ash,  wild  cherry  (black  and  bird  cherry),  black  and  white 
walnut,  black  and  sweet  gum,  red,  white,  mountain  and  ash-leaved 
maples,  persimmon,  dogwood,  chestnut  and  cliincjuapin,  red,  yellow 


nKSCnilTION    OK    COlINTflW. 


117 


and  black  bird),  HassalVn.s,  white,  yellow  and  blaok  pines,  hemlock  (or 
spruce  pine],  linn  or  lime,  snovvdroptn-e  black,  yelh.w  and  honey  locust, 
yellow,  wood  {ClmhiHliH  finrtorm),  crab  apple,  service,  hornbeam  and' 
ironwood,  sycnmoro,  e;c.  Portions  of  Cherokee,  (Iraham.  Swain  and 
Macon  Counties  contain  very  Inrjre  f|uanlitie.s  of  chestnut  oak  as  well  as 
hemlock,  and  can  thus  furnish  the  materials  for  the  larjre.st  tanning 
operations,  as  the  climate  and  waters  are  so  mild  and  pure  as  to  oiler 
great  inducements  in  tliMine  as  soon  as  the  railroa.ls  are  completed 
to  this  section. 

Hesides  the  valley  of  \-alley  JJiver  already  named,  the  valley  of  tho 
Ilniwas-^eo  and  Nottely  Iliveri,  of  Peach  Tree,  lirass  Town  and  other 
creeks,  extend  an  area  of  fertile  and  level  arable  lands  found  to  wider 
extent  than  elsewhere  in  the  mountains,  the  recc'ssion  of  the  Blue  Hidgo 
nito  north  Georgia  permitting  a  large are;i  of  lands,  hillv  but  not  moun- 
tainous, together  with  the  valleys,  olfering  with  favorable  climate  and 
iertde  soil  every  encouragement  to  agricultural  pursuits. 

Jn  minerals  this  county  is  exceedingly  prolific.  (Jold  is  found  in 
numerous  localities  and  has  amply  rewarded  research.  Iron  in  abund- 
ance and  of  superior  (piality  isof  sudi  cpiantity  and  value  as  long  since 
to  have  attracted  industry  and  cai)ilal;  marble  of  all  colors  aii.l  varie- 
ties underlays  many  sections,  and  is  w.uked  to  advantage;  talc  or 
soa])stone  is  found  in  great  abundance  and  of  peculiar  excellence,  and 
the  quarries  in  Nottely  Kiver  have  long  furnished  exhaustless  supplies 
to  a  (Jeorgia  Company.  Manganese  is  found  abundantlv  in  addition 
to  other  minerals. 

The  Western  North  Carolina  Kailroa.l  is  now  completed  to  Murphy 
and  the  North  CJeorgia  and  Marietta  road  connects  that  town  with 
Atlanta.  With  the  addition  of  the.se  facilities  to  access  and  transporta- 
tion, capital  has  already  been  attracted  to  the  count v,  and  the  rich 
res  )iirces  of  tlie  county  i)romi.se  early  development. 

Murphy,  the  county  .seat,  is  reportel  with  a  population  of  803. 

There  are  321,383  acres  of  land  in  the  countv,  valued  at  §871  88-1 
and  207  town  lots,  valued  at  $131,r,21.  '  '       ' 

The   number   of  domestic   animals   is-hor.ses,  1,0",  •  mules   59-> . 
jacks,  11  ;  goats,  34;  cattle,  8,0ry2 ;  hogs,  0,-,l(; ;  sheep,  (}  010 

JlZ^'jf'  °''  t^^'^^^tion-Stute,  .$359.45;  pensions,  §504.47;    schools, 
$3,/85.33;  county,  §8,147,30. 

Populalion-while,  0,055;  color-ed,  321  ;  other's  (Indians),  48;  total, 


I 


r 


118 


HAND-BOOK    OF    NORTH    CAROLINA. 


CHOWAN. 


Chowan  County  lies  in  the  angle  of  the  Chowan  River  and  Albe- 
marle Sound.  Northward  it  consists  of  sandy,  upland  piny  woods, 
except  narrow  tracts  along  the  river  and  some  of  its  tributaries,  where 
cypress  swamps  of  considerable  extent  are  found ;  and  there  are  also 
largo  areas  of  oak  flats.  The  southern  portion  of  the  county,  lying  near 
the  sound  and  south  of  the  Yeopim  River,  is  cliaracterized  bv  a  gray 
clay-loam  soil  and  a  mixed  oak  and  pine  forest  growth,  and  is  for  the 
most  part  very  productive.  Bear  Swamp,  which  crosses  the  count  in 
a  north-east  and  south-west  direction,  is  more  properly  a  semi-swamp 
from  3  to  5  miles  wide,  very  level,  with  a  gray  silty  soil,  and  the  char- 
acteristic growth  of  such  lands  comprises  short-leaf  pine,  oaks,  maple, 
ash,  dogwood,  occasionally  cypress  and  gum,  and  frequently  a  large 
admixture  of  holly,  which  here  attains  the  size  of  oaks  and  furnishes  a 
superior  cabinet  wood.  Its  fisheries  are  among  the  largest  and  most 
profitable  in  the  country.  Being  surrounded  on  three  sides  by  navi- 
gable waters  and  crossed  by  a  line  of  railway,  the  county  has  abundant 
means  of  transportation. 

Th^  Jsheries  referred  to  arc  [.robably  the  largest  and  most  profitable 
in  the  section  devoted  to  that  industry,  lying  along  the  shores  of  Albe- 
marle Sound  and  the  lower  waters  of  Chowan  River.  The  seine  fish- 
eries engage  much  capital  and  numerous  hands;  the  seines,  including 
the  handling  ropes,  are  upwards  of  two  miles  in  length,  and  are  drawn 
nito  the  shore  by  steam  power.  The  fishing  season  begins  in  February 
and  continues  until  early  in  May.  The  principal  catch  is  .shad,  now 
chiefly  packed  in  ice  and  sent  fresh  to  the  Northern  markets  ;  herring, 
caught  in  immense  numbers,  often  from  G0,000  to  100,00U  in  one  haul,' 
largely  shipped  fresh  on  ice,  but  mostly  salted  and  packed  in  barrels,' 
rock  fish,  sturgeon,  perch  and  other  fish. 

Edenton,  the  county  .seat,  is  one  of  the  oldest  towns  in  North  Caro- 
lina, prettily  situated  on  Edenton  Bay,  and  has  the  benefit  of  water  and 
railroad  transportation,  by  the  latter  with  Elizabeth  Citv  and  Norfolk, 
and  by  the  former  with  the  navigation  of  the  sound  and  other  waters 
of  the  State. 

Thesr^  facilities  have  greatly  stimulated  the  business  of  truck  farming, 
to  which  both  soil  and  climate  invite.  The  population  of  Edenton  Fs' 
given  as  2,02;'. 

The  county  contains  i)r),(>;!2  acres  of  land,  valued  at  $40.3,442,  and 
445  town  lots,  valued  at  *2r)0,754. 


DESCRIPTION   OF   COUXTIKS. 


119 


f 


Of  domestic  animals  there  are— horses,  SSI  ;  mules,  454;  goats,  133; 
cattle,  2,457 ;  hogs,  8,U67  ;  sheep,  582. 

Proceeds  of  taxation,  for  State,  $3,103.70 ;  pensions,  $426.77 ;  schools 
$4,578.55  ;  county,  $3,541.85. 

Population— white,  4,010;  colored,  5,157;  total,  9,167. 

CLAY. 

^  The  small  county  of  Clay,  lying  on  the  southern  border,  touches  the 
State  of  Georgia,  and  is  bounded  on  the  east  by  Macon  County,  which 
it  resembles  very  closely  in  all  its  features,  physical  and  agricultural, 
and  in  its  development.  It  is  drained  in  a  westerly  direction  by  the 
Hiwassee  River,  which  takes  its  rise  in  the  Blue  Kidge  in  Georgia.  Its 
eastern  section  lies  upon  the  high  plateau  of  the  upper  Nantahala  River, 
and  on  the  north  lies  the  chain  of  the  Koneteh  Mountains.  A  largo 
part  of  its  territory  is  vny  mountainous.  It  has  fine,  open  valley  lands 
on  the  river  and  its  tributaries.  Its  southern  section  is  hilly, somewhat 
mountainous,  with  fair  agricultural  capabilities.  Both  gold  and  mica 
are  found,  but  have  not  been  mined  on  any  considerable  scale. 

The  county  is  finely  diversified  with  mountains  and  valleys.  Those 
bordering  on  the  Hiwassee,  alternately  broad  and  contracted,  are  very 
fertile;  those  on  the  Tus(juittee  equally  productive,  though  not  so  exten- 
sive. The  broad  rolling  lands  on  the  south  along  the  Brasstown  and 
some  smaller  streams,  and  bounded  on  the  south  by  the  Chestatoe 
and  other  spurs  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  are  well  adapted  to  wheat  and 
other  small  grain.s,  and  to  grass.  The  mountains  along  the  eastern 
and  north-eastern  sides  are  high  and  rugged,  forming  a  laiidscape  of 
great  picturesqueness.  The  soil  throughout  the  county  is  well  adapted 
to  gras',  and  hay  is  cured  in  large  quantities.  The  county  is  well 
adapted  to  stock-raising,  both  with  natural  and  artificial  pasturage,  and 
large  numbers  of  cattle  and  some  horses  and  mules  are  annually  driven 
to  market.  The  lands  are  well  tilled,  and  the  number  of  improved 
implements  for  agriculture  exceeds  that  of  any  county  of  its  size  in  the 
western  section. 

The  county  seat  is  Haysville,  with  a  small  population,  that  of  the 
township  being  1,500. 

The  county  contains  224,251  acres  of  land,  valued  at  $262,418;  and 
58  town  lots,  valued  at  $10,341. 

Of  domestic  animals  there  are-horses,  574  ;  mules,  469;  jacks  and 
jennies,  16;  cattle,  3,892;  hogs  7,032;  sheep,  5,551. 

Products  of  taxation-for  State,  $1,235.1 2;  pensions,  $179.74;  schools 
$1,407.82;  county,  $3,036.86. 

Population— white,  4,055;  colored,  142;  to'al,  4,197. 


120 


lUND-nooK   OK  NOKTH   CAKOI.LVA. 


CLEVELAND. 

Clevelan.l  County  is  situated  on  the  soutl.ein  border  of  the  State 
Its  northern  end  rests  upon  the  summit  of  the  Souih  Mountains,  at  an' 
elevation  of  nearly  3,000  feet  above  sea-level,  and  its  upper  half  belonL^s 
properly  to  the  Piedmont  division.     It  is  drained  by  several  large  tribu- 
taries of  tlie  J'.road  liiver,  which  rise  in  this  ehaiu  and  cross  the  county 
soutlnvanl  iato  South  Carolina.     Its  agricultural  and  topographical 
features  are  very  similar  to  those  of  Catawba  Countv,  to  which  h.  tor- 
ritory  IS  contiguous.     Its  soils  coi  sist  of  alternating  tracts  of  red  or 
reddish  clay  and  gray  and  yellow  gravellv  loams  (chiefly  the  latter) 
and  have  their  corresponding  fortsis  of  oak,  and  of  oak  mingled  with' 
pnie.     This  county  produces  cotton  throughout  its  territorv,  even  up  to 
the  flanks  and  on  the  slopes  of  the  South  Mountain?,  a'l  hough  this 
form  of  agriculture  is  the  growth  of  a  decade,  the  product  having 
increased  twelvefold   in   that  time.     GuM   mining  is  also  a  familiar 
industry,  placers  being  common  in  the  uorib,  and  vein  mines  in  the 
south  end. 

^    The  soil  is  generally  well  adapted  to  grain,  especially  to  wheat,  whicli 
IS  of  fine  quality  and  unusually  productive,  fiftv-two  bushels  to  the  acre 
having  been  reported,  and  thirty  bu,„cls  is  not  uncommon.     Oats  and 
corn  thrive  m  unusual  luxuriance.     Tobacco  proves  well  adai.ted  to 
both  soil  and  climate,  and  the  finer  varieties  are  in  no  w«y  inferior  to 
those  raised  m  the  counties  which  for  generations  have  brought  up  their 
culture  to  the  dignity  of  a  tine  art.     And  this  is  the  result  of  diversi- 
ties in  the  characteristics  of  the  soil,  there  being  found  those  alterna- 
tions from  the  deep  rich  mould  of  the  lowlands,  and  the  lighter  cover- 
ing ot  the  uplands,  not  less  abounding  in  the  elements  of  fertility 
Ihe  surlace  of  the  county  is  undulating,  but  it  is  watered  bv  several 
large  rivers  and  creeks,  among  which  are  the  two  Broad  Risers  ami 
I.ufhilo  C  reek.     Along  these  stretch  large  areas  of  rich  alluvial  bottoms 
unsurpassed  in  fertility.     Among  the  subjects  of  cultivation  to  which 
there  is  every  encouragement  is  that  of  the  grape,  which,  in  the  past 
received  more  attention  than   now.     The  Cleveland  \'inevard  cover.s 
more  than  one  hundred  acres,  an<l  its  fruit  was  once  in  large  demaiul 
in  the  Northern  markets. 

Among  the  minerals  found  in  the  cuintv  is  tin,  found  near  Kind's 

]\[ountain,  of  which  great  ultimate  expfctatiou  is  entertained;  mica^of 
which  some  of  the  largest  pieces  yet  found  have  been  obtaine.C  crJld 
copper,  corundum,  kaolin,  etc.  '  ' 


l>t;scRJPTIo^f  or  counties. 


121 


The  water-power  of  the  county  is  great  and  exhaustless.and  is  applied 
to  several  cotton-mills  and  other  industries.  In  addition  to  the  aid  of 
water-power,  Cleveland  has  the  aid  of  two  important  railroads— the 
Carolina  Central,  bisecting  it  nearly  from  east  to  west,  wiih  its  eastern 
terminus  at  Wilmington ;  and  a  part  of  the  great  Air-Line  system,  con- 
necting with  Norfolk;  and  ihe  ^rhree  C'.-,  connected  on  the  south  with 
Charleston,  with  ultimate  northern  terminus  on  the  Ohio  River,  but  at 
present^complctcd  only  t,)  Marion,  on  the  Western  North  Carolina  Kail- 
road.     These  reads  both  pass  by  Shelby. 

Shelby  is  the  county  .«eat,  finely  situated  on  a  series  of  domedike 
hdls,  and,  in  beauty  of  local  ion  and  elegance  of  construciion,  is  unsur- 
passed by  any  town  of  its  size  in  the  State.  It  is  intersected  by  broad, 
straight  and  shaded  streets,  and  is  adorned  with  a  large,  well-planted 
square,  in  the  center  of  which  is  the  (ourt-house,  on  the  apex  of  the 
series  of  hills,  the  culmination  of  fine  [.respects  commanding  the  sur- 
rounding country  and  the  distant  mountains.  Here  there  are  good 
hotels,  fine  churches,  flourir^hing  schools  and  a.i  industrious  population. 
Two  miles  east  are  the  Cleveland  Springs,  celebrated  for  their  varied 
curative  powers,  their  comfortable  accommodations  and  their  agreeable 
environments.  Shelby  has  a  population,  by  the  census  of  IsOO,  of 
1,304;  Kings  Mountain,  429,  and  a  number  of  other  small  villages' 

The  county  contains  271,957  acres  of  land,  valued  at  $1,030,350;  and 
781  town  lols,  valued  at  $289,920. 

Of  domestic  animals  there  are  1,282  horses,  2,432  mules,  U  jacks  and 
jennies,  23  goats,  0,078  cattle,  8,247  hogs,  3,900  sheep. 

Products  of  taxation-State,  |7,9()J  ;   pensions,  $1,127  14-  schools 
$8,092.50;  county,  $15,851.84. 

Population^white.  17,301 ;  colored,  3,093;  total,  20,394. 


COLUMBUS. 

This  c  )unty  lies  in  the  .south  east  corner  of  the  State  bordering  upon 
South  Carolina.  It  co'itains  a  consideiable  portion  of  upland  piny 
woods.  It  is  penetrated  through  all  its  p;.rts  by  narrow  belts  of  gum 
and  cypres?  swamps  and  considerable  tracts  of  oak  and  pine  Hats.  The 
average  soil  of  its  upland  piny  woods  is  of  moderate  fertility,  well 
adapted  to  the  growth  of  cotton,  but  the  licher  swamp  and  gray-loam 
lands  are  devoted  principally  to  corn.  Brown  Marsh  ai,d  'white 
Marsh  are  two  large  bod:es  of  swamp  in  the  eastern  side  of  the  county, 
and  Gum  Swam[.  and  others  of  less  extent  are  found  in  the  south  and 
west.     The  production  oi'  cotton,  potatoes  and  rice  divides  with  lumber 


I* 


122 


HAND-BOOK    OF   NORTH   CAROLINA. 


an(i  naval  stores  the  interest  of  its  people.     Marl  is  found  in  several 
partsoftjjc  county. 

The  climate  is  mild,  and  from  its  proximitv  to  the  Gulf  stream  has 
some  features  of  the  semi-tropical;  to  such  extent  that  the  sugar  cane 
IS  cultivated  to  small  extent  by  almost  every  family  for  domestic  use 
and  cane  sugar  has  been  successfully  made.  It  is  a  climate  and  soil 
well  suited  to  the  grape,  and  wine  has  long  been  made  on  a  consider- 
able  scale. 

The  marshes  furnish  large  quantities  of  timber,  shingles  and  slaves 
which  are  floated  to  market  through  the  Waccamaw  and  other  streams 
having  their  sources  in  the  county:  or  by  the  railroads  which  traverse 
the  county,  the  Carolina  Central,  the  Wilmington,  Columbia  and 
Augusta  and  the  Wilmington  and  Chadbourne.  In  this  county  is  the 
beautifu  and  extensive  slieet  of  water  known  as  Waccamaw  Lake,  10 
or  12  milts  long,  and  from  G  to  8  wide,  from  10  to  15  feet  deep,  with 
clear  waters,  abounding  in  fish,  and  on  two  of  its  sides  with  clean  sandy 
beach  It  IS  a  frequent  resort  for  pleasure  parties  from  Wilmin-^ton 
and  elsewhere.  " 

Whiteville  is  the  county  seat,  with  a  population  vi  372.     Columbus 
contains  o4..,747  acres  of  land,  valued  at  §891,45)9,  and  277  town  lot'^ 
valued  at  67(),33o. 

Of  domestic  animals   it   contains,   horses,  071;  mules,  614;  goats 
2,019;  cattle,  10,029;  hogs,  30.433;  sheep,  9,350.  ^       " 

«-«r.'no'^'   '^  taxation-State,   ,S4,384;    pensions,   $061.71;    schools. 
^/, 815.09;  county,  $5,505.25. 

Population-white,  11,804;  colored,  0,027;  total,  17,831. 

CRAVEN, 

Craven  is  a  large,  straggling  county,  stretching  00  miles  along  the 
lower  reaches  of  the  Neuse  River,  which  passes  through  its  centre  and 
drains  its  entire  area.  The  physical  description  of  its  territory,  espe- 
cially the  southern  and  eastern  sections,  is  identical  with  that  of  the 
two  preceding  counties.  It  consists  largely  of  swamps,  pocoson  and 
oak  flats,  Ihe  section  lying  north  of  the  Neuse  River  belongs  for  the 
most  part  in  its  agricultural  features  to  the  second  subdivision,  or  long- 
leal  pme  belt,  having  considerable  tracts  of  pine  flats  and  long-leaf 
pine  ridges,  with  a  soil  ofien  very  san.ly  and  unproductive.  Near  its 
upper  margin  it  is  penetrated  by  considerable  tracts  of  swamp  and 
semi-swamp  lands,  which  project  southward  from  Pamlico  River  and 
form  properly  the  western  extension  of  Bay  Rivar  Swamp.     Alona  the 


I 


DESCRIPTION    OF   COUNTIES. 


123 


southern  slioie  of  Neuse  River  the  soil  is  mainly  a  close  gray  loam. 
The  Great  Dover  Pocoson,  occupying  more  than  100  square  miles  in 
its  south-western  angle',  is  elevated  60  feet  above  tide  in  its  central  part, 
and  is  very  flat  and  sterile  for  the  most  part,  but  has  strips  of  oak  and 
pine  flats  radiating  in  all  directions  from  the  centre  along  the  numer- 
ous streams. 

Cr;iven  County  is  interesting  historically,  as  being  one  of  the  original 
Proprietary  counties.  It  was  formed  from  Bath  County,  and  derives 
its  name  from  William,  Earl  Craven,  one  of  the  Lord's  Proprietors. 
It  is  more  interesting,  perhaps,  from  its  having  been  selected  by  the 
Baron  DeGraffenreid  as  the  locality  of  his  Swiss  Colony,  which  was 
planted  here  in  the  early  years  of  the  38th  Century,  the  point  of  settle- 
ment at  the  junction  of  the  Trent  and  Neuse  Rivers,  having  been 
named  after  Bern,  the  principal  city  of  the  Swiss  Canton  from  which 
the  colonists  were  transplanted.  The  colony  did  not  flourish  ;  yet  in 
process  of  time  it  became  the  seat  of  refinement  and  high  intellectual 
culture,  and  some  of  the  leading  men  of  North  Carolina  draw  their 
origin  from  this  place. 

The  city  is  beautifully  situated  at  the  junction  of  Neuse  and  Tient 
Rivers,  tlio  Neuse  forming  its  eastern,  and  the  Trent  its  southern 
boundary;  both  wide  and  beautiful  streams.  The  soil  upon  which  it 
is  built  is  light  and  sandy,  and  gently  slopes  to  the  rivers;  consequently 
the  drainage  is  perfect.  Owing  to  its  situation  at  the  junction  of  two 
wide  rivers,  and  only  28  statute  miles  from  the  ocean,  "the  winters  are 
mild,  and  the  summer  heats  are  greatly  modified  by  the  daily  sea 
breeze  from  the  south-west  and  south-east. 

The  foreign  trade,  once  extensive,  but  confined  chiefly  to  the  AVest 
Indies,  has  almost  ceased  to  exist,  and  is  replaced  by  the  facilities 
afforded  by  the  addition  of  steam  to  the  development  of  interior  water 
ways,  and  by  the  introduction  of  railroads;  and  is  probably  greater 
than  it  was  in  1885,  when  the  following  table  was  published  :  45,000 
bales  cotton,  ;J,000,000  shingles,  0,000,000  feet  of  lumber,  500  tons  cot- 
ton-seed meal,  1,000  gallons  cotton-sef>d  -ii,  200,000  bushels  rough  rice, 
40,000  boxes  canned  goods,  6,100  casks  milled  rice,  3,000  casks  spirits 
turpentine,  8,000,000  wooden  plates,  250,000  bushels  of  corn,  10,000 
barrels  naval  stores,  1,250  tons  fresh  fish,  40,000  barrels  Irish  potatoes, 
70,000  boxes  green  peas,  25,000  boxes  beans,  14,000  packages  vegeta- 
bles, 50,000  melons. 

There  has  been  a  vast  addition  to  the  trucking  business,  a  fact  that 
will  be  noticed  elsewhere. 


I 


124 


IIAND-IU)OK    OK    NoltTIl    CAROMNA. 


Craven  County  possesses  one  valuable  peculiarity  in  a  land  so  near 
the  flat  sandy  ocean  beach:  the  entire  county  is  underlaid  either  with 
marl  or  with  a  conglomerate  of  shells  hs  hard  and  as  durable  as  granite, 
which  is  used  for  building  purposes  and  also  for  the  manulacture  of 
lime.  On  ihe  Trent  River  it  is  found  in  inexhaustible  quantities,  and 
on  the  sides  of  the  river  it  rii^es  in  banks  to  the  height  of  fifteen  or 
twenty  feet. 

Newbern,  the  county  seat,  and  the  only  considerable  town  in  the 
county,  has  a  population  of  7,843.  Jt  is  beautifully  laid  off  and  well 
shaded,  handsomely  built,  with  fine  public  buildings,  numberless  fine 
residences,  extensive  business  houses,  mills  and  factories,  and  does  a 
very  extensive  bus^inoss  in  fish  and  trucking. 

Craven  County  contains  29G,5G4  acres  of  land,  valued  at  $()35,563 ; 
and  town  lots  valued  at  $1)35,237. 

Of  domestic  animals  there  are  1,029  horses,  580  mules,  10  jacks  and 
jennies,  (5,444  cattle,  423  goals,  12,528  hogs  and  1,85)4  sheep. 

Products  of  taxation— for  State,  S7,255.20;  pensions, $939.35;  schoo's, 
110,074.70;  county,  $20,043.77. 

Population  — white,  7,175;  colored,  13,358 ;  total,  20,5:j3. 

CUMBERLAND. 

Through  the  middle  of  Cumberland  County,  from  its  western  mar- 
gin,  on  the  Moore  County  line,  to  the  Cape  Fear  River,  which  crosses 
the  eastern  side  of  the  county,  lies  a  broad,  irregular  zone  of  pine  bar- 
rens, with  a  very  sandy  and  unproductive  soil  and  an  almost  exclusive 
growth  of  long-leaf  pine.  On  both  sides  of  this  zone,  along  the  north- 
ern and  southern  sections  o^'  the  county,  with  unimportant  excep.ions, 
and  in  the  section  eastward  of  the  Cape  Fear  River,  the  soils  belong  to 
the  class  of  gray  sandy  loams  of  the  average  upland  i»iny  woods.  Near 
the  river,  on  both  sides,  are  large  tracts  of  semi-swamp  and  oak  and 
pine  fiats,  which  are  very  productive.  Many  of  the  streams  which  flow 
from  the  central  pine  barrens  of  the  county  contain  narrow  fr.nges  of 
gum  and  cypre-s  swamp,  and  the  swampy  tracts  along  the  river  often 
contain  a  considerable  percentage  of  cypress.  The  turpentine  and  lum- 
ber interests  are  still  itiiportant,  though  of  <liminishing  importance  each 
year  with  the  gradual  and  certain  consumption  of  the  pine  forests.  The 
west  side  of  the  river,  after  rising  from  the  river  bcifoms,  is  a  rolling 
sandy  county,  comparatively  unproductive,  occasionrdly  presenting 
broad  flats  of  lands  susceptible  of  high  improvement,  producing  grains 
and  fruits  of  market  excellence.  The  river  lands  are  devoted  to  cotton 
and  corn. 


* 

and  so  near 

1  either  with 

leas  granite, 
nufacture  of 

antities,  and 

of  fifteen  or 

town  in  ihe 

off  and  well 

nberless  tine 

,  and  does  a 

at  $()35,5G3; 

10  jacks  and 

i).35;  schools, 

> 
>,      ' 

» 

rt'esterii  rnar- 
vhich  crosses 
)  of  pine  bar- 
lost  exclnsive 
ng  the  north- 
it  exccp.ions, 
3ils  belong  to 
ivoods.  Near 
and  oak  and 
IS  wiiich  How 
row  fringes  of 
be  river  oflen 
tine  and  Inm- 
portance  each 
>  forests.  The 
is,  is  a  rolling 
ly  presenting 
ducing  grains 
'oted  to  cotton 


4 


DKSl'liinioN    OF    (((IXTIKS. 


J2o 


Through  the  i)nie  hinds  run  numerous  bohl,  strong  and  swiftly  llow- 
ing  streams,  never  diminished  by  (h'oughtand  rarely  excited  by  freshet. 
These,  from  the  earliest  settlement,  furnished  convenient  null-sites,  and 
originated  that  active  lumber  industiy  so  stimulating  to  the  pro«j)erity 
of  the  county  and  that  of  the  towns  on  the  Cape  Fear  River;  and,  upon 
the  successful  introduction  of  the  cotton  manufacture  into  the  State, 
their  [)ower  was  speedily  a}>j)licd  to  the  use  of  cotton-mills,  wliich  were 
built  in  the  town  of  Fayetteville,  on  ( "ro-=s  and  IJlount's  Creek,  on  liuck- 
head,  J>eaver  J)am  and  Jiocktish  (two  of  these)  Creeks,  and  on  Lower 
Little  River;  and  on  all  of  these  there  are  now  large  and  flourishing 
cotton  factories. 

Cumberland  County,  of  which  Fayetteville  is  now  the  chief  com- 
mercial city,  was  formed  in  17o4,  and  taken  from  that  extensive  terri- 
tory then  called  "Bladen,"  and  was  named  in  compliment  to  William, 
Duke  of  Cumberland. 

In  1736  a  ship-load  of  emigrants  came  over  from  the  Highlands  of 
Scotland  and  located  in  Cumberland,  on  the  Cape  Fear  River,  near  the 
mouth  of  Cross  Creek,  where  they  found  a  number  of  their  countrymen 
already  settled.  For  several  years,  and  immediately  after  the  battle  of 
Culloden,  17-1(),  large  com{)anies  of  the  Highlanders  continued  to  come, 
until  their  numbers  became  (juite  numerous;  so  that,  in  1700,  the  set- 
tlement began  to  a.ssume  importance,  and  was  foiinally  set  apart  for  a 
town,  it  was  called  "  Campbellton,"  in  honor  of  Mr.  Farquhard  Camp- 
bell, who  was  the  principal  jiersonage  among  them. 

Fayetteville,  the  county  .seat,  is  situated  at  the  head  of  steamboat 
navigation  on  the  Cape  Fear  River,  120  miles  by  water  al)ove  Wilming- 
ton. Its  position,  both  with  relation  to  the  seaport  of  Wilmington  and 
to  the  interior,  gave  it  an  early  and  a  very  great  im[)ortiince,  and  after 
the  Revolutionary  war  it  became  the  chief  receiving  and  distributing 
point  for  a  greater  number  of  the  interior  towns  and  counties.  It  lost 
much  of  its  importance  by  the  construction  of  railroads,  which  largely 
diverted  its  traffic  to  other  points.  By  enlarging  the  operations  of  its 
busine.ss,  which  it  was  enabled  to  do  by  the  addition  of  naval  .stores  to 
the  subjects  of  its  business,  and  by  the  construction  of  several  railroads, 
it  is  rai)idly  regaining  what  it  had  lost.  It  now  has  the  Cape  Fear  and 
Yadkin  \'alley  road,  extending  from  Mt,  Airy,  in  Surry  County,  pass- 
ing through  Greensboro  and  terminating  at  Wilmington,  with  a  branch 
from  Fayetteville  to  Bennettsville,  S.  C.,  a  total  of  upwards  of  o25  miles. 
In  addition  to  this,  the  Coast  Lino  system  has  completed  its  short-cut 
from  Wilson,  N.  C,  to  Florence,  S.  C,  thus  shortening  the  distance 
between  North  and  South,  on  this  great  highway  of  travel,  by  sixty 


V2i\ 


HAND-HOOK    OK   nout,!    CVRoun^ 


ii 


miles  Ihoso  a.l.litions  to  rnilroad  facilities  n.ako  Favottevill.  a„ 
nnpor.ant  ra.lron.l  .vuUv,  ihvou^U  tl.esoo.l  induon.oH  of  which  it  mu.st 
develop  an.    prosper.     Faycttoville  is  situated  on  the  right  hank  of  the 

nnnherland  County  eonlnins  4l)4,7ol  aeres  of  land,  value.l  al  s ,  ;;,s,,. 
000;  and  l.lOo  town  lots,  valued  at  I$(kS!M)S7 

Of  domestic  anin.als  there  ar..~horses,  I.IK);  nn.les,  l.UoS'  iac-ks 
and  jemues   H;  goals,  l.^l,,;  ,utle.  7,1.1,;);  hogs,  2:1,23.1;  sheep  5,041. 

l.odud^oaxat,on-iorStatepurp,,ses,«7,71)5.24;pensions,#, 12111 
schools,  ?flO,4l2.(;i :  county,  .1i!22,l.m20.  -•,'-"  i. 

J'opulation-white,  14,!»r>2;  colored,  12,;!(J<J;  total,  27,821. 

CURRITUCK. 

rurrituck  (ounly  is  bounded  northward  hy  \'irginia,  eastward  hv 
th    Atlantic  Ocean,  and  southwanl  mainly  by  Albcnarle  Sound,  and 
1^.  traversed  north  and  south  by  Currituck  Sound,  which  occupies  about 
one-third  ol  its  territory.     Between  this  sound  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
lies  a  narrow  strip  of  sandy  soil,  which  in  its  origin  is  a  sand-dune  of 
he  breadth  of  from  1  to  8  miles,  rising  in  s  me  tf  i,s  higher  hilkn-ks 
to  nearly  one  hundred  feet,  covered  generally  with  a  small  growth  of 
pine,  oak,  hickory,  dogwood,  etc.     The  body  of  the  coun,  v,  particularly 
he  northern  section,  is  quite  level,  and  has  a  growth  of'oaks,  hickorV 
nd  shortdeaf  pine,  and  a  clay  loam  soil,  but  becomes  swampy  neaV 
^les  reams.     1  here  is  a  narrow  belt  of  oak  and  pine  lands  also  in  the 
ri  ddle  section.     Ihe  narrow  southern  promontory  which  projects  into 
Albemarle  Sound  is  tor  the  most  part  sandy,  and  except  along  the 
n  argin  of    he  sound.,  where  it  is  more  or  less  swam,,v,  has  a  gmwth 
0    long-leaf  pine.     AVith  the  exception  of  the  dune  hills,  near] v  the 
Whole  county  lies  below  the  level  of  10  feet  above  tide 

The  soils  of  this  county  are  much  better  adapted  to  corn  and  rice 

■niM  'n'"  r'l  -^^^^  "''?  °^  '^''  ^''''''  ^'''''  luxuriantly,  butdoes  not 
f  uit  Mel  .  1.  ishmg  ,s  al.so  naturally  a  leading  industry, and  the  county 
hasgreat  facilities  fortruck  f.-rming,  which  is  rapidly  acquiring  im.-o;. 
tance.  '       •/       i         ^      m    • 

The  most  abundant  facilities  exist  for  shipping  by  the  sounds  and 
canals  and  by  rail. 

The  railroad  from  Norfolk  to  Edenton  passes  through  Currituck 
County,  and  not  only  largely  facilitates  the  general  business  of  the 
county,  but  has  proved  an  enormous  stimulant  to  the  business  of  truck 


OIOSCHII'TION    <)|'    (otNTIK 


127 


fanning  \,y  tl.c  .lispatcl.  with  which  f^rodnols  of  all  kin<l.saro  nut  fivnli 

npoM  tho  nmrkofs  of  tho  North.     Th-   .•oiMic-ciion  of  the  waters  of  ( 'ur. 

ritnck  Sound  with   (hose  of  Chesapoako  15ay,  hy  which  navi^rati,,,,  for 

iarg(3  stoamers  and  sailing  vessels  is  nia.lo  i)racticabIo,  has  rcMiliud  in 

the  largo  development  of  interior  navigation,  by  which,  to  all  practical 

uses,  the  passage  through  the  inlets  and  the  dangers  of  the  coast  inav 

h''  <'MUrcIy  avoided.     Ilcsides  the  abundance  of  lish  in  the  sounds  anii 

m  the  waters  of  Currituck  County,  the  sound  aln.unds  in  wild  fowl  ii, 

incredible  numbers,     (.'anvass-back  and  other  ducks,  swan,  gccsc  brant 

and  other  game  fowl,  during  the  winter  season,  in  nuuibcTs  ("(jualied 

nowhere  on   our  coast,  except,  perhaps,  in  the  upper  waters  of  the 

(  he-apeake;  and  the  food  they  obtai  .  being  abundant  and  conducive 

to  high  llavor,  this  section  is  niuc-h  n.sorted  to  by  gunners  for  market 

supplies,  and  idso  l>y  wealthy  amateurs,  who  leas.-  large  bodies  of  hnuj 

aiul  water,  and  maintain  their  preserves  at  a  large  annual  outlay. 

Currituck  County  contains  107,(;47  acres  of  land,  valued  at  !?:;ii,,SJt>. 

The  numl)er  of   domestic  animals  is— horses,   1,l>2;)-   mules    ''>I8* 
goats,  lUO;  cittle,  .'J,;]?!);  hogs,  9,79(;;  sheep,  2  07!».  '  *     ' 

Products  of  taxation -for  State  uses,  .Sl,7'ir.  3:j;  pensions,  !8;->,SS 0''>- 
schools,  $l,5S().(;i;  county,  $;},7."3.ir).  '  "' 

Topulation -white,  4,731;  colored,  2,01(1;  total,  (5,747. 


DARE. 

The  surface  of  Dare  County  is  mainly  water,  the  land,  made  tu»  of  a 
succession  of  long,  nnrrow  islands  and  peninsu  las,  being  interpenetrated 
throughout  by  great  bays,  sounds  and  navigable  bavous.     The  countv 
IS  bounded  eastward   by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  westward  bv  Allig-itoV 
Kiver  and  southward  by  Pamlico  Sound.     The  larger  portion  on  the 
mam-land,  is  a  swamp,  which    lies  but  a  ivAv  feet  above  tide-level 
Around  tho  margins  of  this  portion,  next  the  sound,  are  narrow  tracts 
of  a  few  miles,  m  places,  of  drainable,    ultivablo  land  belongincr  t„the 
general   description  of  oak  flats,  ha.,„g  a  grav-loam  .sail  of  li  clos. 
texture.     It  is  also  fringed  by  considerable  bodies  of  marsh  laud  next 
the  sound,  from  which  large  cror-s  of  cranberries  are  gathere.l.    itoanoko 
Island,  a  part  of  this  county,  lies  within  the  upper  portion  of  Pamlico 
Sound,  and  is  a  narrow  tract,  twelve  miles  in  length  and  from  two  to 
three  miles  m  width.     Tlie  upper  portion  is  for  the  most  part  sandv 
with  a  short-leaf  pine  growth,  intermixed  with  oaks,  and  the  southern 
halt  IS  mainly  swamp  and  marsh.     The  easternmost  part  of  the  c  untv 
like  the  corresponding  portion  of  Currituck,  is  a  narrow  fringe  of  sand 


12S 


itANu-iiooK  OK  North  caromna. 


n 


reof  {.roperly  n  <lun..  which,  as  i„  the  ror.n.r  ....so,  was  ori^nnnlly  c-ov- 
ore,l  w.th  a  forest  cf  .hort-UaC  pine,  oaks,  hicl<6rioH,  .lo«vvoo,],  .iJ.,  with 
al>u,ulanceol  KnM-vnn.s  Th.se  huvo  for  the  most  part  .lisappea.vd 
'■av.n,.  a  tract  of  sand  wav...  which  an-  nu.vin^,  under  the  impact  of 
•  the  trade  wnds,  constantly  towar.l  the  «onth-west  into  the  .ound,  and 
s.metmus  nse  to  a  height  of  oiore  than  KK)  feet.  There  is  very  littl,> 
nllaljle  land  in  the  county. 

This  county  was  forn.ed  in  187U  from  the  county  of  llvdc.  to  whi<.h 
was  added  p. rt.ons  of  Carteret  and  Tyrrell  Counties,  and  <lerives  its 
nan.e  from  \  ,  -ginia  Dare,  the  first  white  child  horn  on  the  continent 
A  very  large  portion  of  J)a.e  County  is  swamp  lands,  and  then-  are 
hu-ge  ho.hes  ol  ,t  heavily  timbered  with  cypress  and  juniper.     On  the 
side  boun.le«l    by  I'a.nlieo  Sound   there  are  lands  that  will  produce 
grasses,  vegetables,  corn,  peas  and  potatoes.     No  portion  of  Jv.stern 
Carolina  presents  better  facilities  for  cattle-raising,  the  feed  being  al>u,ul- 
"nt  Mud  the  ehmate  n.ild.     The  chief  industry  is  fishing,  whid.  is  car- 
ried on  to  a  great  extent.     Roanoke  Islan.l  forms  a  part  of  this  countv 
Upon  tins  island  >s  .Nh.nteo,  the  eounly  seat,  named  in  honor  of  the 
In.lmn  chief  Mantoo,  the  first  of  his  race  in  North  Carolina  to  embrace 
the  Christian  rehg.on      This  island  was  the  first  place  on  the  continent 
colonized  by  the  Knglish. 

rn  this  county  o.Mhe  bank  lying  immediately  upon  the  sea  coast,  is 
the  far-famed  place  of  summer  resort,  known  as  Nags  Head  This 
delightful  resort  is  noted  for  i(s  health,  the  sea-bathing,  and  its  line 
drives. 

Dare  County  has  U7,m  acres  of  land,  valued  at  $17;],1().5 
Domestic,  aniirials   are-horses,  525;  mules,  17;  goats,  7o;  cattle. 

i,5)bl;  hogs. -1,281;  .sheej),  1,43.'}. 

I'rodnct   of   taxation-for  State  n.se.s,  $905.07;    (.ensions,  $142  81- 

schools, -^1,110.18;  county,  82,735.77.  »  ^   -t-oi, 

ropul'>tion— white,  3,302;  colored,  40i;;  tot  il,3,7GS. 

DAVIDSON. 

This  county  lies  midway  of  the  breadth  of  the  State'  and  of  the  mid- 
land division,  and  on  the  northern  bolder  of  the  cotton  belt.  The  aver- 
age elevation  is  about  800  feet  above  ,sea-level-the  northern  end  1  000 
and  the  south-western  600  feet-but  is  interrupted  bv  ranges  of  hills 
which  are  900  feet  in  height  and  upward.  The  countV  is  bounded  on 
he  west  by  the  tortuous  course  of  the  Yadkin  River,  whose  numerous 
tributaries  dram  almost  its  entire  surface,  one  of  which,  Abbott's  Creek 


i 


<  ori^'iii.illy  cov- 
^vvood,  etc.,  with 
irt  (lis.i|ij)i'iirc'(l, 
■r  thu  iiiipiict  of 
the  sound,  and 
LTc  is  very  little 

Hyde,  to  whicji 
and  derives  its 

I  tlie  continent. 
,  iind  tlieic  iiro 
;iiij»LT.  On  the 
it  will  prodiKv 
ion  of  JOiistcni 
il  beino-  ahund- 
y:,  which  is  car- 
of  this  county. 

II  honor  of  the 
ina  to  cnihrace 
1  the  continent 

he  sea  coast,  is 
3  Head.  This 
g.  and  its  fine 

;],1U5. 

its,  7.">;  cattle, 

ion?,  S  142.81  ; 


id  of  tlic  mid- 
It.  The  aver- 
lern  end  1,000 
anges  of  hills 
s  bounded  on 
3.se  numerous 
bbott's  Creek, 


DKSCRIl'TIOX   OF   COLNTIKS. 


129 


traverses  its  middle  section  from  north  to  south,  while  a  multitude  of 
smaller  streams  How  in  a  generally  south-west  couise  into  the  river. 
Both  the  river  itself  and  these  trihutaries  are  generally  bordered  by 
tracts  of  bottom  lands  with  a  rich  alluvial  soil,  covered  by  heavv  forests 
of  oak— largely  white  oak.  There  are  considerable  tracts  of  red-clay 
soil  scattered  through  various  portions  of  the  county,  which  are  covered 
with  heavy  oak  forests.  The  eastern  and  northern  margins,  which  lie 
along  the  elevated  divides  and  swells  between  the  greater  river.*,  con- 
tain mixed  oak  and  pine  foresis,  and  have  a  soil  which  is  generally  a 
gray  and  yellow  gravelly  or  sandy  loam.  A  clay  subsoil  is  found 
throughout  tiie  county.  The  cotton  product  of  Davidson  County  is 
small,  and  is  limited  to  its  southern  end.^  Its  wheat  crop  is  the  largest 
in  the  .State.  The  southern  half  of  the  county  lies  within  the  great 
gold  belt,  and  numerous  mines  of  gold  and  quite  a  number  of  copper 
tind  silver  have  been  opened.  The  slate-hills  of  the  south  end  are 
notable  for  their  deposits  of  gold  gravel,  or  placers. 

The  county  early  attracted  attention  through  the  great  fertility  of  the 
soil,  especially  in  the  south-western  part  and  that  lying  along  the  Yad- 
kin River  and  its  lower  tributaries,  and  it  was  in  ti)is  section  that  was 
formed  the  famous  Jersey  Settlement,  or  a  portion  of  it— a  name  given 
by  immigrants  chieily  from  New  Jersey  and  portions  of  ronnsylvania— 
retaining  to  this  day  its  name,  its  fertility  and  the  agricultural  skill 
and  industry  of  its  early  .settlers. 

The  county  is  traversed  from  north  east  to  south-west  by  the  Nortli 
Carolina  division  of  the  Richmond  and  Danville  Railroad"!  and  aloncr 
the  line  are  a  number  of  thriving  towns.  '^ 

Lexington,  the  county  seat,  has  a  population  given  by  the  census  of 
1S90  at  1,440.  It  contains  several  manufacturing  establishments,  and 
in  addition  acquires  consequence  from  being  in  contiguity  to  several 
niines  of  the  precious  metals.  Thomasville,  with  a  town  population 
given  at  490,  and  a  townshi[>  poi.ulation  of  3,057.  has  been  noted  for 
good  schools,  and  is  the  scat  of  a  branch  of  the  Orphan  Asylum.  It  has 
also  several  flourishing  manufactories. 

Davidson  County  contains  353,002  acres  of  land,  valued  at  UJIS  OGl 
and  481  town  lots,  valued  at  $281,016.  '      ' 

Domestic  animals  are-horses,  3,558;  mules,  1,573;  jacks  and  jeu- 
nies,  10;  goats,  30;  cattle,  8,450;  hogs,  18,651;  sheep,  9,514. 

Product  of  taxation— for  State  uses,  ;?7,940.97 ;  pensions,  $1,108  11  • 
schools,  $8,779.01  ;  county,  .1i;9,040.87.  '     ' 

Population—white,  18,174;  colored,  3,528;  total,  21,702. 


I 


9 


u 


130 


HAND-BOOK   OF    NORTH   CAROLINA. 


DAVIE, 


This  is  a  small  county  lying  in  the  angle  between  the  Yadkin  and 
the  South  Yadkin  Rivers.     In  the  southern  half  of  this  county  the 
soils  belong  largely  to  the  class  of  red  clays,  and  are  covered  with 
heavy  oak  forests,  while  the  middle  and  northern   portions  have  a 
mixed  growth  of  oaks  and  [)ines,  and  a  light-gray,  sandy  and  gravelly 
soil.     This  section  of  the  county  is  mainly  devoted   to  the  cul'ure  o'f 
tobacco.     The  river  hills,  flanking  both  the  Vadkin  and  its  chief  tribu- 
taries,  are  quite  broken,  and  have  a  productive  gravelly  loam  soil  and 
forests  [iredominantly  of  oak.     The  elevation  of  the  surlace  ranges  from 
700  to  1,000  feet,  the  average  being  about  SoO  feet  above  sea-level.    The 
culture  of  cotton  has  recently  entered  the  southern  and  western  town- 
ships.    The  grain  crop  is  quite  large,  and   latterly,  al.so,  tobacco  has 
been  cultivated  to  a  considerable  extent  in  the  north  and  west  sections, 
the  soils  of  a  large  part  of  its  territory  being  well  adapted  to  the  higher 
grades.     There  are  several  valuable  iron  ore  deposits  in  the  county. 
Along  the  Yadkin  there  is  much  line  bottom  land,  prolitic  in  whea't, 
corn,  and  other  small  grains,  forming  ais  important  proportion  of  the 
beautiful  "A'alley  of  the  Yadkin,"  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  pro- 
ductive on  this  continent,  of  perpetual  fertility,  maintained  by  frequent 
but  not  destructive  overflows,  the  usually  j)lacid  current  periiiitting  the 
gradual  subsidence  of  a  rich  sediment  wliicU  adds  to  the  soil,  as  do  the 
waters  of  tlie  Nile  to  those  of  Egypt. 

The  county  is  now  traversed  by  a  railroad,  at  present  in  operation 
from  Winston  to  Mocksville,  and  nltiniately  to  be  extended  to  some 
point  on  the  Western  North  Carolina  road.  The  northern  and  north- 
eastern sections  are  not  far  remote  from  the  Winston  and  Wilkesboro 
Railroad;  and  the  two  lines  give  reasonably  ample  facilities  for  travel 
and  transportation. 

iVfocksville  is  the  county  seat,  and,  including  the  township,  coDtcins 
2,016  inhabitants. 

Davie  County  contains  l()l,ll)7  acr  s  of  land,  valued  at  S8So,0l  1 .  nnd 
197  town  lots,  valued  at  871,175, 

Of  domestic  animals  there  are— hor.se.«,  1,037;  mules,  1,025;  jacks 
and  jennies,  5;  goats,  2;  cattle,  8,423;  hogs,  7,078;  sheep,  1,900. 

Product  of  taxation—for  State,  §4,084.27 ;.  pension.s,  l$Oia  42;  schools, 
^4,3G8.5.':i ;  county,  §5,529.03. 

Population—white,  S,7GU;  eolor.-d.  2,852;  total,  11,G21. 


1^ 


i:)p:scription  of  counties. 


131 


DUPLIN 

Adjoins  Lenoir  and  Sampson,  and,  like  them,  has  considerable  varia. 
tion  of  soil  and  surface.     The  northern  portion  consists  of  level  piny 
uplands,  penetrated  with  frequent  streams  margined  with  swamps.     It 
is  drained  by  Xorth-east  Cai.e  Fear  River,  which   Hows   southward 
through  its  middle  section,  and  both  this  and  the  numerous  tributaries 
are  bordered  by  belts  of  alluvial  and  often  swampy  lands.     Near  its 
northern  and  eastern  borders  are  two  small  poco.sons,  and  within  its 
southern  section   lies  one-half  of  the  great  Angola   Bay  pocoson,  an 
almost  impenetrable  jungle  of  the  avernge  character  of  pocoson  lands, 
with  fringes  of  rich  swamp  lands  on  the  streams  that  issue  from  it! 
This  pocoson  is  Hanked  on  the  westward  toward  the  North-east  Cape 
Fear  River  by  a  fringe  of  fertile  white-oak  fiats  and  semi-swamp  lands. 
Between  the  tributaries  of  the  river,  on  the  divides,  are  several  tracts  of 
sandy  pine  hills,  which  are  very  unproductive.     The  cotton  lands, 
which  are  of  limited  extent,  are  tlie  level  piny  woods  of  the  usual 
description;  but  corn  is  a  more  valuable  croi),and  the  product  of  pota^ 
toes  and  rice  is  of  considerable  importance.     The  county  has  still  val- 
uable resources  in  timber  and  turpentine  lands.     Marl  (blue  and  white) 
is  abundant,  though  but  little  used. 

The  county  is  traversed  by  the  Wilmingon  and  Weldon  Rdlroad, 
and,  with  its  water-ways,  has  convenient  access  to  marke's. 

Kenansvilie,  the  county  seat,  hns  a  population  of  20(1;  Ahignolia, 
with  a  population  of  400;  Faison's,  of  250,  and  WarsMw,  of  400,  are 
small  towns  lying  on  the  Wilmington  and  Weldon  Railroad.  From 
Warsaw  a  railroad  of  12  miles  extends  to  Clinton,  in  Sampson  County, 

Duplin  County  has  4;J0,472  acres  of  land,  valued  at  $062,787,  and 
402  town  lots,  valued  at  |100,2SG, 

Of  domestic  animals  there  are-horses,  1,.505:  mules,  088;  jack';  and 
jennies,  2;  goats,  2,193;  cattle,  8,750;  hogs,  28,474 ;  sheep,  5,849. 

Product  of  taxation —  for  State  uses,  |(],(;44.0(i;  pensions,  $080  14: 
schools,  S0,055.44;  county,  |5,475.08. 

PopuhUiou- white,  11,000;  colored,  7,090;  total,  18,090. 


DURHAM. 

This  county  formed  the  eastern  part  of  the  county  of  Orange,  an<l 
by  taking  part  of  the  north-western  corner  of  Wake  the  present^county 
was  formed.     This  w:is  mado  necessary  by  the  rapid  growth  of  tiie  towa 


132 


KAND-noOK    OF    NORTH    CAROLINA. 


■ 


of  Durham  and  the  creation  of  peculiar  interests  to  be  best  guarded 
and  advanced  by  an  administration  of  county  affairs  more  direct'y 
aiidressed  to  tliose  interests. 

A  largo  portion  of  the  territory  of  this  county  lies  in  that  sandstone 
Wit  (  r  old  sea-basin  extending  across  tlie  Siate  from  nortli-east  to  south- 
west, and  which  in  this  county  assumes  its  greatest  breadth.  The  north- 
ern  part  of  the  county  is  of  a  different  geological  period,  with  a  stiffer 
sod.  Ill  tlie  north  eastern  part  the  parent  streams  of  the  Neuse  River 
unite— the  Eno,  Flat  and  Little  Rivers— and  their  borders  are  all  mar- 
gined  with  broad  rich  bottom  lands,  an  extent  of  fertile  low  grounds 
rarely  found  to  such  extent  in  the  interior  of  the  Stale,  and  productive 
in  cotton,  corn,  wheat  and  other  grains.  In  the  hill  country  along  their 
valleys,  and  in  the  gray  lands  towards  the  county  of  Granville,  are 
found  the  best  tobacco  lands,  ^  'oducing  that  fine  quality  which  has 
added  so  much  to  the  fame  of  the  State  and  the  magritude  of  the 
Durham  tobacco  market.  The  lands  not  in  cultivation  are  covered 
with  oak,  hickory,  short-leaf  pine  and  other  woods,  but  the  timber  i.s 
nowhere  large  except  in  tiie  still  uncleaned  bottoms,  where  the  trees 
attain  a  magnitude  scarcely  surpassed  anywhere  in  the  State. 

The  staple  crops  of  the  county  are  cotton  of  fine  quality,  tobacco  of 
the  highest  grade,  wheat,  corn,  oats,  &c.  The  lands  on  the  river  bot- 
toms referred  to,  and  in  the  valleys  of  New  Hope  Creek  and  its  tribu- 
taries, i)roduce  large  crops  of  the  grains  of  all  kinds,  and  also  good 
crops  of  cotton,  but  are  not  adat)ted  to  fine  tobacco. 

Durham,  the  county  seat,  is  almost  the  solo  instance  in  this  State  of 
a  town  springing  from  a  cross-road  station  to  the  importance  of  a  city, 
all^  in  less  than  the  lapse  of  a  generation.  It  was  a  petty  village  in 
1870.  It  is  now  known  all  over  the  world.  It  is  bisected  by  the  North 
(,'arolina  Railroad,  and  is  the  terminus  of  the  Lynchburg  and  Durham, 
and  of  roads  with  through  connections  from  Durham  to  Oxford  and  to 
Henderson.  It  is  the  scat  of  the  largest  smoking  tobacco  factory  in  the 
world— the  original  IJlackwell  and  Carr;  of  the  largest  cigarette  fac- 
tory in  the  world— Dukes  and  son ;  of  numerous  other  smoking  tobacco 
factories;  of  a  snnfi  factory ;  of  sales  warehouses,  selling  from  15,(100,000 
to  18,000,000  pounds  of  leaf  a  year,  of  a  bu.siness  which  extends  not 
only  over  the  United  States  but  over  the  Western  Hemisphere,  over  the 
whole  world;  of  a  cotton  manufactory;  of  a  fertilizer  factory;  of  other 
important  industries;  and  it  is  also  the  seat  of  Trinity  College,  the  chief 
Methodist  College  of  the  State;  numerous  churches,' graded  and  other 
schools  for  both  races;  has  water-works,  gas  and  electric  lighting  and 
telephone  exchange,  and  will  soon  resume  the  use  of  its  street  railway 


DESCRIPTION    OF    COUNTIES. 


133 


» 


system,  for  some  time  suspended;  in  addition  lo  wliich  it  has  all  the 
advantages  derived  from  the  use  of  a  belt  line  of  railroad. 

Durham  County  contains  108,085  acres  of  land,  valued  at  $1,459,054, 
and  605  town  lots,  valued  at  $1,332,055. 

Proceeds  of  taxation— for  State  uses,  $14,600.03:  pensions,  $1,>;156S; 
schools,  $13,500.59;  county,  $23,804.36. 

Population— white,  10,712;  colored,  7,329;  total,  18,041. 

EDGECOMBE. 

Edgecombe  is  a  typical  county  of  the  long-leaf  pine  region.  It  is 
traversed  through  its  middle  portion  by  the  Tar  Kiver,  and  is  drained 
by  its  numerous  tributaries.  The  soils  are  characteristically  gray  sandy 
loams,  with  a  yellow  to  brown  subsoil,  and  belong  to  the  region  of  level 
piny  uplands.  Along  the  borders  of  the  various  streams  are  frequent 
and  extensive  tracts  of  alluvial  lands,  and  on  some  of  them  occur 
cypress  and  gum  swamps.  This  is  one  of  the  leading  cotton  counties 
of  the  State.  It  stands  second  among  the  counties  of  the  Stale  in  its 
product  of  cotton,  and  its  corn  crop  is  als)  among  the  largest.  The 
long-leaf  pines,  which  were  once  found  abundant  over  the  whole  sur- 
face of  this  county  (and  region),  have  been  thinned  until  they  are  a 
subordinate  element,  so  that  the  regaining  forests  are  mainly  of  short- 
leaf  pine  and  oak. 

Both  commercial  fertilizers  and  the  native  marls  have  been  more 
largely  used  than  elsewhere  in  the  State,  and,  in  connection  with  com- 
post, most  effectively;  so  that  Edgecombe  has  long  been  foi'emcst  in 
this  special  agriculture  of  the  east. 

J^dgecombe  was  formed  from  Craven,  in  1733,  by  Governor  Burring- 
ton  and  his  Council,  and  this  action  was  confirmed  by  the  Legislature 
which  met  in  Edenton  in  1741.  During  the  period  of  the  Revolution 
the  county  of  Edgecombe  was  foremost  in  resisting  the  exactions  of  the 
mother  country. 

The  soil  of  the  county  has  every  variety,  from  the  "black  peaty  soil 
to  the  stiff  clay.  The  predominating  soil  is  a  light  friable  loam,  being 
about  four  inches  in  depth,  shading  off  m  most  places  to  a  subsoil  of 
yellow  sand.  When  fresh,  it  is  of  a  darkLv.  color,  wearing  white  by 
use  when  not  well  manured  and  properly  cultivated.  This  soil  is  easy 
tu  till  at  all  sea.sons  of  the  year. 

The  variety,  excellence  and  abundanceof  the  products  indicate  alike 
the  character  of  the  soil  and  the  intelligence  and  industry  of  the  farm- 
ers.    Those  at  an  early  period  assisted  or  directed  nature  in  the*  wse  of 


134 


HAND-BOOK    OF   NORTH   CAROLINA. 


her  forces,  and  by  the  skilful  application  of  fertilizers,  and  by  the  care- 
ful husbanding  and  skilful  manipulation  of  all  domestic  stores  of  fer- 
lility,  made  Edgecombe  conspicuous  as  one  of  the  best  and  most  profit- 
ably cultivated  counties  in  the  State.  It  became  in  time  one  of  the 
leading  cotton  counties  — in  1880  ranking  next  to  Wake  — and  this 
relation  it  still  holds.  Its  production  of  corn  is  also  large,  enough  so 
to  give  it  a  leading  importance  as  a  corn-producing  county.  These 
constitute  the  most  valuable  field  crops,  but  wheat,  oats,  rice,  potatoes, 
peas,  etc.,  are  cultivated  largely  and  successfully.  Truck  farming  is 
enlisting  enterprise  and  capital,  and  is  remunerative.  Dairy  farming 
is  pursued  to  considerable  extent,  with  satisfactory  results.  Tobacco  is 
of  -comparatively  recent  culture  as  a  market  crop.  The  census  returns 
for  1S80  gave  a  crop  of  only  550  pounds;  those  for  1800  place/:  the  crop 
of  the  preceding  year  at  51,420  pounds.  The  elfect  of  this  ir- n-ease  iu 
this  and,  adjacent  counties  is  to  transfer  to  this  section  mucli  of  the 
interest  once  centered  or  the  counties  in  the  Middle  Section,  and  to 
have  necessitated  the  erection  of  sales  warehouses,  {obacco  factories 
and  all  the  agencies  needed  for  the  handling  of  the  annually  increas- 
ing crops. 

A  recent  estimate  (1891)  says:  "  There  were  no  less  than  150,000  acre3 
in  cultivation  in  Edgecombe  County  during  the  past  year.  It  is  esti- 
mated that  50,000  acres  in  cotton  yielded  upward  of  33,000  bales;  that 
1,200  acres  in  tobacco  yielded  850,000  pounds;  that  8,000  acres  of  pea- 
nuts produced  500,000  bushels;  that  25,000  acres  in  corn,  peas,  etc, 
produced  enough  to  supply  the  county  for  two  years." 

Tarboro,  the  county  seat,  is  situated  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  Tar 
■River,  and,  with  four  railroad  outlets,  has  commercial  advantages  sur- 
passed by  few  towns  in  the  State.  It  has  a  population  of  1,924,  or, 
including  Princeville  and  Tarboro  township,  of  4,435, 

Rocky  Mount,  partly  in  Edgecombe  and  partly  in  Nash,  and  bisected 
by  the  line  of  the  Wilmington  and  Weldon  Railroad,  has  a  population 
of  816,  The  branch  road  for  Tarboro  begins  at  ihh  point.  In  the 
vicinit}',  at  the  Falls  of  'J  ar  River,  are  tiie  Battle, Cotton  Mills,  the  oldest 
in  North  Carolina, 

Edgecombe  County  has  309,342  acres  of  land,  valued  at  §2,217,467; 
and  590  town  lots,  valued  at  |633,835?. 

Of  domestic  animals  there  are— horses,  1,541;  mules,  2,465;  jacks 
and  jennies,  3;  cattle,  4,781;  hogs,  12,702;  sheep,  2,176;  goats,  373. 

Product  of  taxation— for  State  use,  $11,585.99;  pension.*,  ^1,446.62; 
achools,  $13,266.24:  county,  $13,;^!  .04. 

Pypulution— white,  8.513:  coioredj  15,600:  totoL  24,113. 


4 

I 


\ 


he  care- 
s  of  fer- 
st  profit- 
e  of  the 
md  this 
lOugh  so 
These 
potatoes, 
ming  is 
farming 
)bacco  is 
i  returns 
the  crop 
n-ease  in 
h  of  the 
,  and  to 
factories 
increas- 


)00  acre3 
[t  is  esti- 
les;  that 
s  of  pea- 
leas,  etc^ 

n  on  Tar 
ages  sur- 
1,924,  or, 

Lisected 

>pulation 

In  the 

he  oldest 

,217,467; 

>3;  jacks 
s,  373. 
1,44G.G2; 


II 


■reoSINTE  AND  GUERNSer  CATTLE, 


DESCKIPTION    OF    COLXTIES. 


135 


rORSYTK 
M.e  Ylili,:  Hi':'/:  "tC:,:';'''''"^,;""'  ^  .'"-"«'  »■■  "-  «.est  by 

i'i»t-'".  ii.e  di  ;  bj  ?  I :  ™;''''%''°''''™  f " ''™''  «'-eii...r 

■m  .levatio,,  „f  from  1  000    ,  1 '()     !   '      ,'"  ^.'""^'"  "'"'  ^'""'  '""' 
wood,  sou  rw„„<l  Ze  ft         ,  '     m       '  1"'  '"'" '«  '''"■'''"»  °f  «'k,  dog- 

<om,ls  of  oak  and  pine.     Tbis  connlv  ,bo„  ■  ""'■'•  "'"' 

tho  better  and  nn.diun,  Rradc:  ^rt^ll:::"'  ""  '""'"'""'  ''™^"»' <>' 

grandson  of  ti  'ZCr  t"  (''■tr'r;,'""""?"'"  "'  '^°^"'  *'""'-"^ 
of  Nortb  Carobna  y;ven  e"  i,r.f  H  P  "'*-""  '"•'■''""'  ^'»1'"^^-' 
to  Ibo  Crown  in  I7->0    ,  "o,  cf       .      "'  ^l  '■"("■"taO'  "ere  ceded  baek 

of  tl,e  Proprietor       Si    ,  .  Tr  """'  ''"■""'"•  "^  '^"'■'f "  '«  ""'h 

-;;^.d  in  tbe^i;:^:; -;:--- --t-;^ 

of  r;:d  ^zzt  ^zt:'"  Tr'^ """""  "^  "'""^ «-  '-* 

lirethren  of  tho^for.Ti  mO  n,f' i""      :"  "f.  '^'"*"'  '■'■"""'"'  °^  '-'"'ted 
and  tbns  named  be   ,'     o    t  '       f  ''"'"'''''■  '^"S"''  ^-  l-^. 

tl>at  na,ne  in  Anstrh Tth/.!      '"''1""'^' ,"=='«»''i»"ce  to  u  valle.  o 

patron  of  the  Bro      ;'  „  "  'ZS^^'"''''  """^^f"^''  '"«  «-t 

e.^«^u„derir;i:-^::?:-,r---■..ou.a..d,,i, 

Ve^rS  :;  ';r;;Mr ;::  ;: -r'f"-  -  -■■  -  ™ant,faeu,re. 

than  ISo^beyomlaf";  Z,Tl  ,;  :°      '"'  "'"'  """^  "'  ""  '='"■"« 

tf.e  yield    md  reaeLd  I  5  0n«  "''  ''7° '"'"^""'Ption.    In  1873 

oat,,  and  otber  grai        ,„,!  ^w  '  „,  ""'"^'■""■^,""'-''-^-;  «odoeor„and 
melons  grow  in  tb"  ,;::;.        f     ^""''f     ^  '''"'''■  ^•''8''"'l'les  and 

The  dried  i,^  ^a:^^!::^^^::^:^^^^  T'  "™'>-- 

^i  uifc  ^laie  uDjoy  the  reputation  of  the 


130 


i! 


HAND-IJOOK    OP   .Vf)HTH    CA 


noi.INA. 


highest  quotations  in  th(«  New  York  iirirkot      c,....    ^\    ■  t    , 

A  po™„nc.„t  induenoewa,  exerted  upon  ti.e  ehamcter  of  Hale,,,  a,>,l 

o«l  a,„U|,,»  has  „.go,,.„,  a„d  pe,pe,„ated  tl,o.e  habits  of  ,„,|,„tn 
tl„-,ft  a„u  sk,l    wi„ch  have  „,a,lo  that  ,,eopIe  so  seIf-,-eli„„t       d  t  o 
founders  of  the.r  ow„  fortune.     ,t  a.h.p.ed  then,  also  ,„  t      e  ,    eh 
>ea    ,nd  ,sl„es  wl„el,  they  have  pursued  with  so  ,nuel,  .skill  and  see 

In  ,nd,,s  nal  fortune  Sale.n  and  Winston  are  closely  ,oine  1  «,"d  ,;  ' 

T ,e  ;2 1"::°;^"'  "■■■'--"■'""'  ''^  ""■"^'' "i'i'-,t  .i,::!,; " 

ine  toimerissdl  the  prn.eipal  seat  of  the  Moravian  Churel,  iu  this 
Sate;  a,„l  ,    ,she,e  that  the  fau.ous  Fen,ale  Aeaden,v.„ro  ,     , 

St^;:"?    •  r  "r"™''"^.""''  '''"■"-'1  il-sefuln  ss  tl„o,J      , 
nulls  of  K  cV,  il  I.r,es,  ,ro„  works  and  potterv,  and  at  Wauahlown  a,-,. 

tjs^t^jr ''"-' '-  -'-''"»•■■"'-«  "■''•'°^"-f 

wi*',' oTa'sttM  ""  """■  "  *"T'  "'•"'■'"^'^  ""'>•  f™"'  »'Iem  by  the 
,h  ?  -f  .  '  ''"'  «''""■"  '""'  g'-''"'  "'Pi'Iilv  and  to  K,cat  >ve-,lth 
through  ,ts  adaptation  to  the  tobaeoo  n,a„ufacture  and  to  the  ,1' 
of  .s  people  ,n  applying  their  advantages,  Without  going  iUoS 
t  »>11  be  eno,igh  to  say  that  in  the  29  factories  of  plug  fobaceo  tU  ' 
was  ,„anufaeture,l  p,-oduet  a„,„u„,i„g  in  value  to  »3,b00  000  ",  d  „ 
four  warehouses  was  sold  leaf  tobacco  to  the  aniou,  t  o  1608  n^ 
pounds  „    the  value  of  *I,fl,2,«fl0.75.     Of  ,„a„ufaetn    d  1    ^  he  ' 

:::  cz^"-  °'  '"■'"""'°-  ^'"  ">^- '»--  -.■..uc  :,:tz 

smi'sr,!."";";/  'Tr'r  'r '"'""'■"«  s^'-.".soo,orwinston 

o,'i»,  silci,  I,,J1.     Ihe  local  census  makes  a  niuch  la,wr  elabn 
an.l  no  doubt,  justly,     Keruc-sville  has  a  population  of  o'    '  ' 

W„,s  on  ,s  well  ,supplied  with  raih-oads,  and  has  bec„,ne  an  i,n„or- 
ta,  ra,lroad  eent,.e.  The  north-wesiern  division  of  the  North  C^a  o  h,  1 
Ra,l,™,d  beginning  at  G,-eensboro,  had  for  a  long  ti,ne  it,  te™7,,u« 

up  tl,c  valley  of  the  1  adkin  a  distance  of  75  miles.     Winston  is  also 

he  soutnern  ter.ninus  of  the  Roanoke  and  Southe,-n,  a  1  ,e  o    125 

.«. les  ,„  length.    This  ,.oa,l  has  becon.e  the  properly  of     ,    Norfolk 


DF8CRIPTI0N   OF   COUNTIKH. 


137 


Forsyth  County  contains  237,082  acres  of  land,  Viiluod  at  i$l,2(J4,388, 
and  2,083  town  luth,  valued  at  li51,72.",028. 

Of  donieslic  animals  there  are— horses,  2,(J02;  mules,  1,225;  jacks 
and  jennies,  10;  goats,  39;  cattle,  5,071 ;  hogs,  !J,353  ;  sheep,  1 ,991. 

Product  of  taxation— for  State  uses,  |18,238.83;  pensions,  iii;i,l!>2.27; 
schools,  $10,480.14;  county,  $17,480.00. 

Population— white,  10,433;  colored.  0,001 ;  total.  28,434. 

FRANK! 'M. 

The  western  portion  of  tliis  county  is  a  rolling  hiltv  country,  wiih 
clay  a  predominant  in  the  soil,  and  bearing  a  naturargrowth.  of  oak. 
hickory  and  other  hard  woods,  and,  when  cultivated,  producing  Ihe 
cereals  cotton  and  tobacco.  The  eastern,  and  especially  the  south- 
eastern .section,  contain  a  considerable  proportion  of  long-leaf  pine  as 
a  constituent  of  the  forests.  This  county  is  drained  by  Tar  River  and 
its  tributaries,  The  middle  portion  belongs  to  the  region  of  oak  and 
pine  gravelly  and,  .sandy  hills,  and  the  western  end  rises  into  the  oak 
uplands.  The  large  cotton  i)roductof  this  county  i.s  of  recent  date,  but 
here  and  in  the  adjoining  counties  it  has  greatly  increased  in  the' last 
dozen  years.  The  western  half  is  largely  devottd  to  the  culture  of 
tobacco. 

By  a  division  of  old  "Bute,"  one  of  the  Colonial  counties,  in  tlie 
year  1770,  Franklin  and  Warren  were  established.  The  name,  "  Bute," 
was  cast  aside  on  account  of  Earl  Bute's  hostility  to  the  cause  of  liberty, 
and  the  names,  Franklin  and  Warren,  were  given  to  the  divided  ter- 
ritory in  honor  of  the  distinguished  philosopher  and  statesman.  Dr. 
Benjamin  Franklin,  and  Dr.  Joseph  Warren,  t..e  patriot-hero,  who  fell 
at  Bunker  Hill. 

The  Raleigh  and  Gaston  Railroad  passes  for  fourteen  miles  through 
this  county,  and  in  addition  to  the  facilities  afforded  by  it,  s.  road  has 
been  constructed  from  Franklinton.on  the  Raleigh  and  Gaston  road,  to 
Lou-  burg,  the  county  seaf,  a  distance  of  12  mile?. 

The  county  singularly  abounds  in  minerals,  considering  its  dose 
proximity  to  the  tertiary  belt.  Asbestos  and  mica  of  good  quality  aro 
found,  and  granite  of  line  quality,  su.sceptible  of  high  polish,  is  found 
abundantly  in  some  localities.  But  the  most  remarkable  of  all  th9 
discoveries  is  that  of  gold.  In  the  northeastern  portion  of  the  county, 
near  where  it  corners  with  Warren,  Nash  and  Halifax,  is  situated  tlie 
celebrated  Portis  gold  mine,  which  recei-ed  its  name  from  its  original 
owner,  John  Portis,  in  the  mud  daubing  of  whose  l..o  ,,il,ii,  the  shining 


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HAND-BOOK  OF  NORTH  CAKOMXA. 


particles  were  first  discovered.  It  has  been  Buccessfullv  worked  for 
nearly  three  quarters  of  a  century,  more  than  n  million  of  dollars 
having  been  taken  from  it.  Most  of  this  large  amount  was  washed 
from  the  top  soil  and  gravel  beds  just  unclerneatl,  at  a  small  cost, 
btamp  mills  and  other  machinery  for  crushing  the  inexhaustible  beds 
of  (juartz  have  been  but  recently  introduced.  This  quartz,  when 
crushed  and  assayed,  has  been  found  to  carry  from  $ii  to  $12  worth  of 
gold  to  the  ion.  And  several  other  discoveries  of  nearlv  equal  value 
iiavo  been  made  m  the  county. 

As  before  stated,  cotton  and  tobacco  are  the  cliief  crops  raised  for 
market.  ^ 

■    The  lowlands  upon  iue  river  and  smaller  streams  are  well  adapted 
to  the  production  of  corn,  small  grain,  the  grasses,  and    rice,  only 

requiring  proper  drainage  and  cultivation  to  make  bountiful  crops,  one 
hundred  bushels  of  corn  having  been  raised  to  the  acre 

The  uplands  are  of  a  variety  of  soils,  in  the  lower  part  of  the  county 
light  sandy,  with  clay  subsoil ;  in  the  middle  and  upper  r.ortions  granite 
mainly  with  red  and  yellow  clay  subsoil.  ^  > 

Large  areas  of  these  uplands,  well  adapted  to  the  growth  of  corn 
cotton,  tobacco,  wheat,  rye,  oats,  peas,  beans,  sweet  and  Irish  potatoes! 
clover  and  grass  produce,  with  proper  cultivation  and  manuring,  most 
sati;laclory  yields.  ^' 

Louisburg,  the  county  seat,  has  a  population  of  mj.  Franklinton. 
on  tne  Laleigh  and  Gaston  Railroad,  has  oS3. 

Franklin  County  has  292,2(34  acres  of  land,  valued  at  $1779  065. 
and  .09  town  lots,  valued  at  $270,986.  '       ' 

_  Of  domestic  animals  it  has-horses,  1,753;  mules,  1,009;  jacks  and 
jennies,  3:  goats,  22-5;  cattle,  0,001;  hogs,  11,884;  sheep,  3,480 

Product  of  taxes-for  State  uses,  $7,040.(18;  pensions,  $1060  00- 
schools,  .?9,485.30;  county,  $10,338.81.  ' 

Population— white,  10,755;  colored,  10,3.35;  total,  21,090. 

GASTON. 

_  Gaston,  a  small  county,  lies  on  the  .southern  border  of  the  St.te  and 
IS  bounded  eastward  by  the  Catawba  River,  whose  tributaries  drain  its 
entire  surface.  In  the  southern  section  are  several  small  mountain 
chains  and  spurs,  the  highest  of  which.  Kings  Mountain,  reaches  an 
altitude  of  nearly  1,700  feet  above  sea-level.  Most  of  the  countv  is 
quite  broken,  and  partakes  of  the  character  of  the  Piedmont  division 
It  13  characterized  by  mixed  forests  of  oak  and  pine,  and  by  grav  and 


DESCRIPTION  OF  COUNTIES. 


139 


yellow  gravelly  soih  of  moderate  fertility,  with  occasional  areas  of  red- 
day  soils.  In  the  north-western  section  are  the  largest  tracts  of  oak 
and  hickory  forests,  with  their  corresponding  red-clay  soils. 

There  are  many  valuable  beds  of  iron  ore  in  the  count}',  and  the 
manufactures  of  cotton,  and  formerly  of  iron,  have  attained  consider- 
able  importance.  It  is  one  of  the  oldest  iron  manufacturing  regions  of 
the  South,  some  of  its  furnaces  dating  back  nearly  one  hundred  years. 
In  water-power  it  has  superior  advantages.  It  has  aho  several  rioted 
gold  mines.  The  waters  of  the  Catawba  Kiver  provide  great  water- 
power,  long  utilized  for  manufacturing  purposes;  and,  lying  within  the 
cotton  belt,  a  stimulus  has  been  given  to  the  manufacture  of  cotton 
goods  to  such  extent  as  to  )mve  created  independence  of  the  rude  powers 
of  nature.  Numerous  factories,  operated  by  steam,  have  been  erected 
at  Mount  Holly,  Gastonia,  Stanley  Creek  and  other  points. 

Within  this  county  rises  the  eminence,  seen  far  and  wide,  of  Kings 
Mountain,  the  scene  of  one  of  the  most  remarkable  and,  in  its  conse- 
quences, one  of  the  most  decisive  battles  of  tiie  Revolutionary  war. 

The  county  is  well  supplied  with  railroad  facilities.  The  Carolina 
v^'entral  passes  through  it  from  south-east  to  north-west,  the  Chester  and 
L?noir  Narrow  Gauge  from  noith  to  south,  and  the  Charlotte  and 
Atlanta  Air-Line  through  the  center  in  an  undulating  line  from  east 
to  west.  This  has  given  every  section  access  to  market,  and  has  stimu- 
lated industrial  activity  in  marked  degree,  resulting  in  the  building 
and  prosperity  of  a  number  of  towns  and  villages.  Among  these  are 
Dallas,  the  county  seat,  wiih  a  population  of  445;  Gastonia,  a  thriving 
manufacturing  town  on  the  Air-Line  road,  with  a  population  of  1,050; 
Mount  Holly,  475;  Lowell,  a  manutacturing  village,  with  about  the 
same  number. 

The  staple  crops  of  the  county  are  co;ton,  wheat  and  corn;  and 
tobacco  has  been  successfully  tested  as  a  profitable  addition.  Fruits, 
and  especially  the  grape,  succeed  well. 

Gaston  County  has  226.511)  acres  of  land,  valued  at  $1,482,90.']:  and 
530  town  lots,  valued  at  8100,535. 

Of  domestic  animals  there  are— horses,  1,104;  mules,  1,185;  jacks  and 
jennies,  11;  goats,  42:  cattle,  5,104:  hogs,  8,204;  sheep,  3,800. 

Product  of  taxation— for  State  uses,  §7,242.30;  pensions,  ^1,028.04; 
schools,  $7,504.57;  county,  $8,208.31. 

Topulation-white,  12,027:  colored.  4.837:  total.  17.704. 


140 


HAKII-BOCIK  Of  »yJ,IH  CAROII.VA. 


Ill 


GATES. 

Gates Coumylios  between  the (.■I,o«-.,„  liivef  an,l  the  Disn.al  Swm.,, 
of  w„d,  u  .nelu.les  a  e.,nsi.len,l,le  seetio,,.  Vl.o  bodv  of  c  cm  Z' 
consols  of  level  piny  u,,,,,,,.,,,  w„l,  ,.  .,„,lv  1„.„,.  .,  'it  ,„«  ,  "w 
«np„l  ve,y.a,uly  l„„g-|eaf  ,,ine  land  Jeur  the  Chowa  ,  K,v      a>,d 

Knuaild,t»t„bufanes  are  traels  ol  cypress  swamp  fn„„  one  to  two 
P  fe    ',:ro™  Iht^l"-   ■''"■"  "'"  T'l"  ^''™'"^  --.".■■■ow  tr':.    of 

I  be  li  a.kwalor  K.vcr  (lower  Jown  assuming  the  name  of  Cbow^.nl 
l-™.g  alons;  tl,e  western  border,  a  deep,  tortno^s  but  nl^^de  tre'     ' 
used  by  slea„,boats  of  eonsiderable  size  as  high  up  „s  ftankl      V    ' 
as  a<lded  greatly  to  the  business,  eonvenieneean,!   .rotit  o     le  nl  nl,.' 
.touts,  but  the  construction  of  a  railroad  across  tl  c  count  ■    b      it 
other  and  speedier  connections,  bas  din.inisbed  i,s  in.por.ance  ^ 

11.0  products  of  tbe  county  arc  those  of  the  section-cotton  corn 
w  oat,  peas,  potatoes,  etc;  and  an  increased  inducement  to  truek  fW    -' 
n,g  tends  to  g,vo  new  character  to  ,l,c  agriculture  of  tbe  eountv 
Ibere  ,s  large  attention  given  to  timber,  lumber,  shingles  a„,i  stave. 
Ga  CSV,  le,  tbe  county  seat,  is  a  village  of  232  itd.abitants 
Gates  County  contains  ]1)3,«4  aoresof  land,  valued  atJtiH,!-.,  ■  and 
4.)  town  lots,  valued  at  S2I1,290.  ".'-i,  .mu 

Of  dotnestic  animals  there  are-horses,  1,2!.7:  mules,  521 ;  iaeks  and 
jemnes,  o;  goats.  S.   ;  oattle,  5.501;  bogs,  12,5S2;  sbeep,  2,270 

schools"*   ,r"x7""°"7''°;,'"""=  "^"■^-'.S'S-;   pensions,  ma.SC; 

SCHOOLS,  H,0o3.M;  county,  $3,o23.5{).  .  -v        -    , 

Popiilation-~wliite.  5,539;  colored',  4,713 ;  total,  10,152. 

GRAHAM. 
Graham  C\.„nty,  lying  ,.outh  of  the  Tennessee  River,  is  bounded  on 

tZ:^^'  n      "°'^'  fr"^""^'  '''''''  ''^'^''^''^"  '^'  ^-"^  t'-  State" 

of  «       rtl.  r  "T-f  ''7  """  """^  ''''''''''  ''  ^--  the  county 
of  fena.n,  the  Long  Ridge  from  the  county  of  Cherokee,  and  a  high 

and  ahnos    prec.pitous  line  of  mountains  from  the  coun  v  of  Ma  o1 

re  a,ns,  m  la.ge  degree,  its  primeval  wildness.     The  surface  in  the  inte- 
nor  of  the  county  ,s  intersected  with  numerous  streams,  ten.ling   o  a 


MiSCliU'TION  OF  COUKTIKS. 


141 


union  with  th(^  Olusoali  River;  and  »ho  united  waters,  a  largo,  bold 
stream,  ilovv  into  the  Tonnessoe.  Along  ihe.so  waters  are  stretches  of 
fertile  valley,  and  these  constitute  at  prej^ent  ahnost  all  the  land  reduced 
to  cultivation.  Tlie  remainder  of  the  county  is  still  clothed  with  forest 
composed  of  all  the  varieties  of  trees  found  in  the  mountains,  and  of 
the  greatest  size.  Tiiis  forest  is  now  invaded  by  timber  cutters  from 
the  North-M-estern  States,  who  avail  themselves  of  freshets  to  thjat  their 
logs  down  the  s.iuiller  streams  into  the  Clieoah,  thence  into  the  Ten- 
nessee, down  which  they  tloat  through  the  mountain  rapids,  until  in 
calmer  waters  below  they  are  caugiit  and  detained  in  booms. 

Agricultural  industry  is  limited  chiefly  to  domestic  uses,  difHcuU 
access  to  market  giving  little  reward  to  Industry.  The  soil  everywhere 
is  fertile,  as  indicated  by  the  size  of  the  trees  and  density  of  the  for- 
ests. The  chief  remunerative  pursuit  of  the  inhabitants  is  in  the  rear- 
ing of  cattle  on  the  native  ranges,  from  which  they  are  driven  in  the 
fall,  to  be  transported  now  by  railroad  to  distant  markets. 

llobbinsville,  a  smaU  village,  is  the  county  seat, 

Graham  County  has  .307,()o5  acres  of  land,  vahu  1  at  §452,724;  and 
29  town  lots,  valued  at  .$4,05(1. 

Of  domestic  animals  there  are  .'iOO  horses,  \:^0  mules,  H  jacks  and 
jennies,  0,825  cattle,  ;>,705  hogs,  2,720  shee[), 

Product  of  taxation— for  State  usei,  $],50(.;.07;  pensions,  $213.07; 
schools,  $2,705.04  ;  county,  ^2,801.05. 

ropulation—white,  3,137;  colored,  137:  Indians,  IGl;  total,  3,435. 


GRANVILLE. 

(Jranville  County  lies  on  the  \'irginia  border,  and  is  draine<l  partly 
toward  the  north  by  the  tributaries  of  the  Koanoke  and  partly  (in  its 
middle  region)  by  the  Tar,  and  in  its  southern  portions  by  the  Neuse. 
In  its  central  and  high».r  portions,  where  it  is  50()  feet  above  tide,  it  is 
comparatively  level  and  rolling,  and  has  for  the  mos^  pnrt  a  gray 
gravelly  loam  soil,  with  here  and  there  small  tracts  of  red  clay.  Among 
the  most  productive  soils  is  a  level  body  of  oak  and  hickory  land  in 
the  northern  section,  with  a  dark  gravelly  loam  soil.  Smaller  tracts  of 
similar  character  occur  near  the  middle,  and  also  on  the  southern  bor- 
der. The  southern  portion  of  the  county,  along  the  divide  between  the 
waters  of  the  Tar  and  Neuse  Rivers,  is  another  comparatively  level 
bench  of  land,  belonging  mainly  to  the  class  of  gray  sandy  loams, 
derived  in  large  part  from  the  underlying  Triassic  rocks  (red  sandstone). 


142 


KAXIl-BOOK  OV  NORTH  CAROJ.INA. 


1   I 


The^e  alternate  will,  gray  gravollv  loams.    The  forests  aro  of  oaks 
hickory  and  dogv  ood,  intermingled  with  short-leaf  r)ine 

The  principal  agricnltural  product  of  this  county  is  the  gold-loaf 
tohacco.     Ihe  gray  and  light-colored  granice  soils  of  the  eastern,  mi.i- 
die  and  western  sections,  as  well  as  the  last-named  (Triassic)  soils,  are 
noted  for  the  high  grade  of  tobacco  which  thev  produce.     This  is  also 
a  hirge  ,-rain-growing  county,  its  aggregate  reaching  nearly  Tr.OOOO 
bushels.     Granville  has  long  been  conspicuous  for  its  leadership  in 
tobucco  culture,  and,  after  the  discovery  of  the  process  of  curing  the 
bright   eaf.    tor  a  long  time  had  no  equal  in  its  success  in  the  perfee- 
tion  of  that  process,  the  result  being  a  substance  of  unrivalled  beautv 
and  surpassing  value.     Tl.e  high  prices  habitually  received  greath- 
advanced  the  value  of  lands  in  some  sections,  and  purchasers  of  sucii 
qua  ities  of  land  were  enabled  to  obtain  full  title  out  of  the  proceeds 
of  the  sale  of  a  single  crop.     The  estimates  (for  they  are,  at  best,  only 
estimates)  of  the  census  investigation  of  1800  are  misleading,  and  onl v 
approximate  the  truth  in  giving  the  crop  of  ]880  at  4,170,071  pounds 
In  another  chapter  of  this  book,  statements  obtained  from  o'her  sources 
will  be  made  to  demonstrate  the  existence  of  a  much  larger  crop  for 
(.ranvi   e,  as  well  as  for  the  State  of  North  Carolina.     Besides  tobacco, 
Granville  produces  some  cotton,  wheat,  corn  and  other  grains  and  frui's 
\  Hluable  copper  ores  are  found  in  the  northern  part  of  the  countv" 
and  recently  exceedingly  valuable  iron  ores  have  been  discovered  in' 
the  south-eastern  section.     These  will  be  noticed  more  fullv  in  the 
cliapter  on  ores  and  minerals, 

Oxford,  the  coi.nty  .Pat,  has  a  population,  by  the  last  census,  of  2  097 
It  is  he  center  of  an  active  tobacco  business,  both  in  manufacture'and 
sale,  the  warehouses,  of  which  there  are  several,  ha.  '.ling  yearlv  from 
eight  to  ten  million  pounds.  Here  is  the  Orphan  Asylum,  supported 
jointly  by  the  Masonic  Fraternity  of  North  Carolina  and  bv  the  State  • 
tlie  Baptist  Female  College,  and  Ilorner'c  '  'lassical  and  Military  School' 
Oxford  is  connected  with  the  Raleigh  and  Gaston  Railroad  at  Hender- 
son, and  with  Richmond,  Va.,  by  a  road  running  from  that  citv  via 
Jveysville,  A  a.,  to  Durham. 

Granville  County  contains  ;]26,10S  acres  of  land,  valued  at  $1  770  907  • 
and  526  town  lots,  valuf  d  at  $925,712.  '       '        ' 

Of  domestic  animals  there  are-horses,  2,075;  mules   1  218-   jicks  * 
and  jeiinies,  10;  goats,  204;  cattle,  5,008;  hogs,  11,305;  sheep,  3^510 

^iwot"^,*      taxation-for  State,  110,221  ;  pension^,  $1,419.42  ;  school^ 
111,023.03;  county,  §15,537.88. 

Population— white,  12,122:  colored,  12,302-  total   ^4  434 


DESCRIl'TIOX  OP  COUSTIKS. 


148 


GREENE. 

The  small  county  of  Oreonc,  adjoining  T'itt  on  the  south,  and  drained 
by  the  Contontnea  (which  crosses  it  tlirough  tiio  middle)  and  its  numer- 
ous tributaries,  has  the  same  general  features,  both  as  to  its  natural 
characteristics  and  as  to  the  development  of  its  agriculture,  as  Edge- 
combe County,  but  there  are  considerable  areas  of  sandy  i)ine  lands  and 
pine  Hats  in  the  eastern  angle  and  in  the  southern  section.  Its  streams 
are  also,  for  the  most  part,  bordered  by  narrow  fringes  of  alluvial  land 
and  of  gum  and  cypress  swamps,  ft  has  also  along  the  courses  of  some 
of  its  tributaries  considerable  tracts  of  semi-swamp  land,  cliaracterized 
by  a  d?,rk-gray  loam  of  great  fertility,  notably  Lousin  Swamp,  near  the 
southern  border.  Like  the  preceding  counties,  Greene  finds  marl  and 
compost  essential  to  successful  cotton  farming.  There  are  still  consid- 
erable areas  of  pine  and  cypress  timber  in  the  county. 

Much  of  the  land  of  ( Jreene  is  suitaljlo  to  cotton,  the  production  of 
which  is  between  8,000  and  10,000  bales  per  annum.  It  is  also  a  pro- 
ductive corn  county,  as  would  be  indicated  by  the  character  of  its  best 
lands,  reclaimed  from  swamps.  Peas,  potatoes,  rice  and  other  grains 
constitute  the  chief  crops.  Within  a  brief  period  tobacco  has  been 
f)und  worthy  of  cultivation,  soil  and  climate  both  inviting  to  ihe  pro- 
duction of  the  highest  grades.  The  Census  Report  gives  the  crop  of 
18S0  at  0,650  pound?,  doubtless  be'ow  the  truth,  but  a  large  gain  over 
the  previous  decennial  report,  which  was  only  700  pounds. 

Greene  County  has  157,405  acres  of  land,  valued  at  $1,055,541;  and 
103  town  lots,  valued  at  |81,107. 

Of  domestic  animals  there  arc— h -rscs,  S30;  mules,  974;  goats,  109; 
cattle,  1,179;  hogs,  8,708;  sheep,  20 J. 

Product  of  taxation  — for  State  use,  $4,192.51;  pensions.  §599.86; 
schools,  §4,524.47;  county,  $8,710.19. 

Population— white,  5,281;  colored,  4,758;  total,  10,039. 


GUILFORD. 

Guilford  County  li(s  in  the  middle  of  the  midland  i)]ateau,  and  near 
its  highest  part,  on  the  water-shed  between  the  Cape  Fear  and  Dan 
Rivers,  which  crosses  its  territory  nearly  midway  in  a  west  and  east 
direction  at  an  average  elevation  of  between  800  and  1,000  feet  above 
tide.  In  its  physical  characteristics  and  its  agricultural  features,  this 
county  may  be  taken  as  a  typical  average  of  this  region.     This  elevated 


144 


IIAN)>-I10OK   or  KCIUTll  CIHOJ.INA. 


Bwoll  Of  land  boUvccti  the  water-ccmrscs,  with  it,  projections  at  riiht 
m^.  Iu.t«.„.„  the  ,„ai,.  „,hu.an,«  „r  ,h„  above  LlZ^^      ,^  ' 

■7,!  I      T  ;!\";'"«";""-o  of  lhe.o  r.,,lures  fo,-  tl,;  ,.a]or  part  of 
the  n,„lh.n,    ,  ,v,s,„„.     Ms  forests  consist  mainly  of  oaks  of  varou, 

1.01  mns,  ,l„eh  are  .,,  many  ,,arls  of  the  eouoly  extensive,  and  in  the 
so  ,tl,.eas„.rn  scctmn  of  ,!,„  c„nn,y.  even  on  the  nplands  a  y 

orests  of  oak,  ,nter,„in. with  hi.kory,  walnnt,  ,o,,lar  n.apl     etf 

Ihesc  lands  have  generally  a  reddish  clay  loan,  soi     'tI,    so    of  the 
H'her  and  hroad-hacke,!  ridges  and  swells  is  ,iui,e  nniforn,  v      v  h 

Zir''Tle"",1  «™"' V"",'"' •""'^^'"'"  ''.V  a  yellow  and  rk  d  y 
subsod.     J  he  cotton  zone  barely  touches  the  southern  border,  the  chief 
crops  01  the  ..ounty  consisting-  of  grains  and  tobacco,  grown    „„  t  y  i^ 
tlie  iiortlterii  ha  f  of  tlie  conntv      r  .1,1     ^  >  fe'^«"  Juobuy  la 

nv.„v  nio  ,  ,  '''*""'-^-    ^'^''^^  ^'^PPt^i-  ■•iiul  iron  are  foun<l  in 

niajo  places,  aii.l  have  been  mino.l  on  a  consitlorable  scale 

Ihe  county  of  (luilfonl  was  lor.noa  in  J  77.)  from  Rowan  and  Orange 

Uuiitoi  1.  In  1808  the  connty  seat  was  removed  from  i\rartinsville  to 
Greensboro  nanuKl.n  honor  of  Cieneral  (Ireeno),  five  miles  south-east 
of  the  Me  ol  the  battle-ground.     This  battle-ground  was  the  si^^  of  the 

^^:r^  ?'r  ^V'f '"•'  ^"'^"••^  ""^^'^^V'  fought  on  the  15th  Tf 
Maid,  1 .81  between  the  American  forces  un.ler  (Jen.  Nathaniel  (Jreene. 
a   d  those  of  the  ]  nfsh  under  Lord  Cornwallis.  the  latter  nominally 

ret  eatmg  to  ^V■lmmgton.  then^-e  to  Vorktown,  V,.,  where  they  event- 
u.lly  surrendered  to  (Jeneral  Washington,  thus  closing  the  war  and 
ecunngAniencan   Independence.     A  monument  recently  erected  on 
tlie  battle-ground  commemorates  tiio  real  victory 

In  addition  to  cotton  and  tobacco,  there  are  produced  corn,  wheat, 

oats,  rye,  and  clover  and  grass,,  and  fruits  of  all  kinds  congenial  to 

he  climate.     Apples,  peaches,  peni.,  quinces,  grapes,  plums,  apricots, 

nectarines,  cherries,  strawberries  and  melons  grow  In  richnes.s  aid  per- 

fecaon  unsurpassed  m  any  latitude  outside  the  tropics.     The  dried  and 

ZkI    of  ;     I'f-'  "  ^'"•'  — --^'ve.     NotSess  than  U15,".0 
pounds  of  dried  fruits  are  annually  shipped  from  this  countv. 

Ihe  peculiar  adaptation  of  the  soil  and  climate  to  the  cultivation 
and  perfection  of  fruits  has  stimulated  the  special  industrv  of  tlie  nu  I 
sery  bus:ness;  and  the  large  nurseries  near  Green.sboro:  chiefly  the 
Pomona  Nurseries,  grow  more  fruit  and  vines  than  any  ither  county 


i>K!^<;KU*TIUS  or  COl'M'IKiJ. 


H5 


lu  tho  .South,  nui]  tlioir  snles  fxtciul  >ill  over  the  Suitc  and  ull  t»ver  tlio 
vSoutti  uiul  West.  Tobacco,  within  tht;  piist  tou  yours,  has  douljl'dl  in 
quantity  and  in  quality.  E\on  tho  unsatisfudory  estimate  shows  tiie 
comparison  botwetn  1S7!)  and  18.S0  to  be  422,7U)  i»ounds  for  the  former 
ttnd  918,72-'?  i)ounds  foi  the  latter,  resnltin,<,'  in  the  creation  of  an  impor- 
tant sales  market  and  well  established  factories  in  Greensboro. 

Mainifacturini,'  establishinenls  are  dill\ised  thronghout  the  county. 
Among  these  are  two  eotton  fac'.ories  at  (Ireensboro,  one  at  High  Point 
and  one  at  (iibsonville;  a  liosiery  factory  at  (Jreensboro,  two  funndrys, 
a  stave  factory,  spoke  and  handle  factory,  and  various  other  establish- 
rncntJ.  fn  addition  to  these  is  the  steel  and  iron  works  for  the  manu- 
facture of  pig-iron,  the  only  one  now  in  the  State,  which  will  soon  bo 
in  operation.  Ileferenco  to  this  will  be  made;  subsecjuently.  There  are 
numerous  merchant  mills  in  the  county. 

Railroad  facilities  an^  numerous,  and,  passing  through  ( Ireensboro, 
constitute  it  an  important  railroad  centre.  The  (.'a|)e  I-'ear  and  ^'ad- 
J<in  A'alley  Jlailroad,  passing  from  tide-water  to  the  mountains,  runs 
through  the  county  from  south-east  to  north-west,  and  goes  through 
eight  townships.  The  North  Carolina  Railroad,  passing  from  the  sea- 
board to  tile  Tennessee  line,  runs  through  the  county  from  (.'ast  to  west, 
und  through  seven  townships.  The  Richmond  and  Danville  comes  in 
from  the  north,  runs  to  <  ireensI)oro,  and  pa.sscs  through  three  town- 
.ship,s.  'J'he  Xorth-western  North  Carolina  Railroad  starts  at  (Jreen.sboro 
and  runs  west  through  three  townships. 

(-Jreensboro,  the  county  seat,  situated,  as  above  stated,  at  the  focal 
point  of  several  railroads,  has  become  of  great  importance.  Its  jiopu- 
lation  is  upwards  of  (5,51)0  since  Morehead  has  been  added  to  the  wards 
north  of  the  Richmond  and  Danville  Railroad.  It  has  large  hotels, 
churches,  n  fenude  college,  a  colored  college,  a  female  industrial  school 
nearly  completed,  waterworks,  gas  and  electric  lighting,  teleidiones,  etc. 

High  Point,  fifteen  miles  M-est  of  (ireen.sboro,  has  a  i)opnlation, 
including  High  Point  township,  of  ;!,i81,  and  Jamestown  and  Oak 
Jvidgo  are  smaller  villages. 

(luilford  County  has  3lJ7,!)0r>  acres  of  land,  valued  at  !<2,;j:)1),140;  and 
1,302  town  lots,  valued  at  §1,241,930. 

Of  domestic  animals  there  are— horses,  3,480;  mules,  1,183;  jacks 
and  jennies,  25;  goats,  50;  cattle,  10,752;  hogs,  12,739;  sheep,  0,741. 

Product  of  taxation— for  State  uses,  !?15,1 63.78;  pensions,  $1,907,39; 
schools,  §17,797.48;  county,  §14,539.05. 

Population— white,  19,820;  colored,  8,232;  total,  28,052. 


10 


K  1 


14a 


HAND-BOOK  OF  Mmmii 


'    \K<||  I.VA. 


•  HALIFAX. 

Halifax  Comity  lies  behveon  tho  Itoaiiok..  IJivor  on  the  .n.,tl,  .,..1 
^.«ln.,K.  rreek  onoof  tin,  coullun.ts  of  ll.e  Tar  Hi  or.     ,  'of 

111.  .a,s(.ni  a>,.l  larKor  part  of  this  co.uUy  belongs  to  tl  o  m      u.l    v    : 

ir  1;       f-  I     .'''"^  a.nuucnly  ,ninKk..l   wi,|/a  subonlinaU. 

n  fl        Jr''  '"''>'f''''  •^•'^^"•""'^  ^'t*'-     Tl.o  Mu  face  is  g<  ..cally  leu 

? tr  ,    s  '  Th!"^^■r  ^''  '"'""'  "'*•;■'  ;^'^'"l't-  ''ii'«  ''"<!  ravine     1      h^ 
to        'n,  I         V!  ^^'■'•''  """^■^'  ''"^'"'  ^^if''  •'  v^'llow  t..  brown  s. 1 

Tu-  K  V  ribo  t:;;"    'rT'  ^^^■■^"'"."■^  ''^''^y  ""  ^'■'^v.ontbuar.l  i    to  t    , 
n,   u;  '     ■     ^^''^'^•f'V'^''''^'^''"-dmg  to  a  curious  topo.r,a|,iHc..,l  jaw 

oton  narrow  swampy  tracts  of  gun,  and  cypr.ss  along  tleinri,^ 

but  there  are  extensive  alluvial  areas  or  bo  tonis  on  ti.e   arge    riv    !' 

espee.ally  the  Roanoke,  whose  botton.s  are  of  unsurpa    eV feS  itv     1  n 

Ic  StTe     l^:^'-  "^T'^r'  ^''"T  ^^""^^  '''  ^'-^  finest  el,  Uaulso 

Wn-n  .?        V       '""1*  prosi)erous  cotton  counties,  un.l  pro<luces  verv 
large  crops  oi  grams  besides,  chitdy  of  orn  ^  ^ 

Like  others  ot  the  eastern  counties,  Halifax  has  largely  increaH>d  the 
culture  of  tobacco,  the  quality  being  of  the  lust.     In  187!   t  e  cen     s 

a  c\m\Z^^^^^^  Conii,any.  en.l„ac-ed  chielly  in 

a  canal  tioni  Gaston  to  Weldon,  overconiin^r  the  succession  of  rMoids 

o  nielo  -7'  ^^°'"'  ^^"\"'^^-'g'^^>'^  vvater  above  to  stea.nb^.t  naX  ' 

so^^Z:^u::^f"T^^'y^''''''r'y  ^^■'"■^'''  '•''■^opened  the  can  I 
so  as  to  axail  Itself  of  water-power  tor  manufacturing  purposes  event- 
ually 10  obtain  such  power  as  wiU  be  uiu.iualul  in  Thl  United'.S  a 

thc^i^^t  r";  j;.:; .  rf  i/'i"  'T'  "^^^^^^  ^''^'"^>'  ^'^'-'-^  ^^  ^^^^. 

the  liistiailioad.  in  .North  Carolina  extending  fron,  points  in  this  counlv 

n  vh-':"r '; .  'iv'f  •",''"  f:^'  ^"^  ^''^^-''-^  — -Jai  z^ 

^/  :  .  r  ^'^;^'t'^^''  <'"'!  <J'i^^ton  road  was  begun  in  lb?>(]  and 
completed  to  Raleigh,  and  also  connecled,  bv  a  road  (o  1  el fiel  ' 
jvi  b  the  line  built  m  18:33  from  J>,lakely,  inNorthampton  ,  u  o 
etersburg,  \  a. ;  and  the  i  niington  and  Wehlon  road,  also  b  ^u n  in 
LSob.  and  competed  to  Wilmington,  was  also  earlv  connecteel  wi  h 
1  ortsmou  h,  \  a.  by  the.Seaboard  and  Roanoke.exteiHhng  from  Weld  m 

to  tnc  load  built  to  I  1  kely.  Subsequent!}',  a  road  (a  branch  of  the 
Wilmington  and  Weldon  road)  was  built  to  Scotland  Neck  and  ts 
has  recently  been  extended  to  Kinston.  thus  making  two  mntrly  pai' 


DKS("'Rri''CI(tN    (11-    <'(>rv|'lKf«. 


147 


allol  hiHia  i>(«l(.iigiiijr  to  ilini  r(.ii,puuv   uiul  addjiiu  vcrv  i-ivuilv  i.,  lii.. 
prosperity  ,)(■  I  lulifjix  Coiiiitj  o       .^         , 

lliilirux,  tli(.  anility  sciit  of  Halifax  rouiity,  i.s  situated  oil  the  Hoaii- 
okc  itiver,  a  town  ol  jrnal  iiistoiic  iiitorcst.  but  now  of  .small  iiii|)or- 
tniico.  It  has  a  popuhitioii  of  :n2.  Scotlaii.l  Xcck,  growinjr  i„to  ,',,1,. 
sequtMu;..  .siiico  the  war.  has  77(5;  I'jiliold.  r,(i;};  I.ittloton,  :JO;i,  VVoIdon 
l,2Jb;  and  Rm<;wood  and  I'.rinklcwillc  are  small  l,u(  iuterestiii"-  vil- 
lages. *" 

Halifax  County  has  .100,18:,  acres  of  land,  valued  ai  si.MHO^.'j.  ^,,1 
l,i;i.S  town  lots,  valued  at  «IS0,!)()0,  ' 

Of  domestic  animals  there  are— li(.rses.  I,;>20,  mules  \  't^Ki-  hn-k^ 
ftlid  jennies,  ;i;  goats,  ]04;  cattle,  (Mi02 ;  liogs,  ll,Oi;j;  s'heep,  2'r;52'  ' 

Jroductol  taxation—for  State  uses.  ,^0,212,50 ;  pensions.  81 .207  ;J3: 
schools,  ;i?  12.005 ;  county,  .^10,00(;.0.S.  "      ' 

I'opulation— white,  t>,Gl-i;  coIohm),  10,021;  toUil,  28,008. 

HARNETT. 

Harnett  County  lies  on  both  sides  of  the  Cupe  Fear  Jtiveron  the 
Iiorth-westeni  margin  of  the  long-leaf  pine  belt.  Near  the  river  and 
lor  .several  miles  on  both  sides,  its  surface  is  quite  liillv  in  its  uVpor 
portion  and  hero  the  soil  is  of  the  intermediate  character  described  as 
oak  and  pme  sandy  and  gravc'lly  liills.  ( )n  the  tops  of  the  ridges  and 
nver  bills  these  soils  are  gray  .sandy  loam.s,  but  on  the  slopes  thev 
approach  the  cliaracter  of  clay  loams,  and  are  covered  mainly  with 
torests  ut  oak  and  short-leaf  pine.  The  bodv  of  the  countv  b'elonjr.s 
strictly  to  the  long-leaf  pine  belt,  and  has  the  general  characteristics  of 
that  region.  ]  he  western  .section,  as  well  as  a  narrow  belt  in  the  mid- 
Ule,  near  the  south  bank  of  the  river  and  some  portions  of  the  .south 
side,  partakes  m  i)art  of  the  character  of  the  pine  barrens.  \ear  the 
nver,  and  along  its  princi[)al  tributaries  from  the  west,  and  in  tlie  aixdes 
between  these  and  the  river,  arc  wide  tracts  of  gray,  clavoy,  siltv  huids 
(.oaiv  and  i)ine  Hats)  and  occasional  narrow  strips  of  giim"  and  cvpre.ss 
swamp  Cotton  production  is  the  principal  industrv  of  the  countv  InVt 
gram,  lumber  and  turpentine  are  also  important  [products 
,  T/.\^;  * '''1'6  i'Y^ar  River  passes  through  the  county,  but  it  aflords  no 
laciUties  lor  navigation,  except  in  giving  pas.si.ge  during  high  water  to 
rafts  ot  timber  and  lumber. 

The  branch  of  the  Wilmington  and  Wcldon  Railroad  from  Wilson 
to  Morence,  S.  C.,  by  way  of  Fayetteville,  passes  through  the  county 
and   has  greatly  stimulated   industrial  activitv,  .several   thrivin-r  ;,nd' 
busy  towns  having  been  built  along  the  line,  and  the  agricultural  and 
naval  store  interest  greatlv  stimulated. 

fV,n^<<l!i"^^;'''  'f.' ',?  .f  "»ty.«^'|t,  a  small  village.  Dunn,  on  tiie  line  of 
the  bhort-cut  Railroad,  is  the  largest  and  the  mo^t  important  bu^i. 
ne.ss  point.     Jt  probably  contains  (iOO  inhabilant.s. 

Harnett  County  contains  ;M(i,r,77  acres  of  land,  valued  at  >i7.')S  4r>()  ■ 
and  U->  town  lots,  valued  at  S<  17,23a.  '        ■•        .• 


I ' 


148 


HANft-BOOK  OP   NftHTII   CAHOLINA. 


...!::;Mli':/7s:';:;:;nu':';  ^r^'  ^''''''-^  ^^--^  <^^^««^ 

I'ui.ulatiuu-wlute,  y,4.:.;J,  c-c.lured,  4,217;  total,  13,700. 

HAYWOOD. 
This  l„r^r,.  ami  iuaiuihii  rnnn'yUns  r.'ini.rkal.V  for  the  lonii  PM.nf 

'!..■  (■xtcMit  ol  ,(H  va  l,.v  systnn  a.„l  tl.r  In  tililv  of  its  soil      Tie  'it' 
;...«."  sknls  It  partly  on  the  .ast,  (.ul.ninatiMK'in  rl...  in   a.ni    ,1  .  m-  , 


n.,--l  l,y  a  .jcp.vssion  of  several  r.dlo.,  is  c^nti.H;;',  l.v  U^'S'ko;;;;;'; 
iiin^^isextendcMJ  to  the  Tciui.ss..^  lino,      \  sDiiror  puhu.     r<   ,.     ■        !\ 

!...k  o    uhidi  IS     ol.l  ^rountam,  rising  to  tlu-  l.oifvht  uf  (I ()«;;!  iVei 
an  >,  11    this  eouiiiy  attaimn-  ihrir  -roale.^t  dcvafion.     f  I<.re  an.  liflet  i 

I.  Ik-  luouiitaiu  lands,  except  ou  (he  Mimmtt.^  of  tht^  hi-her  rflnirps 
V  inch  are  densely  wood,,!  witli  the  halsaiu  lirN  are  vcMT  fo    ile     The 
<ks  and  smnnnts  of  the  lower  rid«^^^^ 

1  In  r  dVT  "'.''"1"  ""^  ^T''  ^"  ^'''^  luxtniauce.  Head's  gaS, 
tiiuothN,  ud-top  an<l  elover  lake  readilv  to  the  soil.  Within  the  hist 
two  years  the  ^.Muune  Kentucky  hlue  ^.ass  has  app.a  Jl  '  an  ous^f 
(IS  d  .1  the  frspnaa,  or  Japan  clover,  and  will  <■  4tlv  a.h    t  v  .  1  n ..' 

txtuit,an<   elloits  are  made  to  anii-rovo  the  value  of  the  hreeds     Sheen 

1' nuts  grow  to  great  perfection,  and  tlie  avphs  of  Ilavwoad  are 

famous  all  <.ver  the  mountain  regions.  "^ 

Toba(x-o.  in  portions  of  the  county,  has  hccorne  nn  important  article 

C^innvll!   wh^  yellow  tobacco  provmg  little  inferior  to  that  of 

^  m  mn       m !  r^    ^^''/^r''^'''  '"'"r  ^'''^''-^^^feris-ies  in  common  with 

of  the  CO  n  V      1    V'"5''''/';'?'''?  ^'^  ^  '^'S'"'"-    '^'^^^  ""''tl'ern  section 
ot  tlie  countN  is  best  adapted  to  the  successful  culture  of  tobacco 

In  mmeral  wealth  there  has  been  no  development  excer      n  mica 
winch  has  been  worked  to  considerable  extent  at  Mica<l  fc   .  J  r  Wa y   es-' 

tT  ItY  f  ;     '  '"^'^''''  """'  ^''^^'^'  -''^'''^'''  »"^^  ^^tl^e^-  '"i^ei'als  are  known 
to  exjst,  but  no  mines  are  worked.  i^uuwn 


DKrtcnirTIoN  OP  COITNTIFS 


149 


nre 


I  ln'  iiioini  niii^  Hiu  riolluMi  u^  iluu  siiiiiiiiit.>,  vvitli  tort's'.s  of  n  LTcat 
range  ol  .spccieH.  Oi»  tlio  lower  rtl.)|...s  and  in  tlio  rich  (•ovos,  U-^idts 
the  usiml  clnirMcicnsiic  onks  liirkorics,  ini(!iiiMl..T,s,  |)o|»lar,  clifstimt, 
etc.,  uro  loiuKi  III  abiiii(i,nic(.  walnut,  hlack  locust,  chcnv  niui  ash  and' 
ttlittlo  liijr|ior>siijrar  nia|.lc.  Imdi-n,  1.1  uk  larch  and  hcJch,  and  (a'l  the 
iijrlu'st  ran^res  iw..  spt'cic'S  of  Hr,  Since  tlio  advmt  of  the  railroad, 
lunilnrinfj;  is  rapidly  hcconiin^r  an  ini|>iirlaiit,  industry 

\Vaynesvi[le  is  the  county  s^at,  with  a  (.(.pulalion  ^ivcn  by  ttic  census 
of  l8!H>ut  lo.V  It  IS  tiiicly  situated  m  the  valley  of  Kich'laiiil  Creek, 
overtopped  hy  siiiue  (,(' M,,.  frmudest  summits  of  the  llalsaiu  Mountains! 
It  IS  a  m)te(|  summer  resort,  an. I  in  the  vicinitv  are  the  White  Suli.hur 
^pnnJrs,  o(iui|)ped  with  a  eommodions  hotel  surrouii<led  with  ample 
i^rounds  riie  Murphy  branch  of  iln  Western  North  Carolina  Hail. 
ruad  pas-ses  throu<;h  Waynesvillc 

Clyde,  u  thriving'  village  and  I'jgeon  RivtT  tow..,  iM.ih  on  the  rail- 
road, are  jrrow.iifr  towns, 

llaywoo.l  County  has  2(i.S,.l!iS  nt-rts  of  iuiiiJ,  valutd  Ot  ^O'.IO.'jni;  und 
i\r.>  town  lots,  valued  at  ^ii^Ho.irj. 
^    l)f  domestic  animals  there  aro-liorses,  J,74S;  mules,  070;  lacks  and 


jei 

SC'} 


mnies,  I!»:  froMts,  24;  <-attle,  lO,.",!);^;  ho^r.,  12,(;(i;j:  .sheep,  o'sSS. 

I'roduci  of  taxation  ^- for  State  uses,  $i,210.1-i.  pensions,  J^(;i0.37: 
ihools,  !ii;.),,s(;i  10.  county,  .51 0,()r.2,4(>. 

P-on la tioii— white,  Vint');  colored,  517 ;  total,  13,340. 


HENDERSON. 

ITwtt(lor.^on  County  i>'  n  PontinuafioM  soiithu  ,,r,I  oi^the  French  l5roa<i 

valley  described   in    lUincoinbe  Count\ .  and   its  toi)o»rra|)hical  features 
arc  ;...:i..^  ......  -  .         .  I    f'  .1 

lev 
na 


re  very  similar,  exce).t  that  there  are  broader  areas  of  comparatively 
vei  and  undulatinor  laud.s,  but  of  less  fertility,  the  soils  bein^r  predomi- 
uitly  lisbtsray  ur.u-elly  loani,^.  and  its  forests  being  mixed  j,M-owths 
Of  oak  and  pme.  with  hemlock  and  chestnut.  Xear  the  water-courses 
iiMhemountam  coves  are  fonn.l  wnhmi,  cherry,  maple  and  occasion- 
idly  white  pme. 

This  county  is  divided  In  ihc  I'.lue  liiduf  ,mo  iw(;  uiicciual  ..arts,  a 
considerable  portion  of  it  lyii.o'  on  tlie  .south,  on  the  South  Carolina 
line,  and  on  the  east  bounded  by  Polk  County,  beino'  in  the  Piedmont 
Sec'tioii  rhe  remainder,  or  mountain  plateau,  is  bordered  on  the  east 
and  south  by  the  same  range,  and  intersected  at  wide  intervals  by  low 
riingesot  m.aintains  extending  toward  the  north-we.st,  it  is  clo.sl'd  in 
by  the  Pi.sgah  range,  the  peak  of  that  name  being  th.>  common  centre 
lor  the  county  lines  of  [lendersou,  Traii.sylvuniu,  Duncombe  and  Jlay- 


wood. 

T 
foot 


The  county  h  intersected  !)v  numerous  streams  Green  River  at  the 
foot  of  the  lUiie  Uidge,  (lows  eastward  between  that  range  aiid  the 
fealuda  Mountains,  and  is  an  atlluent  of  the  Broad  River,  llowimr  south 
into  South  (Carolina      The  Prencli  Broad  flows  through  the  north-west- 


ern part  of  the  county,  am 

<  'I'cek    ;i  \\i\    o!  ho)  ^ '  ' 


receiving  the  waters  of  Mills  River,  Mud 
•oiisiderabh-  streams,  becomes  ;i  bold,  broad  stream, 


II 


150 


HAND-HOOK    OP   KOKTH    CAROLINA. 


?  . 


1 


V 


A  remarkaole  featu'-e  of  this  county  is  the  apparent  great  dopro'^sion 

as  on  Mua  (  leek,  the  character  o,'  wide  swamps.  The  whole  interior 
of  the  county  presents  the  aspect  of  ono  valley  into  whid  '  nroio^  Hke 
elongated  pro.nontones,  small  ranges  of  moui  tain..  LooS  nor  h 
west  from  Uendersonville,  the  eye  sweeps  ovtr  a  level  expanse  of  twen  J 
miles,  closed  at  that  d-sta.co  lly  the  Pisgah  rVige  X  'depi' ssi^^ 
however,  is  apparent  nuher  than  real,  the  mo..t  depressed  or  i^s  bS 
above  the  mean  level  of  the  Blue  Ridge  pla,^eau,  2,250  fe^md  pre? 
senting  the  appearanc-e  of  a  broad  upliiled  valley  '  ^ 

llie  son  of  this  county  is  good,  though  not  so  fertile  as  other  moun- 

r.r^in"ami  ^'^'s'' '."^'?^'""f  ^i^^  "'^'^>'^'  ^^'^^'^  "-  P-dSv 
v«?if]     v.?    ^    '^'    .-  ""'*^  ^'"^  abundant  and  excellent.     The  miner.l 

tTie     nn1.  f  '  'T''yf  "°^^  g^'^^'t'     f^imestone  of  excellent  quXv 

_  The  agricultural  in.^ustry  of  the  eonntv  is  quite  largelv  directed  to 

ket  and  much  attention  is  given  to  the  canning  of  fruits  and  vegeta- 
bles.    Among    he  minerals  found  in  this  countv  is  zircon   found  hi 

^ti^s:°;:;T  ^^  *i'  '?^'^^'  "^  ^^^^"  ^^^^'^^'  ^^»^  exhumed  rtri^ 

quantities  to  be  used  in  (iormany  in  conne^aion  with  gas  fixture^  Thts 
perhap..,  is  the  argest  deposit  of  this  mineral  in  thelTn  ted^tates  " 
I  endersonyille,  the  county  seat,  is  credited  with  a  popul  on  of 
],21(  .  I  his  town  IS  a  noted  summer  lesort  for  the  citizens  of  South 
Carolina  and  other  Southern  States.  It  is  reached  by  ralioad  tl  e 
Asheville  and  Spartanburg  line  passing  through  it.     Two  lef  south 

talthi'^'uh  C^iv b-  '-'"'^  ''T''  °"^"^'^^'>'  ^'  -""™-  -Ttlemer of 
weaJtJiv  South  Carolinians,  who  surrounded  themselves  witli  am..]- 

ornamental  grounds  and  erected  handsome  dwellings      iT  is  a    o  a  Se 
oral  summer  resort,  a  spacious  Hotel  being  al wavs  open  ^ 

Henderson  County  has  188,08-  acres  of  land,  valued  at  SOSOOOn- 
and  boo  town  lots,  valued  at  $250,035.  5?.^^J,JJb, 

,    Of  domestic  animals  there  are-horses,  1,050;  mules,  [>■>]  •  jacks  and 
jennies,  8;  goats,  100;  cattle,  7,184;  hogs,  6,098;  sheep,  5  "40 

Product  of  taxation -for  State  uses    84  030  4'>  •  iJn  Jnn      *r-.— n 
schools,  )?5,098.08;  countv,  §11,887  ^^''^^'•^--   pension.,  ^(,oo.oO: 

Population-white,  11,211 ;  colored.  1,378.;  total,  12,589. 

HERTFORD, 

^Hertford  r'ounJ>  lie.s  on  the  northern  border  of  the  State  *and  is 
boundfd  eastward  b.N-  the  Chowan  Piver.  Tlip  soils  are  for  the  nm  t 
part,  of  the  general  region  of  iqdand  piny  woods    an  [s?bu        ar    1  e 

^In'^U  lam?  '''u  ''?,  -"-^^--^^I^  fl-acts  of  oak  and  pine  S  .^d 
a  u  al  land.  Along  the  margin  of  the  Cho^van  and  some  of  the  otheJ 
ANatei-courses  are  iniiges  of  gum  and  cypress  swamp.     Marl  in  abun- 


1f 


DKSCKirTK  V    OF   COfNTIKS. 


151 


dance  underlies  the  surface.     Ik'sides  the  culture  of  cotton  and  corn 
there  are  the  fish,  lumber  and  naval  stores  industries.     Cotton,  lumber 
and  other  products  are  shipped  by  steamer  and  rail  to  Norfolk. 

Until  recently  this  county  has  boon  without  railroad  facilities,  depend- 
ing for  transportation  on  the  Meherrin  and  Chowan  Rivers,  which  flow 
through  It  or  along  its  borders.  Now  the  Norfolk  and  Carolina  Rail- 
road, extending  southwardly  to  Tarboro,  and  a  branch  road  giving 
connection  with  Murfreesboro,  have  been  provided. 

Murfreesboro  is  the  most  populous  town  in  the  county,  with  a  popu- 
lation of  G74,  and  is  the  seat  of  a  flourishing  female  college. 

Winton,  the  county  seat,  has  a  population  of  419. 

Hertford  County  has  207,241  acres  of  land,  valued  at  $990,984;  and 
421  town  lots,  valued  at  $192,;^09. 

Of  domestic  animals  there  are— horses.  1,330;  mules,  079;  jacks  and 
jennies.  2;  cattle,  4,154;  hogs,  11,975;  sheep,  2,404:  goats,  377. 

Product  of  taxation  — for  State  uses,  !|5,3(;<;.2r) ;  pensions,  $753.31; 
schools,  .^7,928.71;  county,  $4,045.90. 

J'opulation— white,  5,9bt) ;  colored,  7,945;  tdal  13,851.  .; 

HYDE. 

Jlyde  County  is  enveloped  by  sounds  and  great  bay-like  rivers,  and 
lis  middle  portion  is  occu|Med  by  a  large  lake,  Maltamuskeet,  twenty 
miles  m  length  and  six  miles  wide,  with  two  other  lakes  in  its  northern 
portion.  Two-thirds  of  its  land-surface  is  occupied  by  the  great  Alli- 
gator Swamp.  A  narrow  fringe  of  from  one  to  two  miles  width  around 
the  central  lake  is  the  highest  portion  of  the  countv,  and  is  from  six  to 
ten  feet  above  tide.  It  was  originaliv  covered  with  a  heavy  swamp 
growth  ot  cypress,  gum  (tupelo),  maple,  ash,  etc.  The.se  lands  have 
been  cultivated  ior  a  century,  and  still  i)roduce  liftv  bushels  of  corn  to 
tlie  acre,  without  manure  or  rotation,  This  ridge  slopes  off  in  every 
direction  from  the  lake— eastward  into  a  tract  of  oak  Hats  which  extends 
to  the  sound.  The  south-western  portion  of  the  countv  i-  within  the  i)ro- 
jectmg  arms  of  Pungo  River,  and  other  bavs  from  Pandico  Sound,  and 
may  also  be  described  as  oak  flats,  with  a  soil  which,  in  general  term's 
IS  a  gray  silty  loam,  an  admirable  wheat  soil.  The  nortliern  portion  of 
this  county,  throughout  its  whole  extent  from  east  to  west,  is  a  low- 
lying  savannah  or  peaty  cypress  and  juniper  swamp,  like  the  Great 
l);smal,  called  Alligator  Swamp.  The  productions  of  this  countv  are 
chiefly  corn,  wheat  and  cotton,  to  which  has  been  added  rice.  Lum- 
bering and  fishing  complete  the  list  of  its  industries. 

The  exhaustless  fertility  of  the  lands  of  Ilvde,  aflected  neither  by 
heat  nor  drought,  Jiave  made  them  an  a.ssured  granarv,  out  of  which 
the  needs  of  other  places  may  be  alwavs  supplied;  and  a  large  number 
of  coasting  vessels  make  numerous  trips  to  Ciiarleston,  Wilmington 
New  Ihrn  and  other  markets.  In  the  damp  soils  on  the  borders  of 
Mattamuskeet  Lake  originated  one  of  tlu;  best  (lavored  and  iws^ibly 
the  best  keeping  winter  apple  known— the  Mattamuskeet— perfecting 
best  in  its  original  home,  but  doing  well  elsewhere. 

The  remarkable  character  of  the  soil  of  JIvde  County,  its  fertility 


■  t 

i 


152 


HAND-ROOK    OP    NORTH    CAROLINA. 


it 


and  its  uncl^angeabe  qualities,  led  Professor  Emmons,  .-.  former  St.te 
Geologist,  to  the  following  observations- 

"Some  tracts  have  been  cultivated  over  a  century,  «nd  tb.  crops 
up  ear  to  be  equally  as  good  a.  tbey  wei-e  at  an  earlv  period  of  t  le  r 
cul  ure,  ami  yet  no  manure  has  been  e.nploved,  and'they   mve  be 

he.    o      It  tins  crop  has  been  omitted,  wheat  ln.s  been  substituted  for 
nT     I.         "'i   ^^''^'  '^''^  I^^'*'I'^"'''>'  ^^-''^'"t  soils,  but  if  they  are  uncu Iti 

TlK.  i?  k.  .,  ^^"tieulty  occurs,  m  part,  in  the  culture  of  corn. 

socomi)letei\  that  they  ^hall  be  concealed  and  preserve  at  the  same 
.mo  an  even,  ban,  some  surface.  The  peculiarities  of  t^^e  soil  of  lye 
County  are  comprised  in  two  particulars:  First,  the  large  quant  ty  of 
N-egetable  matter  they  contain;  second,  ihe  cxtrerne  Hnem'ss  of\l?e 
intermixed  earthy  matter.  The  earthy  matter  is  invisible'  n  con  e 
quenceot  its  hn eness  and  evenly  distributed  through  the  n m's      An 

and  they  would  be  led  to  infer  that  it  was  entirely  absent.    Unlike  otl  ei' 

tl    f  d  n?    '/."'  ""  coarse  V  sible  particles  of  sand,  and  hence  ,tappear^^ 

;  t  e  so  ;^V  w  ^''"V^-    f  i'?  TS^tables,  which  cover  at  least  oni-ha  ? 

o    the  .soil,  it  was  subjected  to  fre<|ue.,t  ove./iows  of  muddy  water  or 

'  v-unn'vvhnr'''  ''^"'^  ■  ''f  T  P^-'?'"""  '''^'  ^^'^'^^^  ^'^^  "-'^^'^v  a  nirey 
s  wimp  V  hirh  communicated  with  streams  that  brought  over  w--;!,  il 

the  ines    sediment  of  .o,ne  distant  region.     This  sediment  is  fm.   e     |y 

a  fine  grit,  and  hue  enough  for  hones,  and  when  the  vegetable  i    burnt 

off  1   appears  u  light  drab  color.     The  character  of  th"  Jlvde  Coun  y 

soil  has  never  been  understood.     The  cau.e  of  its  fertility  tsnem- 

b  en  exp  ained,  and  many  persons  who  are  good  judges  of^  lands  havi 

over-rated    he  value  of  swamp  lands  in  consequei.ce  of  the  close  ex  er' 

a   resemblance  they  have  borne  to  those  of  Hyde.     Analyses,  loweve  • 

"  dt  o^'7mSV''T;'  '^r^'^^rrf  ^'^  !^>^  -mmon  ^swamp  lands 
and  tliose  o    Ifyde.     J  he  color  is  black  or  dark  brown,  and  the  whole 

ma.ss  near    he  surface  looks  as  if  it  was  composed  entirely  of  yege  .b  e 

matter.       \  e  see  no  particles  of  .sand  or  soil  in  it.     On  the  sidts  and 

bo  toms  ot  the  ditches  a  light  gray  or  ashy  soil  is  di.scernable    inde   1 

t      regarded  as  ashes,  and  is  so  called,  and  is  supposed  to  hLve  been 

to  n  ed   by  the  combustion  of  ancient  beds  of  yegetable  matter.     The 

li  b  ri^Hke^;  '  '   ^^''^'  ''''  r'  ^^-"V-tl.at  is,  when  dry,  like  timber- 
liable  to  take   lie  from  a  spark  originated  by  a  gun-wad.     There  are  i 
IS  ttue,  tracts  lying  m  connecion  wi'h  them  of  this  characier  which 
are  quite    united,  but  their  occurrence  does  not  affect  (his  general  cha  - 
acteristic.  ^  " 

Hyde  County  has  2.J0.231  acres  of  land,  yalue<l  at  *.522,:}78-  and  78 
town  lots,  valued  at  §13.405  ' 

Oi' ^\<.m^efcan\mixh  there  are-horses,  l.;528;  mules.  IS.!:  goats  1(J0- 
cattle,  b,(,24  ;  hogs,  9,753;  sheep,  2,0G7. 

/'T'"v-'-''nc^uf' *'°''~^''''  ^^^^^  "^6-  $2,G3S.35;  pensions,  >?404i)8- 
schools,  .s.},<u8.4!);  county,  $3,058.25.  -^v^-t.  ;o, 

Population-white,  4,!W52;  colored,  3,941;  total,  8,003. 


,1 


State 


% 


I 


3; 

I 


JVC  J 


-<  IS  . 

)ved' 


II  i  I 


U       ""a 


a 


i 


DESCRIPTION   OF   COUNTIES. 


153 


-  IREDELL. 

Iredell  is  a  count-   jj^  rolhnt>  uplands,  and  lies  on  the  waters  of  the 
^v.f„^  ,.nd  o    '*'e  Yadkin 


Catawba  on  the   „  .. 

drained  by  the  h-'    i!   ^'t  is  c 

thv  y'ourse 


on  the  east,  being  mainly 
ded  in  a  north-westerly  and  south- 
easterly <ilirection|^"'v  thv"^y'ourse  ''  the  tributary  streams,  into  broad, 
flattish,  elevated  ;  les,  tl  ^i  summ..s  of  which  have  generally  a  gray 
and  yellow  loam  soil,  with  •  nxed  oak  and  pine  forests  and  occasiimal 
tracts  of  red-clay  oak-covei  ,^  soils,  \hile  along  the  streams,  which 
abound  in  alluvial  bottoms,  ess  ^  ak,  walnut,  hickory,  etc.,  pre- 
dominate. One  of  these  high  owells  or  divides  lies  along  and  quite 
clo.se  to  the  course  of  the  Catawba  River,  and  has  an  elevation  of  1)00 
feet  in  its  southern  portion,  risking  to  1,000  feet  and  upward  at  its  north- 
ern limit.  The  average  elevation  of  the  county  is  but  little  below  1,000 
feet  above  sea-level. 

The  cotton  crop  has  increased  tenfold  since  1870,  and  is  confined 
mainly  to  the  southern  half,  tliis  form  of  agriculture  having  only 
recently  passed  beyond  the  middle  of  the  county.  The  northern  sec- 
tion produces  tobacco  as  as  its  chief  market  crop,  but  corn  and  the 
small  grains  occupy  the  larger  portion  of  the  tilled  surface  of  the  county, 
and  aggregate  more  than  800,000  bushels. 

The  tobacco  crop  is  greater  than  indicated  by  the  census  figures, 
which  place  the  crop  of  1880  at  199,758  pounds — less  than  that  of  1879. 
The  largely  increased  business  in  Siatesville,  both  in  sales  and  manu- 
factures, indicate  an  error,  which  our  own  Sta'e  returns  do  not  correct. 

Iredell  County  has  good  railroad  facilities,  the  Western  North  Caro- 
lina Raih'oad  passing  through  it,  and  the  Atlantic,  Tennessee  and  Ohio 
Railroad  connecting  it  with  Charlotte  on  the  south,  and  another  branch 
line  of  twenty-five  miles  with  Taylorsville  on  the  north.  With  its  varie- 
ties of  soil  and  of  products,  its  water-power  and  conveniences  for  manu- 
facture, the  whole  county  is  undergoing  rapid  development  and  improve- 
ment. 

Statesville,  the  county  seat,  on  the  Western  North  Carolina  Railroad, 
has  a  population  of  2,318.  It  has  a  United  States  public  building,  a 
female  college,  manufactories  of  various  kinds,  and  is  prosperous. 

Iredell  Cuuntv  has  302,()10  acres  of  land,  valued  at  !?1, 858,014;  and 
820  town  lots,  valued  at  §600,052. 

Of  domestic  animals  there  are — horses,  2,795;  mules,  2,141;  jacks 
and  jennies,  24;  goats,  48 ;  cattle,  8,334  ;  ho2S,  13,<)67 ;  sheep,  4,509. 

Product  of  taxation — for  State  uses,  S10,239.74;  pensions,  $1,378.51 ; 
schools,  $10,674.27;  county,  Sll,545.<;0. 

ro[)ulation— white,  19,516;  colored,  5,94() ;  total,  25,4()2. 

JACKSON. 

Jackson  County  extends  from  Souih  Carolina  on  the  south  nearly 
across  the  State,  being  sejiarated  by  the  narrow  county  of  Swain  from 
the  State  of  Tennessee.     The  general  form  is  one  broad  valley,  lying 


154 


HAND-BOOK    OF    NORTH    CAROLINA. 


it- 

V. 

ts 


on  U^w^r  ^  hIu  ;L  t^"""''r  •"  *';^  ^^^^  ^^^^^  ^'-^  ^-^-^  fountains 

J  lie  usual  crops  and  fruiisof  the  mountain  section  tliriveluxniinnfl 
Tins  county  is  very  rich  in  minerals,  though  there  his  l.pon  iWfi. 

.3  nearly  fifteen  hundred.     They  have    Ipte      I  e    „    t   rthe  "hiL' 
men,  and  are  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits.    The  '  1  avc  the  r  scho  ,  s 
and  churches,  ami  arc  under  the  guardiar.ship  olNl  d,' c  de f     'mi 
UlMhc,  an  educated  and  intelligent  native  '  * 

Ihe  county  is  now  intersected  bv  the  Western  \nrll,  (',v„li.,„  n    i 

pa  eJ  for  the  use  of  pottenes  and  porcelain  works  at  SyUa  k       1)  1  s- 
^°;-;\,,^^'«.»^''^""^^ctured  product  is  very  beautiful 
.    Cat  le-raismg  in  the  mountain  ranches  encrao-es  the  indn^irv  nf  ik. 
...luibitanls,  and  hirge  numbers  of  ariiinals=a''rr  Inrn'iL'llrSi™,";: 

Webster,  the  county  seat,  has  a  po|iuIatioii  of  2(10     Svlva  nnd  Dills 
boro  are  nourishing  villages  on  the  line  of  railroad'       "  '"'" 

i3^'i:^°'i,Stiu^d;f  ^?^r"^  °'  '"""■  ™'"^^ "'  *««■«■'  ■■  -^ 


Iopulat.on-vvhite,S,680;  colored,  528:  Indians,  375 ;  total,  0„512. 


DESCRIPTION   OF   COUNTIES. 


155 


JOHNSTON. 

Johnston  County  lies  on  the  upper  waters  of  the  Xeu«e  Kiver  and 
Its  hirger  tributaries,  which  traverse  it  in  a  south-east  direction,  and 
consist?,  for  the  most  part,  of  level  and  gently  rolling  piny  uplands, 
with  a  few  small  bodies  of  more  sandy  and  barren  pine  lands.  Jt  lies 
on  the  western  margin  of  the  long-leaf  pine  region,  its  south-eastern 
half  being  characterized  in  its  general  features  by  the  same  soils  and 
growth  as  the  average  of  that  belt,  while  along  the  north-western  mar- 
gin the  lands  are  more  hilly,  and  the  piny  belts  are  alternated  along 
the  streams  and  more  hilly  portions  with  oak  and  pine  forests  and 
gravelly  loam  soils.  There  are  tracts  of  (juite  sandy  soil  in  the  eastern 
.section,  while  in  the  middle  section  are  large  bodies  of  pine  Hats. 

Johnston  is  one  of  the  most  prosperous  counties,  as,  besides  its  large 
cotton  crop,  the  grain  product  reaches  nearly  oO(),UOU  bushels,  and  its 
crop  of  potatoes  exceeds  200,000  bushels.  Cotton  is  the  principal  crop 
of  the  county,  and  i)rospers  in  almost  all  parts  of  the  countv,  especially 
on  the  broad  belts  of  bottom  lands  lying  along  the  Neuse  Kiver,  Swift 
Creek  and  other  streams. 

The  county  is  traversed  from  east  to  west  by  the  North  Carolina 
Railroad,  from  north  to  south  by  the  "Short-cut"  line  from  Wilson  to 
Florence,  S.  C,  and  is  penetrated  by  the  Midland  Railroad,  extending 
from  Goldsboro  to  Smitlifield,  a  distance  of  twenty-five  miles.  The 
navigation  of  the  Neuse  River  has  been  opened  as  far  as  Smithfield  for 
steamboats,  but  is  not  kept  regularly  open,  and  the  markets  are  sought 
tlirough  the  railroads. 

Smithfield  is  tlie  county  seat,  and  has  a  population  of  550.  Clavton 
lias  a  poi)ulation  of  478,  Selma  of  527,  Boon  Hill  of  2J;{,  and  Pine  Level 
ol  264.     All  those  last  mentioned  are  on  the  North  Carolina  Railroad 

Johnston  County  has  4l8;],2!)5  acres  of  land,  valued  at  §2,234.344-  and 
810  town  lots,  valued  at  !i!;245,790. 

Of  domestic  animals  there  are— horses,  1,023;  mules  ^>  0O'>  •  jacks 
and  jennies,  8;  goats,  3,198;  cattle,  10,082;  hogs,  37,051 !  sheep^  7,225 

Iroductof  taxation— for  State  uses,  §i),861.00 ;  pensions,  §1,458.10; 
.schools,  sl3,898.07;  countv,  §11,07().51). 

roimlation— white,  19,917;  colored,  7,322:  total,  27,23.9. 


JONES. 

The  great  tract  of  swamp  land  which  lies  between  the  Neuse  River 
and  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  extends  through  a  considerable  portion  of 
the  two  i)receding  counties,  projects  westward  into  Jones  Countv,  where 
it  readies  Its  highest  elevation  of  forty  feet,  and  is  crowned  bv^i  chain 
ot  small  lakes  of  from  one  to  three  or  four  miles  in  diameter  on  the 
summit,  on  the  border  of  Jones  and  Carteret  Counties.  The  northern 
border  of  the  county  is  occupied  bv  a  portion  of  the  great  Dover  Poco- 
son,  which  projects  into  it  from  Craven.  In  its  middle  and  southern 
sections  lies  a  great  part  of  the  great  White  Oak  Swamp,  the  central 


im 


M  ! 


HAXn-BDOK    OK    NOHTU    CAUOLrNA. 


Of  <:anohrake  Ian,],  w   il^    ^^^^^        '   '"^  '•'•^^'^"^^^1  about  witl.  fringes 
by  coi.sidoruhlo  tracts  o    su  ?,„  V'^  ^''anberry  mursl.e-s,  ns  weK 

«>de«  uroco,.«iderablobodii^of|    H.  .i  '^'""^V'.'^'^  '■'^'^^'■'  <"'  i^oth 

al«o  along  tl,,  ,„ain  river,  «Twe      f  i     t,  i  n'r  '""'^^'  '^'"^^■^'     ''''"^''•^'  '^^« 

1^:i's  i^nilif  ^'"1  "'"^  ^^'P---!np  :'"*'  -.rro.«tripsof  oak 

soi^.  n.orot;ie:^^.3^i;i:i;ir:,!i;'^^^^7'-,"-  ^^'  ^  ''^^'^  ^-.nv 

culUvat.on,  nHunn-ng  goo  1  c to  s  of  e  t  /.V''^r''  "^  ^'■">'  ^•'"•V-  ^"«v  of 
soil  for  truck  farn.in^J;    1 1  a  1.         d tr ^^^^^^^^^  ^'"'^  »n  cxcorient 

bis  crop,  at  present,  docs  not  ■  •  <:^^-elient  brigbt  tobacco,  thouuj, 
loam  underlai,!  wit),  aX^^C^^ril^J^'f  J^^^  other  isa  beaty 
dantly  cotton,  grains  or  tol  acio  T L  f  Lii'  ^^'^^Z  I"-^J"^'>''^fe'  abun- 
presence  n.  tbe.oilof  deconXclVrel^  ^''  ^''^'^^'  ''"^  ^o  the 
material  ,s  a  so  found  undecon  o  od  n  s  I  d  ^'"^"'^^^''^t^  "^  ^^nie.  Tbi,s 
above  the  soil  and  providi,,.  'n  ,sil  .,r  '"/'T''-^^"  outcropping 
material  for  burning  into  lime  ^  '^^'^'t's^'ble  building  n.aterial  or 

^^:;^^na^l^^^  "f  i"^  ;vitl.  the  Neuse  at  New 

Trenton  is  the  cmu.ty     '^a   d  h^^^,""  ^'■"'"/''^^  ^'^^3'  up  to  Tren.r 
Jones  County  has  212  3  «  l,  f  ,  ''  i/°f'"''ition  of  207. 

tovvn  lots,  valuid  at  ^3!f,407  '"•^''  "'^"*^^  ''  ^' <^2,(KS7;  and  ]]6 

.    ''\  ciomestic  animals  there  nn>  ncr  i 

jemues,  ;i87  goats,  :^,n,s  ca    le,  ^53^ hoi''!" ^  1"  of^^^^'  ^  J^^  ^s  and 
Product  of  taxation -for  ^..  f  ^  '  '^'"^  ^•■^'^'^  sheep. 

-hools,  12,730.53  ;Zn!:;  ^lli^ST''^''  ^'''''  ^'^=  J^---'  ^-'>-l  1 : 
Population- white,  3,885:  colomd"  <:.  m«  .  .„,_, 


sc 


lopulation-white,  3,885;  colored,  3,518;  tolal. 


7,403. 


LENOIR. 


as  those  of  the  countiJs  adjo  J  '1^'  "^j  "P^^'^ff  f  ^'e  same  character 
of  swamp  land  along  its  Ja  !  ?u  ,e.^  e  north  having  narrow  tracts 
ern  parts  there  areTvide  trac  s  of  ^1^^!'^!- "'  '^'  "'ft^rn  and  north- 
charac^emed  by  a  dark  fine  graHou  ,  of  ,  ,  f  r'"-,'-  ^^^"^^'  "•''■^'b  are 
ball  of  the  county,  souib  of  U^:  Neus'  i/.  T^-^^'\  Thesoutbern 
more  sandy  soil,  and  on  the  hiW.cl^ 

narrow  zones  of  pine  barre  s     Tho  .  '^''''"  *^'°  stre.rns  by 

county  are  also  boivIeixTb  cvprei  a  r''"'''^  ^"  '^''''  ^'^^'^"  "Hhe 
extent,  by  oak  and  pine  tlats^  «l  n  ffl ^"^  'r,T^^^'  ^^"^''  ^«  «ome 
sand  are  all  found  in  this  county-o  j  .  '  '  •'  -'"'"'^  '"^  ^'■"'" 
neighborhood.     'Jhe  face  r.f  f   o  '  """  °'^'e'"  '"  almost  everv 

tbough  there  ai.  some  poron^'vire'\?L  t-'^^"''^^^^  -  '-  ( 

--^  -  -e  temperate  regi^istn  tL^li^I^^y--,  ^j!^ 


DKSCRIPTION   OF   COUNTIES. 


157 


tivntioii,  i(  made  a  specialty,  would  be  attended  with  profit.  There  are 
no  lands  ni  the  entire  State  of  North  Carolina  better  adapted  to  the 
cultivation  of  bright  yellow  tobacco  than  the  lands  of  Lenoir  Countv 
Owing  to  the  great  prosperity  of  this  county,  land  is  in  demand.  There 
IS  a  high  order  of  intelligence  among  the  fanning  poi)uIation,  and  thev 
are  well  abreast  with  the  recent  improvements  in  farming  and  are  weU 
informed  in  agricultural  chemistry.  They  take  rank  with  the  most 
successful  farmers  in  the  South.  Their  lands  are  scientifically  culti- 
vated, and  their  farms  are  models  of  neatness. 

While  cotton  is  the  leading  crop,  intelligent  care  is  taken  for  an  abun- 
dant provision  of  bread.stutr  and  flesh-producing  animals,  and  no  peor)le 
of  the  State  are  better  prepared  to  meet  the  contingencies  of  low  prices 
and  partial  injury  to  croj)s  than  the  farmers  of  Lenoir. 

The  Atlantic  and  North  Carolina  Railroad  traverses  the  countv,  giv- 
ing access  to  all  the  markets;  and  this  facility  has  given  an  impetus  to 
truck  farming,  for  which  soil  and  climate  are  well  adapted,  and  all  the 
early  vege!ables  cultivat(>d  on  the  shores  of  navigable  waters  are  sent 
to  market  from  Lenoir  with  equal  facility  and  pi'ofit.  The  Neuse  is 
navigable  to  Kinston  an<l  Ibr  a  few  miles  above,  and  is  navigated  by 
regular  lines  of  freight  steamboats. 

Kinston,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  Neuse  River,  and  also  on  the 
Atlantic  and  North  Carolina  Railroad;  and  is  also  the  .southern  ter- 
minus of  a  branch  of  tlie  Wilmington  and  Weldon  Railroad,  extend- 
ing from  Weldon  via  Scotland  Neck,  a  distance  of  1 1 2  miles.  Kinston 
is  a  considerable  cotton  market,  and  forwards  ainuiallv  between  10  000 
and^  12,01)0  bales.  The  population  is  1,720  bv  the" census  of  1,S90. 
LaCirange,  by  the  same  census,  has  a  poj)ulation  of  77.'). 

Lenoir  County  has  244.023  acres  of  land,  valued  at  $1,101,S84-  and 
012  town  lot«,  valued  at  $378,700.  ' 

Of  domestic  animals  there  are  09")  horse.s,  1.082  mules,  •>  jacks  and 
jennies,  3,152  cattle,  12,385  hog.s,  3,324  sheep,  and  (i30  goats.' 

Product  of  taxation— for  State  uses,  -«!o,097.48:  pensions  S797  94- 
schools,  )?(),431. 12;  county.  .S(),H72.45.  -    •       ..     , 

Po[nilation— white,  8,5'l7;  colored,  (i,302  ;  total,  14,879, 

LINCOLN. 

Lincoln  County  lies  .south  of  Catawba  County  and  west  of  the  Catawba 
River,  auQ  its  ligatures,  agricultural  an<l  topogTai)hical,  are  those  of  that 
county,  and  may  be  de.sciibed  in  nearly  the  "same  terms.  Its  territory 
i.s  drained  by  the  parallel  courses  of  the  numerous  tributaries  of  the 
South  l'\)rk  of  the  Catawba,  which  traverses  its  middle  section,  and  the 
average  elevation  is  nearly  1,000  feet  above  .sea-level.  In  its  middle 
portion  IS  a  north  and  south  zone,  several  miles  in  breadth,  of  red-clay 
soils,  w.th  oak  and  hickory  forests.  For  the  rest,  its  forests  are  mixed 
oak  and  pme,  and  its  soils  are  gray  and  vellow  gravellv  loams  The 
eastern  side  of  the  county  is  quite  hilly  near  the  river.    " 

This  county,  once  one  of  the  largest  in  the  State,  has  been  ,so  reduced 
by  the  formation  of  other  counties  from  it.«  territorv  as  to  be  one  of  the 


158 


HAND-UOUK    Of    NORTH   CAROLINA. 


:•«.  ami  its  fine      iter  power    n  ■''*^'  ''^  '^1  "''^f'"'^'  ^'"'  ^-'^1"^"  <'''  i< 

u.ulactures.  '        '  ""'^  consequent  adaptation  to  the  uses  c 


smallest 

to 

ore.' 

nmnulaetures. 


ts 
of 


of  the  Catawba  Itiver  and  f,'o,,?lu.  «'''';''','''*'''"''"  »l«"i" 

Lincolnton  is  the  countv  so-if  n,„n      '''*-^""^f   . 
the  Carolina  ('entr^romJ  Ui  I.  i      '''^^.'^P^l'^'afon  of  !)-.7.     h  \,  on 
Lenoir  Narrow  (i     L  Kail  o  i  t  'l''"''  '^^'''1^^'^  •'.>' «!'«  ^'I'^ster  an<l 
anjple  taeilities  for  ^nv^f  anatl^^^^la;;;!?  '"  ^"^"'  '^"^'  ^'^^  -->'>' 
28i'i::^l\;tr:^fu;:^lJ^f  i^-  ^>''  '-<-al„ed  at  S,0.17,.7O;  . 

Of  domestie  animals  there  are— 1 


Mcdowell. 

its  liSl^t  ;!aS:^l^;ci^:^Ldt.^hl:';'  '^'^"'  ^^  /'-  ^^^-  ^^^^^e,  near 
and  its  whole  ten-ito  Tniav  be  d  scribed^;."';  '"  t""^'^^"  "^  ^'^^^^  ^'^^^ 
elevation  is  inore  than  1  -^  fee  ami  iM  r  '";i"»^*""«"«-  !'«  average 
the  headwaters  of  the  aUawlnSlfve  T)  '  ^^V""'^  ''^^^  '^'^'^'^^  ^^^ 
of  its  triangular  territory  ^Tm^^^^^^^^  T^  ^'''''^'^^-  ^'"^l 

tains,  a  long  eastwarHo  ectL,^  ^^^  TWV  '^''  ^^*'"^''  ^^J^"'" 

the  course  of  the  Catawba  II  J  Tn'd  on  o^f '  ^  ^  '"?■  ^/''^^^^  ^^'""^^ 
wide  tracts  of  sandv  and  al'avhl     1  f -'V  '^''"^^  ti''l>utaries  are 

The  hilly  and  mounta  oinjp^tl  vlv^it'  ''^^"''i  '''' ^  '^  Pr^'J^ctive. 
yellowish  oak  uplandn^  «  of'  u  1  om  f'rr?'^  '"'r^^  "^"  ^'^y  ^^'^^ 
oak,  pine,  chestnut,  etc.     Jicddis  ldrL^!:'^^'*r  '''t  """^'^'^^  ^«^'*-^«ts  of 

oak  lorest,  are  found  in  patches  here  ad  ?h^^^^ 

eastern  sections.     A  large  ..ron^^^^^^^^  ?,"  the  middle  and  south- 

adai>ted  to  the  better  gnu  le  of  tob  cc.  and  fl'"'''  "^  '  ^^  '"^'"^^^  '-^^'^  ''^'^^ 
has  the  great  advanta\.e  of"  an  abundame  oMi?^^  '1  '^''  ^'^^"'^3' 

and  middle  sections.  G()ld  mhStwh^^^  Innesf.ne  m  the  northern 
been  an  important  industTerM^nJ^  "^     Mountains  has  long 

and  some  attention  ig  ve.V  to  kn^  'T''  '"^^''V^  ^'''''  "I'^">^^^^. 

valuable  timber  on  thf  slo nes  o  hp  T  l^  n  ,"''^  ^'  ''  ''^''^^^  '^»'^^^'»t  of 
coves,  which  nuist  b    on  X    >u  Khtio;^   '  '^^  "^  '^''  '""""*'^'» 

and  then  there  is  an  i  Xf  ite  Zon  ?nf  J"/''"''^'"*  niamifaolures, 
low  grade  are  abundai  ""^  ''^  water-power.    iron  ores  of 


I  i 


UKSCHII'TION    Ol-'    COLNTIKS. 


I'id 


Considerablo  attention  has  boo 


nierly— though  the*  result  was  sat  .sfaotorv,  tl 


n  given  to  tobacco — less  so  than  for 


lent  l)right  yellow.     Home  cott 
ill 


y,  the  pnxiuct  benig  an  excel- 
)n  is  cultivated,  but  the  chief  crops  are 


small  grams — wneat,  corn, 

Fine  boitom  lands  are  found  along  the  ('..tawba  Uiver,  which-  rises 
m  the  inountani  sides  of  this  county,  and  thence  Hows  through  the 
county  ni  a  continuity  of  broad  fertile  valley.  Other  fine  valleys  are 
those  of  1  urkey  Cove  and  North  Cove.  Mesides  the  Blue  Ridge  on  the 
north  and  west,  the  South  Mountains  and  their  continuation  lie  on  the 
south  side  of  the  county,  and  contiiuu-  to  be,  as  thev  have  been  for  more 
than  halt  a  century,  jjroductive  fields  of  gold  placer  mining 

The  \Vestern  North  Carolina  llailroad  passes  through  ti.e  county 
and  tlie  Charleston,  Cincinnati  and  Chicago  road  is  complete  as  far  as 
Marion,  and  gives  new  and  independent  connections  east  and  i-outh 

Marion,  the  county  seat,  has  a  population  of  701.  Its  siiuation  in 
rehition  to  two  railroads  has  brought  it  prominently  into  notice,  and  it 
is  steadily  improving. 

Old  Fort,  at  the  foot  of  the  mountains,  before  the  Kevolutionary  war 
the  seat  ot  a  fort  planted  there  to  hold  the  Cherokee  Indians  on  the 
otiier  side  o   the  mountains,  is  a  summer  resort,  has  some  manufactures 
and  a  })opulation  of  250.  ' 

McDowell  County  has  2o0,120  acres  of  land,  valued  at  |r,3i,(;()8;  and 
1,14/  town  lots,  valued  at  ^70,721). 

Of  domestic  animals  there  are  750  horses,  800  mules,  5  jacks  and 
jennies,  4,005  cattle,  0,420  hogs,  and  2,000  sheep. 

Product  of  taxation— for  {State  uses— $2,::523.10 ;  pensions,  S;]70  01- 
schools,  $3,332.22 ;  county,  $9,004.3i».  ,  ^       .      , 

ropulation-white,  9,114;  colored,  1,825;  total,  10,939. 

MACON. 

^Facon  County  extends  from  the  .South  Carolina  and  (ieorgia  line« 
on  the  south,  northward  to  the  southern  boundary  of  Swain  Countv' 
It  lies  between  the  Cowee  range  on  the  east  and  the  Nantahahi  Moun- 
tains on  the  west,  while  along  the  southern  border  stretches  the  J31ue 
Kidge,  tiere  as.^uming  its  boldest,  most  precipitous  and  picturescnie  forms  • 
the  precipices  of  Whitesi.les,  Black  Jiock,  Fodder  Stack,  Saivola  and 
Scaly  breaking  down  towar.Is  the  south  with  perpendicular  faces  of  a 
depth  of  from  J  000  to  1,500  feet.  The  highest  pe.k  in  the  Cowee  mnge 
IS  the  \ellow  Mountain,  5,133  feet  high.  The  Nantalnia  Mountains 
are  a  majestic  range,  beginning  with  Pickens  Nose,  4,920  feet  high  • 

-nn!f/'f''l"''V^"  ,"^^i'"'^^''i''l  \vitl>  'I  uniform  general  height  of  about 
0,000  feet,  the  highest  point  being  the  Wavah,  near  where  the  State 
crosses  the  Cap  at  a  height  of  4,138  feet,  that  mountain  being  5,494  feet 
m  iieight.  I.etwecn  the  Tennessee  River  and  its  tributary,  the  Culla- 
sngee  a  range  extends  northward  from  the  Blue  Ridge,  terminatino- 
near  the  conlluence  of  these  streams,  the  highest  point  of  which  is  the 
1*  isli  ilawk,  4,749  feet.  Numerous  shorter  spurs  project  at  richt  an<>ies 
from  the  mam  chains  of  the  Cowee  and  the  Nantahala,  between  wluoh 


100 


1IANI>-IHM»K    el'    NOUTII    CAROLINA. 


arc  slmiu.scnon  .,r  twelve  inlles  in  len^ti.  Hewing  tl.nn.^rhhroml  and 
fortiU'vailoys     The  chief  c.f  .l.cse  are  Ca.toogajuy.  W  uyuh,  (  owee  nnd 

'■' fi''^'T..nnes«.e  River  \h  the  prineipul  .treu.n,  rising  in  tleorgia   near 
C-   ev  ,  feo     ,  t  0  ,  i ,.  IhrouKl,  tl,.  wl„.l«  lonKll,  o   Mm.>n  County, 

^rrtutlx  to|UUiits(Hu  ';:,    'v    '    ,    i'    ■       beautiful  mountain  stream, 
iains,  the  aei.ressi,.n  between  that  ranj^e  and  the  \  alley  Kim.  o,    las 


of 


lanis,  iMu  (ni'ivT-..-..   •• 

.luittah  Mountains  henig  very  smal  .  f.v.tnres 

'The  area  of  open  huul,  as^imilatn.g  ui  character  to  U»e  f^-'^^'  ^*^ 

nnned  extensively  in  «f  ^^'^V"'lt  l^lnelv  situated      Its  pojaUation  h 

,  j\^:;!^^;Hri  d^:;::::^^!^;; rallr!:.!] u^i;,. hoslno to its^eieiopment. 

n    hud  ^s  a    e     village  established  by  northern  settlers  as  a  sani- 

881  town  lots,  ^''^1"<^''V' •^V^.'Jr'^^n  hor^e=  7'.>T  mules,  i)  jacks  and  . 
Of  domestic  animals  it  lias  l,olo  nor.(   ,  '•;.';"    '     •> 

schools,  $3,r)51.07  ;  couutv,  ^^431  .U). 

l\^.ulation-white,  U,m  :  colored,  GGf>;  total.  10,102. 


nnd 


(Ml- 


f 


»  broiul  and 
Cdwi'o  ami 

uorgiii,  near 
t)f  ^rcat  I'tT- 
this  Htrcaiii 
Ihe  fall  is  s<' 
)t  exceeding 
con  County, 
kvlicki  \)eing 

c  of  tho  Ten- 
nous  course, 
)V0  sea-level, 
throu^di  the 
racts,  addinf^ 

lin^  nothinj,' 
itain  stream, 
ahaia  Moun- 
liver  or  Tm- 

le  foaturoii  of 
4ern  county, 
lulatiou  more 

i  f^rows  iuxu- 
110  tobacco  ia 
market  crop.^ 
cept  those  of 
',  arc;  worked 
iilb.     Mica  is 

population  18 
develo}>nient. 
,lors  as  a  sani- 
n,  at  an  eleya- 
3  a  population 
ies. 
?('.l 5,984;  and 

jacks  and  jiMi- 

dons,  $440.20 


CULLASAGEE  FALUS.  MACON  COUNTV. 


Iti 


•^   V' 


i 


I  •■ 


DESCRIFflOJi  or  COVNTIES. 


101 


fi-" 


MADISOM. 

Tliis  county  lies  north  of  Buncombe,  which  is  its  southern  boundary. 
Tlie  Smoky  Mountains  separate  it  on  tlie  north  from  Tennessee,  Yancey 
County  bounds  it  on  the  east,  and  Haywood  on  the  west. 

The  county  is  essentially  a  mountain  territory.  There  is  little  or  none 
of  valley  land?,  the  whole  surface  being  traversed  by  ranges  of  moun- 
tains, ranging  from  2,r)00  to  4,500  feet  above  sea-le\^el.  iNone  of  them 
rise  to  the  stupendous  height  they  attain  in  theadjoiningcountiesof  Yan- 
cey and  Haywood,  the  great  Smoky  range  even  being  depressed  below 
its  average  height.  But  though  mountainous,  almost  the  wi)ole  soil  is 
of  surpassing  fertility.  In  few  counties  does  the  timber  attain  such 
vast  dimensions,  and  in  some  favored  localities  its  size  might  api)ear 
fabulous.  On  the  Laurel  Kiver  walnut  eight  feet  in  diameter,  poplar 
ten  or  twelve,  wild  cherry  three  or  four,  buckeye  of  the  same,  black 
birch  of  the  same  size  and  of  proportionate  height,  are  the  common 
growth  of  the  county.  And  to  them  may  be  added  other  trees  too 
many  in  variety  to  enumerate. 

From  such  exuberance  of  .soil  nuich  of  agricultural  prodigality  of 
wealth  might  be  expected.  Mor  is  there  disappointment  in  expectation, 
though  from  absence  of  the  means  of  transportation  agricultural  effort 
was  limited  to  the  production  of  little  more  than  the  necessaries  of  life 
until  the  discovery  that  these  mountainous  hills  had  peculiar  adaptation 
to  the  production  of  superior  tobacco.  For  ten  years  or  more  Madison 
County  has  been  foremost  in  the  production  of  very  superior  bright 
yellow  tobacco.  The  impulse  given  by  its  culture 'has  had  niarkf.'d 
effect  upon  the  condition  of  the  county.  Land  held  at  nominal  prices 
has  increased  in  value.  Mountain  sides  and  tops  that  seemed  destined 
forever  to  wear  their  vestui'e  and  crown  of  forest  have  been  brought 
into  cultivation.  Men  that  ten  years  ago  scarcely  knew  the  sight  or 
name  of  money  have  become  pr-osperous  and  relatively  rich,  and  the 
county  is  now  oire  most  forward  in  improvement. 

The  soil  is  prolific  in  other  pi-oducts.  All  the  gi-ains  are  jirolific  in 
yield,  and  the  grasses  flourish  in  remarkable  luxuriance,  stock-raising 
being  a  very  considerable  source  of  revenue  which  might  be  indetiuitely 
enlarged. 

The  mineral  wealth  of  tlie  county  is  known  to  be  great,  but  unde- 
vc^loped.  Magnetic  ii'on  and  other  or's  of  the  same  metal  are  found  iu 
numerous  localities.  Corundum  of  good  (piality  is  found  on  Ivy  Jliver 
and  ti'ibutaries.  Barytes  is  mined  to  some  extent  below  Marshall. 
Lime  exists  in  a  vein  of  half  a  mile  in  breadth,  exhibiting  itself  in 
lofty  and  picturesque  cliffs  a  mile  below  the  Hot  Springs. 

The  French  Broad  Kiver  bisects  the  county,  passing  through  it,  a 
broad  roaring  torrent  between  precipitous  hills,  encroaching  so  closely 
upon  the  river  as  to  leave  little  room  for  human  habitation  or  enter- 
prise. Laui'el  Kiver  and  Ivy  Kiver  both  come  in  on  the  right  bank, 
large  bohl  streams,  each  cutting  its  way  through  the  mountains,  pro- 


162 


HAND-BOOK    OV    NORTH    CAROLINA. 


sentiiif:  characteristics  similar  to  tliose  of  the  French  Broad  and  equally 
unavailable  as  water-power. 

The  tobacco  crop  for  18SS)  by  the  last  census  returns  is  stated  at 
2,108,232  pounds,  a  large  proportion  of  which  is  bright  yellow.  It  is 
marketinl  chiefly  at  Aslieville,  and  to  some  extent  at  Lynchburg  and 
Danville. 

The  Paint  Kock  branch  of  the  Western  North  Carolina  Railroad, 
winding  through  the  confined  gorge  of  the  French  Broad  River,  now 
gives  ready  access  to  market,  and  is  now  one  of  the  great  highways  of 
continental  travel. 

Marshall,  the  county  seit,  is  situated  in  a  narrow  strip  of  land 
between  overtopping  hills  and  the  river,  with  a  breadth  of  less  than  a 
liundred  yards  and  a  length  of  less  than  half  a  mile.  It  has  a  popu- 
lation of  abouL  2U0.  active  and  enterprising,  and  is  the  centre  of  a  largo 
tobacco  business,  there  beiuii  here  two  tobacco  sales  warehouses. 

Hot  Springs,  IG  miles  below  Marshall,  is  the  most  noted  spot  in  the 
county,  celobiated  for  its  warm  baths,  its  extensive  hotel,  and  the  beauty 
of  its  surroundings.  Its  importance  is  confined  chiefly  to  its  character 
as  a  health  and  pleasure  resort. 

^[a(lison  County  has  227,288  acres  of  land,  valued  at  §935,957,  and 
13G  town  lots,  valued  at  $U0,230. 

Of  domestic  animals  there  are  1,492  horses,  1,327  mules,  14  jacks 
and  jennies,  10,090  cattle,  10,925  hogs,  and  5,303  sheep. 

Product  of  taxation— for  8  nte  uses,  §4,239.42;  pen.sions,  $718.39; 
schools,  10,740.82;  county,  §11,987.28 

Population— white,  17,095;  colored,  710;  total,  17,805. 

MARTIN. 

Martin  Countv  is  bordered  on  the  north  by  tl'c  very  tortuous  course 
of  the  Roanoke  River,  the  tributary  waters  of  which,  for  the  most  part, 
drain  it  north .vard  into  that  river.  The  larger  part  of  its  territory 
belouiTS  to  the  region  of  level  piny  uplands,  having  a  gray  sandy  loam 
soil.  The  higher  ridge  land,  near  the  south  bank  of  the  Roanoke  River, 
lias  a  soil  lighter  and  more  sandy,  and  is  characterized  by  a  consider- 
able admixture  of  long-leaf  pine^and  the  avenige  proportion  of  oak« 
and  short-leaf  pine,  etc.  Along  the  Roanoke  and  some  of  its  tributa- 
ries there  are  extensive  bottoms  or  alluvial  lands,  and  about  the  head 
streims  of  its  tributaries  considerable  tracts  of  swamp  land. 

The  agriculture  of  the  c(»unty  corresponds,  in  its  main  features,  to 
that  of  l']dgecombe  and  the  adjacent  counties,  but  its  soils  are  le^s  pro- 
ductive and  its  agriculture  is  less  advanced,  partly  because  of  its  large 
and  profitable  lumber  industry  in  the  great  cypress  swamps  of  the 
Roiinoke.  Marl  is  abundant,  and  is  used  to  a  moderate  extent.  The 
production  of  cotton  annually  reaches  from  4,000  to  (),000  bales,  and  the 
rich  alluvial  lands  are  prolific  in  corn,  rice  and  other  grains. 

The  increase  of  railroad  facilities,  giving  access  to  swamp  and  forest 
region,  before  out  of  profitable  reach,  has  given  great  stimulus  to  the 
lumber  business,  besides  promoting  general  enterprise  and  advancing 


DKSCKII'TIOX   OP   COUNTIES. 


1G3 


property.  A  railroad  extends  from  .Waslungton,  in  Beaufort  (!ountv 
to  Jamesville,  on  the  Roanoke.  OriLnnallv  de-itrned  -is  «  rn.,,1  Vn  i 
transportation  of  timber,  it  has  cxpa^uled 'int  o^"  of  gc'ner'  t  1  tl  ^ 
connected  with  lines  of  freight  and  travel.  Another  r-tt.l,  c-  nn  e  n^; 
at  larboro  wth  the  extensive  Coast  Line  system,  r.aehes  Vvill  a  „s  o  f 
on  the  Roanoke,  and  thenee  becomes  part  of  a  through  line  o  tmv  f 
and  transportation^  These  rond.,  together  ^vith  the  mtvig.  ti.m  o  t'  e 
Roanoke  River  and  some  smaller  but  de.-p  interior  streams  nrov  de 
Martin  Cou.ity  with  ample  menns  of  communication  ' 

Vil  I  of '3  iriPnllnf  ?^'  7^'>  ^^"'Vf  ?'  '■"'  ''  P^i'"l^"i"'^  "^  751,  James- 
vine  ot  o-K),  Jiamilton  ol   />S2,  and  Rubertsville  cf  2-^8 

Martin  County  has  2.S2,8(i()  acres  of  land,  valued  at  $1,08(5-228  •  and 
599  town  lots,  valued  at  |;2r)7,0()7.  '^^-^o.anu 

Product  ot  taxation  — for  St.te  uses,  .$5,800  27  ■  nensions  <S'^7  TO  • 
schools.  .l!;7,972.47;  county,  §7,459  Ot;      '*'''-''  P^"sions,  ,VSo/.,0, 

Population—white,  7,838;  colored,  7,383;  total,  15,221. 

MECKLENBURG. 

Mecklenburg  County  is  located  in  the  south-western  portion  of  X.Tth 
Carolina,  north  ot  the  35th  parallel  of  latitude,  about  200  mi  es  from 
the  A.lanlic  coast  and  100  miles  enst  of  the  Appalachian  ran- e  of 
mouniains,  and  is  bounded  ,.n  the  south  bv  the  «tate  of  South  C  rdina 
and  on  the  west  by  the  Catawba  River.  4  he  countv  was  o,ti  .1'^' 
argely  settled  by  Scotch,  with  I,  ish,  German  and  Eng  ^1  immZ^  [ 
1  je  elevation  varies  between  (iOO  am]  900  feet,  the  average  be  'about 
.00  feet  above  the  sea.  This  is  on.  of  the  largest  and  most  pro  U. cUve 
as  well  as  one  ot  the  mo-t  i.opul.a.s,  counties  in  the  State.^  The  o: 
diction  ot  cott  .11  constitutes  the  princii.al  feature  of  the  agriculture  of 
he  entire  county,  having  increase,]  more  than  threefold  in  the  teii 

years.  etore  the  war  the  culture  of  cotton  did  not  reach  luVthw  ml 
beyond  the  middle  of  the  county  A  connderable  portio  0  the  len- 
to of  his  county  belongs  to  the  cla.s  of  rcl-eU,;  lands  which  were 
originally  covere.l  wth  heavy  foresis  of  oak-pine  -cnming  in  as  a  con! 
st.tuento  the  forests  only  on  the  .summits  o  the  ridge,  and  (livis 
l>etween  the  streams,  where  the  soils  are  gr„v  ami  vellow  saiX  1  is 
Ihe  higher  porton  of  the  county,  which  lies  afong  the  wate  -  I  ed 
be  ween  the  \adkni  and  the  Ca-awba  in  a  north  ancf  south  dirc^eo„ 

sm  II  tia ets  o    red  clay.     This  county  shows  a  large  product  of  cotton 
:^:i':^^:.^l!-''''^  ami  a^o  produces  co/a  and  tlL^'ni 

of  liie'eonnlr^'^rr  '"'"'"^  '"?  *"'l"^t"*  iiidustries  in  several  sections 
ot  the  county,  ihe  principal  minerals  are  gold,  copper,  soapstone  and 
barytes.  K.r  over  -  years  the  gold  mines  have  bic'n  t  uno  iH^  ^thdr 
3Meld  of  neb  ores  Afk^r  descending  below  waterdevel  twei  ly  o  foX 
feet  the  ores  of  the  veins  are  converted  into  sulphuret.,  and  no  coni- 
p le te  process  h,.,s  yet  been  introduced  and  established  bv  vvliich  tl  e 
gold,  silver,  lead  and  copper  can  be  eliminated.     A  perfect  proc^e  s  for 


1G4 


IIANU-BOOK    OV    NORTH    CAKOMNA. 


I  ! 


separating  the  valual)lo  ni(;tals  from  tlxj  earthy  siibslanoes  would  provo 
invahiable  and  devch)p  many  of  the  richest  mines  of  the  continent. 
A  hirge  capital  is  now  invested  in  tluse  mines,  some  of  which  are  being 
successfully  worked. 

The  numerous  railwiiys  entering/;  the  county,  and  all  cenlerinjjf  in 
Charlotte,  have  stimulattd  ail  industries  and  encouiiiged  all  enterprises. 
Agriculture  has  advanced  with  the  encounigement  of  ready  markets 
and  ])ronioted  by  the  operations  of  the  stock  law.  (iood  roads  facilitate 
the  work  of  the  farmer  in  his  resort  to  the  market,  and  have  advanced 
materially  the  value  of  rui'al  projieity.  The  railroads  radiate  from 
Charlotte  in  all  directions.  'I'he  first  built  is  the  branch  of  the  South 
Carolina  road,  now  known  as  the  ( 'harloite,  Columbia  and  Augusta 
road;  then  the  North  Carolina,  i-oad,  of  which  C'harlotte  w«s  the  west- 
ern terminus,  and  which  is  now  a  part  of  the  Jlichmond  and  Danville 
system — part  of  one  of  the  great  through  lines  of  travel  and  traihc; 
and  this  line  is  extended  to  Atlanta,  goir.g  from  Charlotte  through  the 
south-western  part  of  Mecklenburg  ( 'ounty,  and  developing  greatly  the 
resources  of  a  country  before  much  secluded.  The  Carolina  Central, 
beginning  at  Wilmington,  passes  through  Charlotte,  to  lind  its  present 
terminus  at  l-iutherfordton,  thus  giving  Charlotte  another  east  and  west 
line;  and  the  Atlantic,  Tennessee  and  Ohio  road,  connecting  at  States- 
ville  with  the  Western  North  Carolina  liailroad,  makes  additional  valu- 
able connections  and  develops  another  part  of  the  county.  Charlotte 
is  also  directly  connected  with  the  new  line  recently  opened  from  Mon- 
roe to  Atlanta,  and  thus  is  providcnl  with  railroad  facilities  unequalled 
in  North  Carolina.  Tiie  ellect,  nut  only  upon  ( 'harlotte,  but  the  whole 
county,  has  been  \vvy  great:  and  no  city  and  no  county  exhibits  more 
solidly  attained  or  more  jjcrmanently  secured  prosjierity. 

Charlotte,  the  county  seat,  liy  the  ccmisus  of  LSilO,  is  credited  with  a 
populaiion  of  ]  I,")")!.  Tlu^  city  is  well  laid  out,  has  well  paved  streets, 
lines  of  electric  street  cars,  electric  lighting,  water-works,  sewerage, 
telephone  exchange,  public  parks,  and  all  the  conveniences  and  necessi- 
ties of  healthy  cor[)orate  existence;  has  numerous  and  elegant  churches, 
schools,  an  operadiouse,  an  auditorium,  capacious  and  elegant  hotels,  a 
United  States  Assay  Otlice,  an  elegant  public  building  for  Federal 
court-house  and  post-olHce.  In  addition  it  has  a  comi)ress  which  com- 
pressed to  December,  180.1 — one  year's  work — 85,.")(;8  bal(;s,  four  cotton 
factories,  fertilizer  factory,  iron  works  (2),  oil  mill,  hosiery-works,  spoko 
and  handle-works,  lumber-works,  etc. 

Davidson  College,  the  seat  of  the  college  of  that  name,  has  a  popula- 
tion of  481,  Matthews  of  385,  lluntersville  of  4ol. 

>recklenburg  Countv  has  324,040  acres  of  land,  valued  at  -$2,414,083, 
and  2,205  town  lots,  valued  at  -$2,182,948. 

Of  domestic  animals  there  are  2,013  horses,  3,007  mules,  15  jacks 
and  jennies,  8,755  cattle,  10,004  hogs,  2,448  sheep,  and  07  goats. 

Product  of  taxation — for  State  uses,  -$24,051.07;  pensions,  $2,051,22; 
schools,  $20,880.73;  countv,  $00,017.71. 

Population— white,  23,141;  colored,  10,.532;  totil,  42,073. 


'»** 


DKSCKIl'TIOX    OF    COUNTIES. 


165 


s 


o 
a. 

X 


z 
< 
I- 

2 

o 

s 

(X 
ul 

E 

z 
13 


MITCHELL. 

i      n^  ?.        T'l  '^'7"^""*^  "'^  ^'?e  "o^tii,  the  west  Laving  a  conventional 

1  .  ?.i         n  '    .^'"^  ''"""^^  ''  '^^  ''  ^^''^^'^^  '^''Sy^'^  mountainous,  there 

beuig  htUo  valley    orniation  except  on  the  upper  waters  of  the  Toe 

of  Koo2  feet.  1  he  North  Toe  Iliver  ,s  the  principal  stream  flowing  out 
of  the  btae  under  the  nan.e  of  the  Xolechucky  and  one  of  the  main 
alHuents  of  the  JlclstMu  Jiiver  in  Tennessee 

r  The  soil  of  Mitchell  is  uniformly  fertile,  t"he  timber  of  large  size  and 
o    great  variety.     1  he  cereals  grow  to  great  perfection.    Apples,  cherries 
and  grai.es  are  of  great  excellence,  and  much  of  the  land  proves  well 
adapted  to  the  production  of  very  fine  tobacco.     The  grasses  flourish 
and  cattle  are  reared  for  market  in  considerable  numbers 

I  he  mineral  [.roducts  of  this  county  are  confined  at  present  to  mica 
and  iron;  copper  and  other  metals  l.ave  been  found.  Tlie  famous 
(  ranberry  mines  are  m  the  north-eastern  corner  of  the  countv,  and 
now  extensively  worked.  They  are  connecte.l  by  railroad  with  the 
Nor  oik  and  houthern  Railroad  at  Johnson  Citv,  Tennessee 
i  Ihe  mica  mines  are  the  most  extensive  in^he  United  States,  and 
pro  uce  a  large  proportion  of  the  mica  put  on  the  market.  The  most 
productive  mines  are  those  onc^^  worked  bv  an  aboriginal  race 

lobacco  of  fine  (luality  is  grown  to  considerable  extent,  the  census 
returns  for  1881)  crediting  the  county  with  44,-148  pounds.  The  timber 
industry  is  a  great  and  growing  one. 

In  this  county  is  the  Roan  Mountain,  0,332  feet  high,  o  i  whose  loner 
grass-covered  summit  is  a  fine  hotel,  made  easilv  acces.sible,  and  one  ol" 
the  most  if  not  the  most,  elevated  health  and  pleasure  resorts  in  the 
tinted  (States. 

Bakcrsville,  the  county  seat,  has  a  population  of  about  300,  and  Elk 
1  ark  01  olo. 

_Mitcholl  County  has  208,815  acres  of  laiul,  valued  at  §5!»2,968,  and 
lo/  town  lots,  valued  at  .$(50,115  ' 

_    Of  domestic  animals  there  are  1,437  horses,  396  mules,  5  jacks  and 
jennies,  4  goats,  6,316  cattle,  5,421  hogs,  3,343  sheep 

/''f  "Jo  •l.^.'^.^''^'""-^"';:'^^''*^  ^1^*-^^'  '$2,414.38;   pensions,  $402.67; 
schools,  $3,393.33;  county,  §7,207.17.  ' 

ro[)ulation— white,  12/252;  colored,  535;  total,  12,807. 

MONTGOMERY. 

7  In  its  toi.ograpliical  features  Montgomery  County  mav  be  described 
m  nearly  the  same  terms  as  Chatham.  Several  low  chains  of  moun- 
taims  or  high  ranges  of  slate  hills  cross  its  territory  in  a  direction  nearly 
nor  h  and  south.  Ihe  county  is  drained  by  the  Yadkin  River  and  two 
of  Its  chie|  tributaries  the  Uvvharrio  and  Little  Rivers.  Its  territory 
therefore,  is  quite  broken  in  surface.     Its  soils  are  mostlv  sandy  and 


I0(i 


HAND-BOOK    OF    NOKTII    CAROLINA. 


I  I 


gmvolly  loaiiiH,  with  ooonHioiml  tracts  of  ml  days.  Along  its  eastern 
l)()r(ler,  ami  j)iirti('ularly  in  its  south-eastern  corner,  (hero  are  hirge 
hodies  of  vahiahle  limber,  as  it  here  touches  the  long-leaf  [)inehelt; 
the  lands  jiro  of  the  conmion  character  of  this  border  region,  and  its 
soils  are  generallv  lean.  (Jotton  is  (juite  a  subordinate  interest  in  com- 
parison Nvith  grains.  Tiie  water-power  of  its  rivers  is  very  great,  the 
Yadkin  having  a  tall  within  the  county  of  more  than  20(")  feet  and  a 
force  1  er  foot  of  above  ^oO  horse-jiower.  'i'here  arc  many  valuable 
gold  mines,  both  V(Mn  and  placer.  ^'^i.; 

The  gold  mines  IVe(piently  occasion  an  excitement  similar  to  that 
which  accompanied  the  discoveries  in  California.  The  gold  is  frequently 
found  in  lumps  weighing  from  four  to  eight  pounds.  Hut  though 
found  in  this  way  through  a  series  of  many  years,  there  has  been  no 
continuity  of  discovery  and  no  permanent  prosperity  to  miners.  The 
alleged  wealth  of  the  Saunders  mine,  discovered  a  few  years  ago,  led  to 
some  large  investments  and  the  introduction  of  much  castly  nmchinery. 

The  growing  scarcity  of  pine  timbta-  in  the  more  accessible  i)ine  belt 
has  led  to  the  construction,  by  ])rivate  enterprise,  of  a  railroad  from 
Aberdeen,  on  the  llaloigh  and  Augusta  ixailroad,  to  West  End,  in 
Montgomery  County,  a  distance  of  2.")  miles,  where  the  fresh  forests  are 
brought  into  u.se  and  numerous  and  large  mills  have  been  erected. 

Trov  is  the'county  seat,  and,  including  Troy  township,  contains  1,08!) 
inhabitants. 

Montgomery  County  contains  HI  1,500  acres  of  land,  valued  at 
$841,800,  and  129  town  lots,  valued  at  ^2i),()07. 

Of  domestic  animals  there  are  81(5  horses,  1)82  mules,  4  jacks  and 
jennies,  170  goats,  7,050  cattle,  (),r)r)0  hogs,  and  4,8(55  sheep. 

Troduct  of  taxation— for  State  purposes,  6:^,442,;31 ;  pensions,  .^551.2G'- 
schools,  $4,104.80;  county,  §7,850.t)8. 

ropulation— white,  8,0*82;  colored,  2,257;  total,  ll,2oO. 


MOORE. 


Moore  County  lies  on  the  western  margin  of  the  long-leaf  pine  belt. 
Its  middle  and  southern  portions  belong  largely  to  the  class  of  lands 
called  pine  barrens  or  "sand  hills."  Tlic  northern  part  of  this  trian- 
gular territory  p.artakes  more  of  the  character  of  the  oak  uplands 
agricultural  division,  being  very  hilly  and  broken,  with  sandy  and 
gravelly  soil  on  the  higher  ridges,  having  a  mixed  oak  and  pine  growth, 
and  on  the  slopes  of  the  hills  partaking  of  the  character  of  clay  loams. 

Near  the  middle  (a  little  north  of  east),  as  well  as  in  the  south- 
western region,  and  in  the  eastern  one,  are  considerable  bodies  of  level 
and  rolling  upland  piny  woods.  These  avo  the  best  cotton  soils.  The 
tributaries  of  the  Cape  Fear,  which  ri.se  along  the  .south-eastern  section 
of  the  county,  are  fnnged  with  gum,  cypress  and  juniper  swami)s,  and 
on  many  of  the  streams,  large  and  small,  are  patches,  and  sometimes 
considerable  tracts,  of  alluvial  "bottom"  lands.  The  agriculture  of 
the  county  is  divided  between  cotton  and  grain  crops;  but  the  lumber 
and  turjK'ntire  interests  are  (juite  important,  and  there  are  yet  largo 
turpentine  forests  untouched. 


DKSCKII'TION    OF    COIJNTIKS. 


107 


A  broad  bolt  of  tho  "old  sm-basin  "  runs  diaKoiiallv  tl.ioiiirh  the 
(•ounty,  hnvMifr  u  warn..  f)n,diicli vo,  but  not  ondurii.fr  suU,  and  favomblo 
to  cotton  and  ^n-aMi.  In  tl.is  belt  aro  found  valuable  (|ualiti.s  of  sand- 
•stono,  attraotivo  m  color,  vvorkin^r  „a.silv,  ano  vorv  duniiilo.  (^mrrios 
of  ttUH  material  bave  been  opened,  and  ono  near  Cartbaire  lias  atiractod 
HO  much  attention  as  to  bave  enlisted  lar^re  capital  for  its  operation 

<.o!.|  IS  found  HI  considerable  (luantities  in  t be  western  t.art  of  tho 
oounty  and  placer  niiniiifr  bus  b,.en  pursued  witb  considerabb;  success 
tlie  (  a^rie  minos  at  one  time  attracting  to  tbem  larf^e  numbersof  minors 
niKl  a<  ventunnvs.  \  aluMi)le  (|uarries  of  millstone  ^rit  bave  lon.r  been 
worked  and  favorably  known,  and  on  tbe  wafers  of  Deep  Kiv7.r  are 
larue  deposits  of  finely  ^r,,,ined  and  ricblv  coloro.l  soapstone  or  talc 

1  10  Cape  I  ear  and  Yadkin  Valley  K'ailn.ad  passes  tbrouLdi  tlio 
nortb-eastorn  partof  tbe  county,  and  tbe  Kaleigb  and  Auirusta  Air- 
J.ino  passes  from  nortb-east  to  soutb-wesf,  followiii^r  neuHy  parallel 
witii  the  soutb-eastern  boundary  of  tbe  county  tbrou^b  its  wbolo 
lon^rii,,  ^rivmg  ample  means  for  iransi).)rbition,  and  stimulatinL'  tlio 
growJ)  of  freciuont  villages  as  well  as  saw-mills  and  turpentine  dis- 
tilleries. A  brancli  road  of  ten  miles  connects  tbe  Kaleigb  and  Au«msta 
Air-l.me  at  (,'amernn  witb  Cartbage,  tbe  countv  f-eat 

Cartbago  lias  a  population  of  IS",,  Can.eron  of  •J3(;,  Jonesboro,  on  tlio 
(apoK'ar  and  Yadkin  \'alley  Railroad,  of  541,  Manly  of  102,  Aber- 
doen  of  22/,  Keyser  of  2()r,,  and  Sanford  of  ;j(i7.  Alftbese  aro  new 
villages  along  tbe  lines  of  tlie  railrwads. 

On  tbe  Kaleigb  and  Augusta  Air-Lino  is  tbe  settlement  known  as 
houthern  lines,  establisbed  as  a  bealtb  resort  for  Nortborn  invalids 
but  (ieyelopod  into  a  permanent  industrial  community.  In  addition 
toUio  bealtb  and  j)leasure  inducement,  wbicb  is  encouraged  by  ele<--ant 
hotels,  a  largo  number  of  individuals  bavo  made  themsehvs  band.sx)nio 
bome-s,  and  given  their  attention  to  tbe  cultivation  of  peaches  and 
grapes,  many  hundred  acres  being  in  orchard  and  several  hundred  in 
vineyard. 

Moore  County  has  24;5,Or,.-,  acivs  of  b,nd,  valued  at  $1,208,302,  and 
2,2,S()  town  lots,  valued  at  !8;22;:5,M!). 

_    Of  domestic  animals  there  are  1,0.30  horses,  1,457  mules,  4  jacks  and 
jennies,  520  goats,  0,701  cattle,  21,447  hogs,  and  !>,!)2:]  sheep 

Product  of  taxation— for  State  uses,  .5O,20iM>3:  pongion.s,  $S!)5  02- 
schools,  $7,108.07;  county,  S0,5(i0.(;o.  >  , 

Population— white,  13,085;  colored,  rvl!>4:  total,  20,470. 

NASH. 

Tho  general  topograpbical  and  agricultural  features  of  Xasb  County 
corre.si.ond  ,pi,to  clo-ely  to  those  of  Jlalifa.x.  to  which  its  situation  is 
similar  It  lies  .south  of  that  county,  and  also  on  the  borders  of  tho 
oak  uplands,  to  which  the  western  part  of  it  belongs.  It  is  drained,  for 
tlio  most  part,  by  the  Tar  Kiver  and  its  numerous  tributaries,  along 
which  are  narrow  strips  of  alluvial  soil,  with  oak  foresis  and  occasional 
cypress  swamps.     The  divides  between  these  streams,  through  tho  mid- 


i«;,s 


IIAND-llOOK    Ol-    NOUTII    •  AllOMNA. 


ill 


«'ilM.l   (|ji,st(.rii    pDi'tioiis  of  the  coimlv,  l,rl(.iiL'   Id   II 


K'  rcj^ioii  of  l(tv('I 


npiniKl  i.myw.MMJs.il,,.  ;r,o\vll,  l.cin^r  ,,  n.ixluiv  (.f  |,.i,jr.I,,,r  nii.l  sli„rt- 

ni    pii...  vv..|M);.k,lii,k..ry..l.,truo,„|,,.u-.     TlieM-,M.ilsa„.wHla(inpt,.<l 

to  tlu'  ciiltiiiv  (.1   coUon,  ill).!  iiiv  of  MVi'rn^,M'  (cililitv.     Tlic  soils    in 

many  phicTs  in   tJHMvcsti.rn  .s.rtion,  arc  red  or  vcil./wi.sl,  rinv  lonn.H 

IliiM  county  Im's  larn;,.ly  within  tlio  urea  of  tlio  niost,  |.n..lMrtiv,.  cotton" 

s.vtioii  ol  tl„.  slMl...     Thu  cniii  and  potato  crops  arc  also  important. 

Mnv\  IS  Ml.iiu.lunt  ui  tlic  casL^rn  part,  hnt  has  not  l.ccn  cMcnsivdv  u-^cd 

liir  Uivcr  waters  this  county,  to,i,n.thcr  with  .several   lar^c  Iri'l.ulary 

ci(vl<s  an.    hence  It  has  a  larnv  proportion  of  swamp  and  heavily  lim- 

>eiv.i   Ian. I      In  the  .southern  and  west.. ni   portions  of  (!,(>  couut"v  it  is 

hrokeii  and  the  .soil  ivd  and  .sttll,  with  some  rock,  uell  adapte.l  to  the 

jjrowlh  ol  -ram  and  tohaceo.     It  jr.-ows  line  cotton  al.so.     In  other  parts 

the  .s,,i|  IS  u;,.n,.r,dly  i^vav  and  the  laee  of  the  coiintrv  level. 

Ill  the  western,  north-wi'sivrn   and   northern   portions  there  is  .some 

lack  ol  timher.  except  in  the  swamp.s.     All  tl tlur  portions  are  well 

timl.ere.l  ||u.  l„no;-|eaf  pine,  red  and  white  and  Spani.sh  oak.  hickory 
an.  I.lackiack  are  the  Icadiiijr  varieties  on  the  upland,  and  all  id' these 
an(l  the  w.iter  oak.  cypress  and  nuni  on  the  lowland. 

nHMiiipr()ve.lfarinspro(lncefromthroo-fonrthstooneandone  foiiilh 
liale.s  ol  cuiton  ot  I..0  pounds,  and  from  ihirtv  to  fortv  hushels  of  corn 
and  tvsenty  l.iishels  ,.f  wheat  to  the  acre.  The  unini[,rove.I,  from  one- 
lonrth  to  threelourths  hale  of  cotton,  ami  from  t(>n  to  twenty  bushels 
ot  corn  No  wheat  is  nrown  on  the  unimproved  lami  worthv  of  men- 
tion. On  the  red  land  the  f;rasses  and  clover  do  w.ll.  Li,V..c.  vields 
ot  pcius  and  potatoes  are  fr,,,wn  on  the  yrav  land.  If  tlu,'  swamp  lands 
111  this  county  were  reclaiuuul  it  wouhl  l,e  one  of  the  wealthiest  in  the 
btate  It  IS  esliinaled  that  if  this  were  don<>,  enou<rh  corn  could  he 
raise,]  ui  this  county  alone  to  supplv  onedialf  the  entire  State  'i'ho 
product  ot  cotton  is  from  10,000  to  I'J.OOO  bales  i)or  year 

Within  the  past  few  yars  there  has  been  rapid  deveropment  in  the 
oultivatiou  ol  tobacco,  the  (|Ualily  beini,^  a  superior  brinht  vellow  b'o 
encoura-mfr  ,s  the  in.lustry,  and  so  .suitable  the  .soil,  that  tobacco 
promises  largely  to  supe.s.de  cotton.  Markets  have  been  established 
near  at  hand— that  at  Kncky  Monr.t  havinj^  assumed  lar-e  proportions 
By  the  census  ot  ISOO,  the  crop  of  ISS!)  is  .stated  to  have  been  7S2.SK] 
pounds,  and,  thono;!.  probably  falling-  short  of  the  reality,  shows  eiior- 
mous  gams  over  that  of  jSTi),  when  it  was  only  T.oOi)  po"un.]s 

I  he  county  IS  well  provided  with  railroad  facilities— the  \Viimin<rton 
and  W  eldon  road  running  along  its  eastern  border,  with  a  branch  iVom 
Koeky  Mount  to  larboro,  and  thence  to  \Villiam.st.)n ;  and  the  Vlbe- 
marle  and  Kaleig'i  Railroad  penetrates  the  county  as  far  as  Sprinahope 

lar  River,  at  its  fal's  near  Rocky  Mount,  allbrds  exhaustless  water- 
r^n'^'\,  ,"  l'^'"''  ^''^  l^'^!t|e/"otton  Factory  was  erected,  about  the  year 
ISK)— the  hrst  cotton-mill  built  and  operated  in  North  Carolina— yet 
running  with  greatly  added  power  and  productivenes-'. 

Nash  County  was  once  famous  for  its  ai>p]e  orchards  and  its  apple 
brandy.  I  he  orchards  have  fallen  into  decay,  and  the  brandy  has 
little  more  than  local  reputation. 


l»K.sr|!||'|M»v    ()|,    (ot  NirKS. 


\r,u 


IIh'«..1.  fcnnatioM  vvhi.-li  (•Imrm-'otizcs  Mm,  ii.,rtli-(!fi.sU.n.  corner  o 
l-nmklm  (  u.iiily  rxl. ....!«  ov(-r  into  Ih,.  ii.lj.ic.nt,  l.-rritcrv  ..f  Nash 
AmoiiK  til..  iMim.M  tl.nt  have  he..,,  prolitably  work.-l  i.,  (Ins  .•.aii.tv  i^ 
tln!  Arrnif^Mon  Mnic  ■ 

Nas|ivili(,'  is  llic  coniitv  scin    vilili  n  •...•.■.i..*: r  mi       /.     ,    i-     ■ 


INashvilK,'  IS  Ili.>  vouniy  seal,  with  a  |><>|.iilati„i,  „iU)\,     (!„slalia  has 
»  P<'l'"'Iali....  ..I  i:,!>;  S,.nnoho,M.,.,rL'lS;   K.Mkv  M.Mnil,  (III,.  Nnsl,  pur'. 

■  oil)  hasn  |H,,,nialiuu  nf  .|,si».  .\V,,r  this  ,,!„(■,.  is  nlunUul  ih,.  |{m(||„ 
(otton  lMicl<.rv.  and  in  (h..  town  uro  lolmcco  sales  wan.JK.ns,  s  \n 
nn|.r..v<.|i,.  nt  coin, .any  has  icrntly  ina.jc  laiKe  invcslnicnts  in  lan.j 
williin  til..  c..r|ioiat..  liii;its,  iin<|  proposes  to  enya^..  in  ..xieiisive  .■iil..r. 
|)rMeH. 

Nash  Connty  has  :\2r,,ir,S  a..rcs  ol  i.in.j,  valued  at  $\,7m  H;;.  an.l 
..!)<  town  lots,  valn..(i  at  !ii(170,K»l).  .       ,        .        • 

OCIonn'siie  animals  there  ,,re  I, •_'():;  ho.ses.  i,;;7i  ,„„|,.v,  ;;  u^-U^  an,l 
.l<'»ni<.s,  ];mu  ^r„,(s,  r,,<»,s;{  caiU,.,  iS/.Hd  hojrs,  .|,!),J0  sh..ep 

I'nHJnel  ..I  tavation-for  Si,,!.,  n^es,  .$7,I,sr,  ,v;; ;  pensn.ns.  $1  n.V,  77  • 
schools,  !!)!:>,., S7.  II:  eonnty,  §ll,(il»(i.-Jl.  '  '  ' 

i'..pnlali()n  — white,  TjilMI;   ....loie.l,  ,S,.VJ|  ;   total.  20,707. 

NEW  HANOVER. 

New  Hanover  is  one  of  the  smallest  counti.-s  in  the  Slate,  and  consists 
ot  a,  narrow  (riannnlar  w..d-c  iH.tw.'cn  th.-  Cap,.  K,  ar  Hiv..r  ..n  the  west 
iiii.l     ho  Atlantic  coast  on  tii.'  .'ast,  with   iis  narrow  IVin.ro  of  sonnds 
marshe.s  and  dunes.     The  maroins  of  the  str.ams  ami  sonn.js  are  h..r' 
<lor(.d   in   many  places  hy  narn.w  strips  of  oak   and   pin,.  Hals   with  a 
f^niy  silty  soil.     '1  he  ceiilral  portion  of  the  .-onntv,  as  w.-ll  as  the  .Iimcs 
a  onn-  th,"  sh,»re,  ar.!  sandy  an.l  nn|)rodnctive.  hut  then,  ar.'  tracts  of 
alluvial  and  swamp-li:n.l  riv.-r  hottoms  alonjr  the  Cape  J-Var  which  pr.)- 
du(|e  lar;^e  crops  ol   n.-...     The  county  contains  the  lar^r,,st  ..'itv  in  the 
btate-U  ilmniKton      Jt  is  also  the  most  important  seaport,  and  ha.s  a 
ar^r,,  iorei^Mi  as  w..||  as  inland  tra.l..  in  lumher,  naval  stor(,..s  an.l  cotton 
both  by  means  ol  Its  railways  and  navi-ahle  rivers.     Though  now  one' 
of  the  sinall..st,  New  Ilan..v..r  has  always  been  one  of  ih.-  most  impor- 
tan    counties  m  the  State.     The  existence  of  a  gfjod  harbor,  with  a  uood 
de!»tli  '-r  Wiiter  ,.n  th..  bar,  an.l  not  only  up  to  the  head  of  ti.le-water 
but  into  which  point  llowe.l  a  navi^rahle  river,  penetrating  far  bnck  int.! 
the  intmor  a  p.Kssession  enjoye.l  alone  by  the  inhabitants  alon-r  the 
(ape  i<ear  Kiver;  ami,  after  several  tentative  etlbrls  at  town-buildiiiff 
in  irZi)  the  site  ui   Wilmington  was  permanently  chosen.     This  i,s  not 
he  place  to  ^ive  the  hist.)ry  of  the  town  or  settlement.     It  will  suffice 
here  to  say  that  Wilmington   prospered;  and  as  the  trade  with   the 
interior,  earned  on  by  means  of  the  Cape  Fear  Jliver  as  far  as  Favette- 
ville,  an,   thence  int.,  the  back  country,  not  only  gained  in  impoi'tance 
Itself,  but  became  an  important  factor  in  the  development  of  all  the 
country  to  which  its  influence  exten.led.     Wilmington,  in  process  of 
time,  became  engngcd  in  a  large  foreign  trade,  to  Europe  and  to  'the 
W  est  Indies,  and  it  was  .sai.I  at  one  time  that  a  cargo  could  be  m-ule  UD 
liere  for  any  port  m  the  world.     It  continues  to  be  an  important  port 


i 


170 


with 


HAND-BOOK    OF    NORTH    CAROJJNA. 


increase  of  trade  and  with  growing 


coahng  port  and  as  a  liarbor  of  rel 


anj 


recognition  of  ils  value  as  a 
,  .      .  nge— its  position,  south  of  all  the 

igerous  cape. making  ,t  peculiarly  attractive  to  storm-tossed  seamen 
In  recognition  otl.e.e  conditions,  the  (Jeneral  (lovernment  has  made 
continued   and   liberal  appropriations  for  closing  up  an  obstructive 
nlet,  kyy  deepening  the  water  on  the  bar,  and  for  cleansing  the  channel 
om  the  bar  to  Wilmington,  so  that  at  spring-tides  velels  dravviiTg 
twonty-fonrftetot  water  can  cross  the  bar  ^ 

The  lower  waters  of  the  Cape  Fear  are  the  only  localities  in  which 
tidewater  nee  can  be  succ;essfully  cultivated,  because  here  aloire  can 
the  gnnvmg  crop  be  flooded  with  the  waters  of  a  full  fresh-water  river 
n  combination  with  the  flow  of  the  tide  from  the  sea.  Rice  has  tliere 
fore  or  more  than  a  .entury  been  culiivated  here,  and  its  culture  con- 
stituted the  wealth  of  a  body  of  planters  noted  fm-  the  r  h  tel  gen^ 
their  so<-ial  culture,  their  intellectual  force  and  accomplishment  S 
courage  and  their  public  spirit.  ^       i"i^ni,  meir 

With  the  exception  of  rice,  the  agricultural  industrv  of  New  Hanover 

mil'lIet'-lmlTh  '      "^   'u'  'T  ''''''  ""''  ^^^°«'^^'^  fisheries  d'efly 
mullet,  and  the  waters  abound  in  oysters 

of  90  o'-^'r"^^Ti '  ^''•f  '"""^^'  f 'f' '"';  ^^^  ^^'^  """^"'^  ^f  ^S^O,  a  population 
of  20  0.,(..     1  he  city  IS  situated  on  the  east  side  of  the  Cape  Fear  at  the 

junction  of  the  northwest  and  north-east  branches  of  the  Cape  Fear 

Kiver  assuring  a  deep,  safe  and  c  .mmodious  harbor,  vessels  able  to 

m  ies.  J  he  harbor  is  reported  to  by  vessels  of  every  nation  and  from 
all  he  ports  of  the  world.  The  expo'rts  are  chiefly  coLn  co  to  good 
t  mber,  lumber,  naval  stores,  and  numberless  miscelkneous  foods 
Co  ton  IS  largely  exported  to  European  ports,  chiefly  in  steamer"  Cai 
s  ores  are  mosily  ransported  in  Norwegian  and  German  vessels  of  the 
class  of  barks  Domestic  or  coastwise  trade  is  carried  on  bv  lines  of 
steamers  and  large  schooners.  " 

There  are  annual  fluctuations  in  business  from  various  causes.     The 

St  tTnTn!  '"";r  ^TT""  ^T  V"^''',"'>|K'nsated  for  that  loss,  and  the  p.esen  de  rossed 
state  ot  tlu  cotti.n  rad(..  which  o.dy  a  doereaspd  i.ioducti.  n  can  cu  -c  v  m  s  «  th- J 
we  cannot  look  to  that  uiduHtry  to  incTease  our  trade  for  some  yearHto  com^  ^ 

Wilmington  has  one  large  cotton  factory,  a  wood  and  basket  factorv 
numerous  steam  saw-mills,  rice-mills,  oil-milKs,  plani.^g-mills,  etc  etc 
and  has  electric  and  gas  lighting,  water-works,  electric  street  railway' 


DKSCRIPTION    OF    COUNTIKS. 


171 


opera-house,  a  costly  Young  Men's  Cliristinn  Association  building 
numerouscosty  churches, beautifully  arranged  and  adorned  cemeteries' 
handsome  and  costly  government  buildings,  and  all  that  is  needed  for 
the  comiort,  health  and  convenience  of  a  city. 

Wilmington  is  the  focal  point  of  the  Wilmington  and  Weldon  Rail- 
road, ot  the  VVilmnigton,  Columbia  and  Augusta  Railroad,  of  the  Cape 
Jear  and  \adkin  Valley  Railroad,  of  the  Carolina  Central,  of  the 
Wilmniglon  and  Onslow  Railroad,  and  of  the  Sea  Coast  road,  and  also 
ot  a  regular  hne  of  steamers  to  New  York. 

New  Hanover  County  has  87,12.']  acres  of  land,  valued  at  $447,235, 
and  town  lots  valued  at  $3,37y,()n(). 

Of  domestic  animals  there  are  701  liorses,  201  mules,  487  coats  2  037 
cattle,  3,556  hogs,  and  70  sheep.  '    ' 

Product  of  taxation-for  State  use.  $20,355.90;  pendons,  $1,944.50; 
schools,  $20,999.03;  county,  $34,217.81. 

Population— white,  10,089;  colored,  13,937;  total,  24,020. 

NORTHAMPTON. 

Northampton  County  is  situated  between  the  Virginia  border  and 
the  Roanoke  River.  Its  soils  belong  to  the  general  region  of  level  piny 
uplands  merging  toward  the  western  limit  into  onk  uplands  and  a 
more  hilly  surtace,  with  an  elevation  of  150  feet  above  sea-level  Its 
numerous  streams  have  general  fringes  of  oak  flats,  alluvions,  or  gum 
and   cypress  swamps,  and    the  Roanoke   River  has   in   its  extensive 

bottoms     some  of  the  best  corn  lands  in  the  State. 

The  product  of  cotton  in  Northampton  is  large  in  view  of  its  rela- 
tively high  latitude,  reaching  annually  between  10,000  and  15,000  bales 
Corn  has  always  been  a  leading  crop,  especially  on  the  rich  lands  of 
the  Koanoke,  which,  however,  are  seriouslv  exposed  to  the  disasters  of 
overflow.     Only  a  small  quantity  of  tobacco  is  now  reported  as  bein^  . 
cultivated— o,879  in  1889  against  20,484  in  1879. 

Northampton  County  is  connected  bv  railway  by  Liie  Petersburg  and 
Weldon  Railroad  with  Petersburg,  Va.,  and  by  the  Seaboard  and 
Roanoke  road  with  Portsmouth,  Va.,  and  it  has  good  navigation  down 
the  Roanoke  from  the  falls  below  Weldon.  The  first  railroads  built  in 
North  Carolina  passed  through  this  county. 

Jackson  the  county  seat,  has  750  inhabitants,  Rich  Square  G43,  and 
Woodland  247. 

Northampton  County  has  317,453  acres  of  land,  valued  at  $1,779  513 
and  220  town  lots,  valued  at  $116,175.  '  '       ' 

Of  domestic  animals  there  are  1,913  horses,  1 ,050  mules  2  lacks  and 
jennies,  181  goats,  7,538  cattle,  17,055  hogs,  and  3,147  sheep 

,-^'^'°,'^"ro  r^'  t''X'^ii""— for  State  u.se,  $7,202  77;  pensions,  $1,025  02- 
schools,  $8,010.71 ;  county,  $8,449.70.  ^  ,  ^  ,       -i-, 

Population— white,  9,224;  colored,  12,018;  total,  21,242. 


i 


172 


HAND-BOOK    OK    NOUTII    CAROLINA. 


ONSLOW. 


Onslow  County  res?nil,les  m  large  degree  the  adjoining  counties  of 
Urtere   and  .Jones.     Nearly  ono-l.alf  of  the  White  Oak  Su-anin  hes  in 
Its  northern  section,  and  from  it  How  m  st  of  the  streams  bv  which  the 
county  IS  drained.     The  best  agricultural  lands  of  the  coun'tv  lie  aloiicr 
tlie  margin  ot  this  swamp.     A  great  part  of  it  is  drained  southward 
into  ^ew  River,  which  traverses  the  entire  length  of  the  cnuntv  from 
nor  i.  to  south.     Ihis  river,  for  one-half  of  its  length,  is  a  broad',  navi- 
gable bay,  from  one  to  two  miles  wide,  and  is  famous  for  its  hue  oysters 
and  hsh.     On  ooth  sides  of  it  are  large  tracts  of  upland  piny  woods 
with  a  gray  sandy  soil,  which  are  admirably  adapted  to  tiie  production 
ot  cotton.     Nearer  the  sea-coast  an.l  its  fringe  of  sounds  the  soils  are 
more  sandy,  and  are  covered  witi     long-leaf  pines  as  their  principal 
growth,  a  similar  large  tract  occup   iiig  its  north-western  section     There 
are  numerous  narrow  fringes  of  cypress  swamps  along  the  various 
streams.     A  portion  of  the  south-western  side  of  this  countv  is  pene- 
trated by  the  Holly  Shelter  pocoson.     The  productions  of  this  countv 
are  similar  to  those  of  Jones.  ^ 

Jones  jind  Onslow  were  settled  early  in  the  eighteenth  century  bv 
^rench  Huguenots  and  (Jerman  Palatinates;  their  descendants  to^this 
day  are  hue  types  of  both  races;  and  the  names  of  their  ancestors  are 
still  preserved  in  their  families.  There  is  a  large  body  of  land  lyiuff 
m  these  two  counties  known  as  the  White  Oak  Swamp.  It  covers  an 
area  of  eighty-six  thousand  acres.  It  is  one  of  the  heaviest  timbered 
tracts  in  the  Atlantic  States.  The  oaks  are  of  huge  dimensions,  unknown 
in  northern  climes;  the  pines  are  of  enormous  girth,  and  freciuentlv 
attain  a  height  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet;  the  poplars  and  cvnress 
ai-e  also  ot  huge  (  imensions.  The  soil  is  as  fertile  as  the  best  lan'ls  of 
.  Myde  County  and  they  are  classed  as  the  most  enduring  and  richest 

Stat     '"  "'^^"^  ^^''^^''■'"     '^'^''  ^''^''  ""^  '''''""^'  lands'belong  to  the 

The  coasts  of  Onslow  are  lined  with  the  "  i^anks,"  from  which  they 
are  separated  by  sounds  of  from  a  mile  to  two  miles  in  width  and  of 
depth  only  navigable  for  small  vessels.  Through  these  banks,  generally 
opposite  a  stream  making  out  from  the  mainland,  there  is  a  break  or 
inlet,  with  a  shifting  bar  of  from  live  to  six  feet  deep,  and  through  this 
IS  access  to  the  inner  waters.  Within  the  bars  and  uj)  these  streams  is 
the  great  store  of  fish  and  oysters  now  engaging  public  attention  and 
the  care  of  legislation. 

.  '^'^^  soil  of  Onslow  is  productive  in  cotton,  corn,  peas,  potatoes,  and 
IS  especially  lavorable  to  the  perfection  of  the  ground-pea  or  nut  which 
in  the  decomposed  shelly  soils  in  the  vicinity  of  the  coast,  claims  the 
rrl  '''il?M*''l"  ^^  ^'^°  farmers  and  constitutes  the  most  profitable  crop 
Ihe  Wilmington,  Onslow  and  East  Carolina  Railroad  connects  Wil- 
mington and  Jack.sonville.  It  is  53  miles  long,  and  mav  be  extended 
to  Newbern. 


t)KSCRIPTIO\   OF   COUNTIES. 


173 


pensions,  1521.73; 


Jacksonvillo,  tho  connty  seat,  contains  170  inhabitants  and  Kichlands 

Onslow  County  l.as  285,180  acres  of  land,  valued  at  $824,013,  and 
lOO  town  lots,  valued  at  $33,240. 

Of  domestic  animals  there  are  710  horses,  588  mules,  3  jacks  and 
jennies,  295  goat.s,  (1,401)  cattle,  191,718  hogs,  4,001  sheen. 

Product  ot  taxation— for  State  uses,  |3,450.71;   pensi 
schools,  14,090.91 ;  county,  13,903.40. 

Population -white,  7,392;  colored,  2,911;  total,  10,303. 

ORANGE. 

Orange  County,  historically,  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  counties 
m  the  Slate.  It  was  formed  about  the  year  1752,  and  its  healthfulness 
and  tlie  richness  of  its  soil  soon  mude  it  populous  and  prosperous  It 
took  very  decided  part  in  the  troubles  that  led  to  Tryon's  sup})ression 
of  the  opposition  of  the  Regulators,  and  also  in  the  war  of  the  Jtevolu- 
tion.  It  was  in  this  county  that  J.ord  Cornwallis  prepared  himself  for 
the  struggle  at  (luilford  Court  House;  and  it  was  at  its  county  seat 
(lliUsboro)  that  the  convention  to  discuss  the  Constitution  submitted  to 
the  States  lor  ratification  was  held;  and  for  generations  the  county  was 
noted  tor  the  prominence  of  its  public  men. 

This  county  is  at  an  elevation  of  about  000  feet  above  the  sea.  The 
climate  is  remarkably  healthy  and  free  from  malaria.  The  winters  are 
very  mild  and  the  summers  are  not  oppressive.  The  county  is  rolling 
and  IS  well  drained  by  natural  streams.  The  products  are  corn,  wheat 
oats,  cotton,  lye,  barley,  grass,  tobacco  and  i)otatoes.  The  soil  is  espe- 
cially adapted  to  the  raising  of  fine-grade  tobacco,  of  wheat,  of  hav  and 
potatoes.  Cattle,  hor.ses,  hogs,  sheep  and  goats  are  easily  raiserl  and 
tlirive  hero.  A pplos,  pears,  peaches,  grapes,  plums  and  figs  grow  in  the 
greatest  abundance  and  of  fine  quality.  There  is  a  large  and  growing 
industry  m  drying  fruits  and  in  shipping  them  ixho  fresh  to  the  North- 
ern markets.  Deposits  of  gold  and  iron  are  verv  abundant  all  through 
the  county.  The  Iron  Mountain,  nearChapcl  Hill, contains  inexhausti- 
ble ores  ot  excellent  quality.  Soapstone  and  whetstone  quarries  of  the 
finest  grain  exi.st  in  large  deposits. 

The  south-eastern  section  of  the  county  is  drained  by  the  tributaries 
ot  the  Cape  Fear  River,  and  lias  a  low,  undulating  tract  of  land  with 
gray  and  yellow  sandy  and  clay  loam  soils  and  mixed  oak  and  pine 
loivsts.  The  larger  part  of  this  county  is  characterized  by  oak  forests 
and  red-clay  soils,  with  an  intermixture  in  the  poorer  sections  r.nd  on 
the  slaty  hills  of  short  leaf  pine.  The  region  described  as  slate  hills  is 
di aracterized  mainly  by  a  gray  gravelly  loam  soil.  Cotton  is  cultivated 
to  considerable  extent,  the  crop  reaching  about  2,000  bales  a  year  It 
has  long  had  pre-eminence,  along  with  that  of  Anson  County,  of  being 
the  best  upland  cotton  raised  in  the  United  States.  Tobacco  is  a  large 
and  valuable  crop,  much  of  it  being  "  bright  vellow."  The  crop  of  1889 
IS  given  in  the  census  returns  of  1890  at  782.71." 


The  IJniversitv  of  North  Carol i 


pon 


nris 


countv. 


na  is  located  at  Chapel  Hill,  in  this 


174 


HAND-BOOK    OF    NORTH    CAROLINA. 


I    ! 


!   i 


I         1 


1  lie  North  Carolina  Railroad  passes  through  tlie  county,  and  from  it 
at  University  btaiion,  a  branch  line  of  ten  miles  extends  to  Chapel  Kill' 

Ihe  streams— the  head-waters  of  the  Neuse,  Eno  and  Little  River- 
are  small,  but  aflord  good  water-power.  New  Hope  is  an  allluent  of 
Haw  River. 

Jlillsboro,  the  county  seat,  has  a  population  of  0G2.  Chapel  Hill 
the  seat  of  the  University,  has  1,027.  ' 

Orange  County  hus  230.425  acres  of  land,  valued  at  $1,040,290;  and 
3o8  town  lots,  valued  at  $212,030.  ^  .       >       ,  ^"u 

_    Of  domestic  animals  there  are  1,782  horses,  804  mules,  7  jacks  and 
jennies,  128  goats,  4,581  cattle,  7,070  hogs,  4,383  sheep 

I      ,     fL°i  ''^f'^tion-for  «taie  use,  $5,240.24;  pensions,  $734.44; 
schools,  ??D,o33.04  ;  county,  $5,039.62. 

Population— white,  9,705;  colored,  5,243 ;  total,  14,943. 

PAMLICO. 

This  county  was  formed  from  the  counties  of  Craven  and  Beaufort 
It  IS  penetrated  to  the  interior  by  an  arm  of  Pamlico  Sound  called  hay 
River,  and  jilso  by  a  stream  (Broad  Creek),  both  navigable  for  vessels 
drawing  eight  feet  of  water.     It  is  w^ashed  on  the  south  side  bv  the 
wateis  of  Neuse  River,  on  the  east  by  the  Pamlico  Sound,  and  on  the 
north  by  1  amlico  River.     By  far  the  larger  portion  of  the  county  is  in 
iorts  ,  there  being  only  about  one-tenth  of  the  land  under  cultivation 
1  he  lands  are  of  the  same  character  as  those  of  Craven  County      There 
are  immense  tracts  of  unreclaimed  swamp  that  jan  be  easily  drained 
as  the   all  IS  great;  often  the  fall  is  thirty  to  forty  feet.     The  farms  are 
generally  located  m  the  vicinity  of  the  water  courses.     There  is  no  p-irt 
ot  the  entire  State  that  presents  greater  facilities  for  farmers  than  Pam- 
lico County      Ihe  land  is  rich,  abundant  and  cheap,  and  the  facilities 
tor  trans[)ortation,  either  coastwise  or  to  Newbern,  are  ^^ood      The  crop.s 
are  cotton  crn,  oats,  rice  and  potatoes.     The  pine  forests  are  compara- 
tively untouched.      The  forests  of  oak,  cypress,  h.olly  and  gum  are 
immense,  and  are  as  yet  scarcely  disturbed. 

There  are  three  flourishing  villages  .situated  on  Bay  River-Stone- 
wall bay  boro  and  \  andemere.  Bayboro  is  the  county  seat,  and  has  a 
population  of  2o2. 

'rhe  county  has  no  railroad,  and  depends  for  its  transportation  alto- 
gether on  the  water.  But  in  this  it  has  munificent  advantacres  for  its 
situation  IS  nearly  insular,  and  the  broad  estuarv  of  Bav  Riv^er 'nearlv 
bisects  It.  Ihis  body  of  water  is  noted  for  its  fine  oysters,  and  all  tlie 
shores  abound  m  fish. 

Pamlico  County  has  134,082  acres  of  land,  valued  at  $324,751  •  and 
loO  town  lots,  valued  at  $24,781. 

Of  domestic  animals  there  are  388  horses,  241  mules,  253  rroats  4  37<} 
cattle,  !>,2o2  hogs,  and  1,531  sheep.  '    ' 

i^*'°i'^''?oonn*o-''*'°"~^^!:  ^^-'^^  "^*^'  ^1>^33.78;  pensions,  $200.10; 
schools,  $2,990  3o;  county,  $4,092.93. 

Population— white,  4,707;  colored,  2,379;  total  7,140. 


DESCRIPTION   OF   COUNTIES. 


175 


PASQUOTANK. 

Pasquotank  is  a  long,  narrow  strip  of  territory  parallel  to  Camden 
County,  and  IS  ot   similar  topographical  siluatiou  and  agrimihural 
features.     It  is  bordered  eastward  and  westward  by  two  bax -like  arms 
of  the  sound  Pasquotank  Kiver  and  Little  Kiver,  both  of  which  take 
their  rise  in  the  Great  Dismal  Swamp.     The  Uf>per  and  middle  portions 
there-ore,  belong  to  the  general  description  of  swampy  land  and  semi- 
swamps.     Near  the  streams  there  are  generally  strips  of  swamp  i,roi)er 
with  gum,  cypress  and  juniper  forests,  but  fkrther  from  them  are  semi- 
swamps  and  oak  and  pine  fiats,  with  oak,  hickorv,  short-leaf  pine  ash 
maple,  black  gum,  and  holly.     These  lands  are  of  gre  ,t  fertilitv      The 
southern  end  of  the  peninsula  on  the  sound  is,  at  usual,  sandv,  pinv 
woods.     Much  cotton  is  produced,  and  lumbering  siill  c  mstitutes  an 
Item  of  consequence,  as  also  in  all  these  Albemarle  counties     Truck 
tarming  IS  a  so  assuming  large  proportions,  and  the  raising  of  early 
potatoes  for  the  Northern  market  has  reee.itly  become  one  ot  the  most 
prohtable  industries.     All  these  Albemarle  counties  have  unlimited 
facilities  for  transportation  through  their  numerous  bays,  rivers  and 
sounds,  whic  J  are  connected  with  Norfolk  harbor  through  the  Dismal 
Swamp  and  the  Curv.tuck  canals,  and  also  by  railway 

Ihe  great  water  facili.ies  possessed  by  Pasquotank  fountv.tlie  exist- 
ence of  railroad  communication,  and  also  canal  navigation  through  the 
)ismal  bwamp  both  to  Norfolk,  and  thence  to  ttle  Northern  cities 
toge  her  with_  the  favor  of  soil  and  climate,  have  given  great  impetus 
to  tiuck  farming  which,  at  many  points,  has  superseded  other  agncul- 
ural  interests  1  he  same  facilities  of  transportation  give  activitv  to  the 
business  of  shipping  fish  on  ice,  and  during  the  fishing  season  the 
animation  is  unceasing.  '^ 

i:iizabeth  City,  the  county  seat,  has  a  population  of  3,251.  Favor- 
ably situated  on  Pasquotank  River,  at  the  head  of  the  navigation  of 
the  sounds,  also  at  tlie  southern  end  of  the  Dismal  Swamp  Canal  and 
being  traversed  by  the  railroad  from  Norfolk  to  Edenton,  it  pos 'e-ses 
advantages  it  is  prompt  to  improve.  Its  commerce  is  large  and  its 
Icth  e""'  ''"       ^  ^"'^'  "  '''"'^'  ^'''''''  ''""^  ^^''^  trucking  business  is  likewise 

Pasquotank  County  has  118,772  acres  of  land,  valued  at  $000  040 
and  oi)8  town  lots,  valued  at  $403,041  ^uuu,.;iu, 

4  W  ^^f'^<^>S-r"^'  WM?  r^  ^''^^^  ''«''^^^'  ^'^^  "»'^e^'  ^09  goals. 
4,o2b  cattle,  J),32o  hogs,  1,044  sheep.  ^       ' 

.  /''f  \'-<?w-7r-''"^'''"~^"'  ^^'''^"^  "'"'  ^^.^■^<>54;    pensions,  $550.22- 
schools, -$.),087.57;  county,  §<),594.47.  ,  "fp  uu.-_. 

Population— white,  5,201;  colored,  5,547;  total,  10,748. 

PENDER. 

Pender  County  is  bounded  in  part  on  the  south   bv  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  with  its  fringe  of  sounds,  marshes  and    '  ^ 


southward  by  the  waters  of  the  Northeast  C 


unes,  and  is  drained 
ape  Fear  Kiver.     Holly 


176 


IIANIJ-IJUUK    OF    NORTH    CARO    IXA. 


I!    'i 


Shelter  pocoson  uccii[)ies  a  large  part  of  the  south-eastern  section,  and 
from  it  (low  nunierous  creeks  into  the  above  nientiontd  river,  while 
others  How  dii'ectly  into  the  Atlantic.  The  central  portion  and  larger 
{)art  of  this  great  pocoson,  which  contains  about  100  square  miles,  is 
quite  barren,  but  around  its  margin,  especially  toward  the  river,  are 
considerable  tracts  of  white-oak  flats,  canebrake,  and  swamp  lands, 
with  their  characteristic  growths  and  soils.  In  the  north-eastern  section 
lies  the  half  of  another  similar  pocoson  nearly  as  large,  called  Angola 
Bay,  and  in  the  centre  of  the  western  half  of  the  county  is  a  third  but 
raucli  smaller  swanij)  of  the  same  general  charactc.  '-"''e  ntaiein  side 
of  the  county  for  the  breadth  of  from  six  to  eight  '  i^v  longs  to  the 
region  of  upland  piny  woods,  tlie  princi[)al  growt.-  ■  jing  long- leaf 
l)ines,  with  an  undergrowih  of  oaks,  hickory,  dogwood,  etc.,  and  a  sandy 
soil;  but  some  of  it  approaches  the  character  of  the  I'egular  "sand- 
hills," with  pine  and  oak  Ihits  hem  and  there.  Along  the  streams  aie 
generally  alluvial  belts  or  swamps  and  oak  flats,  which  are  tiie  corn 
lands  of  the  county.  A  savannah  of  several  square  miles  is  found  in 
the  upper  end  of  the  county,  which  merges  northward  into  a  barren 
pocoson  of  still  greater  extent.  Mai'l  abounds  in  all  parts  of  the  county, 
and  eocene  limestone  is  found  along  the  principal  river  above  named. 
These  add  greatly  to  its  agricultural  advantnges. 

The  cotton  product  is  inconsiderable;  the  remaining  })roducts  are 
corn,  rice,  potatoes,  lumber  and  naval  stores. 

The  presence  of  marl  and  of  the  eocene  limestone,  especially  along 
the  western  margin  of  the  Northeast  River,  is  indicated  by  the  vigorous 
forest  growth  of  hardwood  trees,  and,  when  they  are  removed,  hy  the 
generous  resi>onse  of  the  soil  to  cultivation.  The  locality  kijown  as 
Rocky  Point  very  early  drew  attention  to  it  from  its  exuberant  fertility, 
and  for  more  than  a  century  and  a-lialf  has  been  noted  for  its  exhaust- 
loss  productiveness.  In  recent  years  this  section  of  Pender  County  has 
been  advantageously  applied  to  truck  farming  in  all  its  branches,  early 
vegetables  of  all  kinds,  small  fiuits  and  berries  maturing  at  a  period 
so  early  as  to  bring  them  on  the  Northern  markets  in  quick  succession 
to  the  early  crops  of  Geoi'gia  and  South  Carolina. 

The  Wilmington  and  Weldon  Railroad  passes  through  the  county 
from  north  to  south,  and  the  North-west  and  North-east  branches  of  the 
("a})e  Fear  River,  and  Rlack  River,  provide  ample  avenues  for  trans- 
portation. 

lUirgaw,  the  county  seat,  has  a  population  of  SGG,  and  Point  Caswell 
antl  Lillington,  villages,  have  respectively  populations  of  127  and  SO. 

Pender  County  has  341,281)  acres  of  land,  valued  at  .$835,851  ;  and 
2G5  town  lots,  valued  at  §38,000. 

Of  domestic  animals  there  are  550  horses,  414  mules,  4  jacks  and 
jennies,  0,02))  cattle,  18,303  hogs,  4,300  sheep,  and  70S  goats. 

Product  of  taxation — for  State  purposes,  $3,104.83;  pensions,  S475.70; 
schools,  $3,054.42;  county,  §3,807.35. 

l*opulation — white,  5,907;  colored,  0,547;  total,  12,514. 


ni  section,  and 
ltd  river,  while 
tion  and  larger 
square  miles,  is 
1  the  river,  are 
swamp  lands, 
-eastern  section 
,  culled  Angola 
:y  is  a  third  but 
'•e  ntsiein  side 
•longs  to  the 
.  -jing  long-leaf 
tc,  and  a  sandy 
regular  "sand- 
the  streams  aie 
■h  are  tiie  corn 
ik's  is  found  in 
d  into  a  barren 
[sof  the  county, 
r  above  named. 

g  i)roducts  are 

'specially  along 
by  the  vigorous 
cmovccl,  by  the 
ility  kouwn  as 
berant  fertility, 
for  its  exhaust- 
ider  County  has 
branches,  early 
"ing  at  a  period 
nick  succession 

igh  the  county 
branches  of  the 
'uucs  for  trans- 

1  Point  Caswell 
)f  127  and  SO. 

^SoOjSol  ;  and 

es,  4  jacks  and 

;oats. 

nsions,  S475.70; 

4. 


' 


I 


f 


if  I 


DESCHll'TION   OP   COUNTIES. 


177 


PERQUIMANS. 

Perquinians  County  is  in  ev(?ry  respect  twin  to  Pasquotauk,  and 
northward  ,t  extends  nito  the  Great  Dismal  Swamp.  A  considerable 
percentage  of  the  surface  of  Perquimans  is  occupied  by  what  is  com! 

uUiv'^tabfe  'Th7  ^""^'  '^?"^'  '''\'''t  ''''''  P^^^  ''  is'drainableTd 
cultivatable      lliese  swamp  lands,  which  are  better  described  as  semi- 

wamps  and  oak  and  pine  flats  are  a  repetition  of  those  before  described 
and  have  a  similar  soil,  which  varies  from  a  fine  gray  loam  to  a  dark 
mucky  soil  o  high  fertility.  Along  the  Perquimans^River,  which  is 
an  arm  of  Albemarle  Sound,  lie  in  a  south-eLterly  direction  narow 
Zr'w  f '^'f '?  swamps,  beyond  which,  northward  mid  southward,  are 

lariuw  t  acts  of  sandy  soil,  with  forests  mainly  of  longleaf  pine  These 
long-Ieat  pine  tracts,  which  occupy  the  divides  between  the  streams 
project,  m  the  form  of  promontories,  into  the  margin  of  the  sound' 
These  promontories,  extending  between  sheets  of  navigable  water 
deep  y  mdcn  ing  the  land,  offer  uncommon  facilities  to  the  farmer,  who 
has  transportation  for  his  produce  so  ready  at  hand,  and  the  richness 

h  s  hhTr    '  PI  ""^'^"'^^  °^  '^'^  '^'™"^^  '''^^"^^«  '>i°^  »*'  l^^g^  returns  for 
is  labor.     Ihe  numerous  waterways,  and  the  passage  of  the  railroad 

through  such  an  extent  of  the  county,  has  greatly  promoted  the  trucE 

nig  business,  the  market  of  New  York  bein|at  no  greater  distance  than 

IS  overcome  in  a  trip  of  twenty-four  hours^    The  same  %c  lilies  favor 

the  fishing  interests.     The  shores  of  all  the  rivers,  baySa  fc  e  ks 

abound  with  shad,  herring,  rock-bass  and  other  fish 

Hertfoid,  the  county  seat,  has  a  population  of  733 

Perquimans  County  has  138,847  acres  of  land,  valued  at  $687  1^0  • 
and  265  town  lots,  valued  at  $101,840  «"o',.i-u, 

s^:^^mo!?::"z^:^s^,r  *'^"'''^  ■''"^">"-''  ''"-'^^ 

Population— white,  4,710;  colored,  4,574;  total,  9,293. 

PERSON. 

}l7fV\  ^''""^^  lies  outside  of  the  cotton  belt,  and  belongs  to  the 
brigiit  tobacco  zone.  Near  the  middle  of  it  rise  several  low  mountain 
ridges  of  granite  and  slate,  with  oak  and  pine  forests  These  a  an 
an  aUitude  of  about  1,000  feet  (the  general  elevation  being  from  GOO  to 
m  feet),  and  have  a  thin  gravelly  and  sandy  soil,  while  the  other  sec- 
ions  are  alternately  of  this  character  and  of  red-clay  soils  of  greater 
fertility.     To  the   atter  class  belong  especially  the  north-western  and 

tTo^  nf  ?k'"  ''f  °"f ■•  J*^^  ^J"^^  agricultural  interest  is  the  produc- 
tion of  tobacco  of  a  high  grade,  in  which  industry  this  is  one  of  the 

adapted.     Ihese  light  soils  produce  that  hiffh-nriced  arade  known  - 
brigiit  yellow,  and  in  this  is  surpassed  by  no  other  county  in  the  State! 


178 


irAND-noOK    OF    XOKTH    CAROLINA. 


Tlio  soiUlit'iu  siiloof  tl 


J  s- 


iii     » 


! 


»u  county  most  ahouiids  in  tlieso  soils,  hut  in  tl 


nortlieru  section,  among  the  hi^rh  rollinjr  lands  ol'  II 


10 


Linn  Croek.s,  the  |.:-o.hu-t  is  e(,ually  abiiiulHnt'and"  in 


yco  and  Country 


no  way  nit'orior. 
Wheat, 


llie  c!0|)  tor  18;V.)  i,s  given  by  the  census  at  2,327,201  pounds 
corn  and  other  grams  thrive.  '       >        i 

The  mineral  riches  of  the  county  are  confined  to  copper,  mines  of 
which  are  found  ni  the  north-eastern  corner  of  tlu.  count v  and  exlend- 
ing  over  into  (.ranville  and  are  believed  lo  be  of  ^mit  valu.>.     Iron 

f.n'nlt'    ""rTn''""'^  "'  the  vicinity  of  Mt.Tiiv.di,  ami  have  been 
ned  t,,  prohtab  e  account,  especially  during  the  war.  when  they  sup- 
plied castings  for  household  and  farm  use  ^       * 

tribnh.vi!''f''?r  l^'^'"^^*^"  ^T'^y  l^««"'-^'«  it»'^  the  fountain-h..a.I  of  the 
w^rd  inloM;;^^^^'^^  ^"'  ^"^'  '''''^'•''  «-^  '^  ^*---  "-ving  n<.rth- 

The  Durham  and  Lynchburg  Railroad  passes  through  the  countv 
providing  needed  facilities  for  transportation.  '' 


40  t;-  *'' V'^^'V'*''  ^'^^'^^'.'l'^.^'  l^y  the  census  of  1S!)(),  a  population  of 
1-1 ,  but  there  has  been  rapid  increase  since  its  ac.iuirement  of  railroad 
cominun.cation  t  is  now  the  seat  of  important  tobacco  factories  sales 
warehouses  ami  other  evidences  of  newly  created  business 

lersan  County  has  20;!,423  acres  of  land,  valued  at  -^LOKi/ilS ;  and 
i>I  town  lots,  valued  at  $73,150.  «   '       . 

Of  domestic  animals  there  are  1,778  hor.^es,  800  mules,  10  jacks  and 
jenn.es,  47  goats,  4,183  cattle,  7,547  hogs.  3.302  sheep  ^ 

1      ,  "il->/?,^"*'""""^"^'  ^^''^^  "■'^^''  HTUlMJi);   pensions,  .^711.38- 
ochools,  85,834.4(5;  countv,  !i?5,()50.30.  ,    „<    i.  o. 

Population— while,  8,251 :  colored,  G,900;  total,  15,151. 

PITT. 

This  county  lies  west  of  the  county  of  Beaufort,  and  is  penetrated  its 
whole   ongth  by  lar  Kiver,  wliich  is  navigable  at  all  .seasons  for  light- 
dralt  s  eamers.     1  he  soil  is  extremely  varied,  probably  more  ,so  than  in 
any  other  county  of  the  I'amlico  section.     In  the  eastern  part  on  the 
south  side  of  the  lar  Kiver,  adjoining  Beaulbrt  Countv,  the  soil  may 
be  charac^tenzed  as  a  light  sandy  loam,  with  a  grevish  clav  subsoil      hx 
the  upper  part,  or  rather  the  north-western  part,  tlie  soil  is  generally 
underlaid  w-ith  a  stiff  red  clay;  immediately  on  the  left  or  the  north 
side  of  lar  River,  the  lands  lying  along  the  river  the  entire  length  of 
tlie  county  east  and  west,  are  of  a  more  distinctive  character,  of  a  lioht 
sandv  loam,    farther  north, toward  the  Martin  Countv  line,  they  assume 
a  ditterent  character,  are  what  may  be  classed  as  a  heavy  loan/     There 
are  also  bodies  of  swamp  lands  cleared  that  partake  "'of  the  fertility 
characteristic  of  that  clnss  of  lands  in  Eastern  Carolina      The  soil 
appears  to  t^he  observer  to  run  in  streaks,  and  the  lines  of  demarcation 
are  distinctly  marked.     Their  general  character  is  that  of  fertility,  and 
easy  of  til  age.     They  yield  excellent  crops  of  cotton,  corn,  oats  and 
rye.     J"  the  last  century  tobacco  was  one  of  the  great  staples  on  Tar 
Kiver.     Withm  a  brief  period  the  cultivation  of  tobacco  has  been 


I>KS('1<II'T|().N    OK    CorN'riKH. 


179 


resumed,  an.  proimsoH  to  aHsumo  larKo  |.r()p<.rtion..  tlu,  .n.aliiy  hoin.r 
very  (lusiral)l(>,  hm.I  th.M;..n.litions  of  «oil  an.l  climate  v«rv  favoral,!." 
f  .\,na!  .''?'';''^  til.' most  imoortant  or.,|.,  the  amiiuil  Viel.l  Ikmi..." 
from  J2,()0()to  KI.OOU  Iml.s.  Tlu-laml  i«  i.ro.ludiv.  iiM^vorv  ..Ihersulr- 
jecaol  cu.turc-corn  vvheat.rico,peas,|,otatoe.s— aii.l  thewl,ol.'s(.il  l,(.i,,,r 
im.lcr  ai.l  with  marl,  pcu-potual  f.riilitv  is  assnnxl.  |.^n,its  thrive  lux- 
uriantlv  ami  nowhere  is  the  ^rapo  more  proliMe  .,r  more  certain  in  its 
nm!w  .  '  Tl  ^'^'•'«<f'«  ^>''  '"f»iv.,  grapes  have  originate.l  here, 
among    heni  that  new  choice  variety  of  the  1/7/.  IO//y>/;;r,,  the  James 

grape,  a  black  varu'y  ..fth... seiipp,.rn.>ng,  l.nt  larK.Tan.ihetter  flavored" 
an.l  beanng  transportation  better. 

I'itt  County  is  supplied  with  water  transportation   by  Tar   River 

which  passes  thn)ugh  its  c.'iitre,  ami  by  (  \,nf..ntnea  ( V.'ek^  \vluch  w-ashe^ 
Its  southern  bonier,  the  navigation  of  which  has  been  oriened  by  the 
(«eneral  (<overnment.  J  ^ '^ 

A  railn.a.nVoin  \Vel.I(.u  via  Sctlan.l  Neck,  a  branch  of  the  Wil- 
mington and  Wel.lon  Jiailroa.l,  parses  through  (Jreenville,  with  its 
present  terminus  at  Kinston. 

(ireenville,  the  county  s.Mt.  is  situated  .)n  1'ar  River,  an.l  has  th.' 
boneht  ot  steamboat  navigation,  an.l  has  a  p.)pulation  of  1  !»;57 

1  itt  County  has  :m/>\)H  anvs  of  land,  valued  at  *1.7'jr.,li'i2,  an.l  5;]4 
town  lots,  valued  at  $270,(;42.  >       >       > 

.    Of  .lomestic  animals  there  are  2,181  horses,  l,(i2r,  mules,  li  jacks  an.l 
jennies,  l,h2  goats,  8;J71  cattle,  2 1,778  hogs,  an.l  1,722  sheep 

«.l,     1  "*tn''vJ!'f^'^'""~^'"  ?*''*''  "'^'  *-^'''i7.78:  pensions,  §1,288.84; 
schooLs,  .>1(),882.17;  ountv,  *7,22l.21. 

Population— white,  1;],1JJ2;  colored,  12,327;  total,  20,.-,  1!). 

POLK. 

Polk  i.s  the  southernmost  of  the  Piedmont  counties,  Iving  ui,on  the 
border  ol  South  Carolina,  an.l  of  the  cotton  belt,  whici;  barelv  enters 
Its  southeastern  corner.  Three-fourths  of  the  territorv  of  the  county 
IS  very  mounta]n.)U.s,  as  it  is  boun.ltd  westwar.l  bv  the  Rlue  Ki.bre  and 
Its  western  and  northern  .sections  are  penetrate.!  bv  heavy  and  'lon^ 
spurs,  thrown  out  fr.)m  that  range,  of  equal  height  or  greater  It  is 
crossed  froni  west  to  ea.st  and  nearly  its  entire  t.-rritory  is  draine.l  bv 

t^hewatersol(;reen  River,  one.. f  the  principal  tributaries  of  the  iJroa.l 
Along  this  river  valley,  as  well  as  on  some  of  the  tributaries,  are  wide 
stretclies  of  bottom  lands  of  clay  an.l  san.lv  loams.  The  mid.lle  part 
ot  tlie  county  IS  a  somewhat  broken  plateau  of  1,000  feet  elevation,  and 
has  a  gravel  y  and  slaty  soil  of  a  light  color  and  loose  texture  and  low 
tertiJity,  and  inferior  forests  of  pine,  oak,  and  chestnut.  The  south- 
easern  section  is  of  the  same  character.  A  large  i.art  of  the  uplands 
and  ol  the  mountain  slopes  in  the  west  and  north  has  forests  largely  of 
oak  and  a  yellowish  or  gray  loamy  soil  of  good  quality.  In  the  hicrher 
parts,  excei)t  where  the  soil  is  of  the  better  gra.les,  chestnut  and  chest- 
nut oak  are  abundant.  The  principal  agricultural  pursuit  is  the  pro- 
duction of  grain  crops.  There  are  several  gold  mines  in  the  middle 
and  southern  sections. 


ISO 


HAND-HOOK    OF    NOKTII    (AKOI.INA. 


I  ho  cotton  crop  of  tlie  comity  does  not  pxc(>p(1  ",00  bales  vcnrlv 
(.rains  iukI  fruits  arc  the  chief  ol)ject.s  of  hi.histri.il  pursuit.  The  most 
fainuus  of  the  thermal  belts  lies  in  this  countv,  an.l  is  laiwly  en«atrin.r 
the  attention  of  orchanlists  an.l  vi^Mierons.  The  climate  is  rcLmr.l.Ml  as 
favorable  in  pu  tnonary  weakness,  an.l  health  resorts  have  been  estab- 
lished at  several  points,  notably  at  Tryon  City  and  Saluda. 

I  he  county  IS  traverse.l  by  the  Asheville  an.l  Spartanburg  liailroa.l. 
(  oluiubus  IS  the  countv  seat. 

I'olk  County  has  IK),  170  acres  of  land,  valued  at  r,()(;,;KI-J,  an.l  2().S 
town  lots,  value.l  at  *r»  t,.10(). 

_    Of  .lomestic  animals  there  are    12:5  horses,  IK)  mule.s,  f.  jacks  an.l 
jennies,  ;>1  goats,  .V21  cattle,  r><m  hogs,  and  1,»kS()  slu-cp. 

sch.iols,  )!?-J,2ir).i;};  coun'v,  ^2,(17!».r)2. 

I'oi)uIatioii— white,  4,.S'()7;  colored,  1,0!).-,;  t.)tal,  0,002. 

RANDOLPH. 

This  county  in  general  protilo,  is  an  incline.l  plane,  dipping  s(3uth- 
ward,  and  making  a  descent  of  more  than  400  feet  from  an  altitu.le  .)f 
aDout  -SOO  leet  on  the  north  to  an  altitu.le  of  .'500  or    lUO  feet  on  llie 
south,  a  rate  of  fourteen  ..r  iiftcen   feet  per  mile.     The  suiiace  is  .liver- 
silie.l  by  subordinate  plains  and  extensive  hillv  districts,  and  marked  in 
the  west  and  south-west  by  eimrmoiis  hills  that  "  approach  the  measure 
an.l  dignity  ot  mountains."     The  most  important  of  the  phvsical  fea- 
tures are  the  two  river  basins  that  extcn.l  from   north  to  south  across 
tlie  county  m  nearly  paralU.j  .lepressi.)ns.     The  Deep  River  basin  com- 
prises mostot  the  northern  an.l  all  of  the  eastern  portion  .)f  tliec.nintv— 
Deep  Ixiver  entering   the  county   near   the  mid.lle  of   the   nortirern 
boundary  and  running  a  tortuous  course  to  the  south-east  corner  of  the 
eounty.     ihe  I  wharne  basin  occupies  the  W(>stern  si.le,  the  Cwharrie 
Jxivor  running  ])arallel  to  the  western  boundarv,  an.l  only  a  few  miles 
irom  it.     Jiothof  the  above-imme.l  rivers  have  numerous  and  iar.ro 
tributaries  fed  by  bold  and  constant  sj.ring^,  which  afford  an  ample 
water-supply  during  the  longest  .Iroughts.     Hetween  these  two  rivvr 
basms  is  the  divide,  or  water-siicd,  exten.ling  from  the  north-west  corner 
to  the  centre  of  the  county,  thence  southward  into  Moore  and  Mont- 
gomery. 

The  western  and  southern  sections  of  the  countv  are  characterized  by 
tlie  occurrenceof  sharp  ridges  and  hillsof  slate,  ^s•ith. light-gray,  sandv 
graveflv  soil;  but  the  upper  portion  is  much  less  broken,  an.l  consists 
ot  broad  fiattish  swtdls,  which  constitute  the  divi.les  between  the  uiiper 
waters  of  the  Haw,  J)eep  an.l  Uwharrie  rivers,  the  latter  being  one  of 
the  tributaries  of  the  Yadkin.  The  .soils  of  this  portion  of  the  county 
are  lor  the  most  part,  gray,  gravelly  loams,  alternated  I  -re  and  there 
with  red-clav  lan.ls.  Cotton  is  produced  in  only  a  small  part  of  the 
southern  half  of  the  county,  the  production  of  small  grains  constituting 
its  principal  agricultural  feature. 


DKSCItll'TION    (ir   coi.NTiKM. 


181 


AKiMeuKuro  is  the  leading  in<lii.stry  in  the  oiiiitv.  T\w  buttom  lands 
ulonjr  (|,„  waU.r-o.Hir.s(;.s,  mix!  thn  a.ljacoiit  <-ovc.s  ami  liills.urc  iiuturailv 
voryprodiidiytM-ankiM^ramon^  Hie  Ix-st  rarrniii;r  lands. .11  the  Atlantio 
«lo|a',  wiMlo  the  uplands  possess  a  fair  dc^r.ve  of  Icrlility,  und  return 
j^enerous  results  under  improved  methods  of  eulti   -ition 

Tins  ^reat  variety  or  soil-the  alluvial  l.oth.ms,  tlie  elavev  slopes 
the  n.eky  Inlls.and  the  sandy  plains-;riv,.s  rise  to  «reat  varietv  in  the' 
pro.  uetions  ol  the  county,  it  may  he  safely  sai.i  that  Kan.lolph  ean 
pro(luee.sueeessfullyan.l  prolilal.ly  evrythin^r  that  ean  he  pn.duee.l  in 
he  Mate.  It  ean  pr.xluee  the  riee,  peanut,  e..tton  and  ssve.a  p..tato  of 
tile  east  and  the  grains,  Kfas.sos,  fruits  an.l  line  (..haceo  of  the  west 

1 IK'  raufr*!  ol  lulls,  k.K.wn  as  the  I'wharrie  Mountains,  in  th..  south- 
western part  ol  the  eounty,  e.)nstitnte  a  part  of  the  same  lormati.ai  .so 
prolilicin  the  a.ljoining  eounty  of  M..nt^r,>„M„.y  in  gold;  an.l  this  metal 
u.s  been  pr.nluee.l  in  several  mines  of  note  in  Randolph,  and  has  Ion.' 
been  an  object  ol  unsvstematic  seareh 
The  c.mnty  is  Iravc-rse.!   by   Deep  River,  an.l  as  that  stream  cuts 
.rough  the  high  hills  which  become,  as  they  roll  uwav  to  the  .scaitli 
Ihc   Lvvharrie  Mountains,  pr.)vi.l,.  great  water  power,  am.lie.l  to  nine 
cotton  lactones,  which  have  been  prosperouslv  at  work  for  niaiiv  vears 
ihose  lactones  are  now  made  accessible  botli  bv  railr.m.l  from   IliLdi 
I  omt.  <)n  the  N..rth  rar.,lina  road,  and  from  a  point  on  the  ('ape  i-Y^ir 
and  ladkin  \  alley  road. 

;./Vwi-^.'  ^''il'*^^'^'' '"^^••^  n.,rth-west  comer  of  the  county,  was  founde.l 
n  1M2  by  Jtev.  B.  Craven,  D.J),     it  is  now  in  pro..-e.ss  of  removal  to 
J)urham. 

The  county  is  touched  on  the  north-west  comer  bv  the  N..rih  Caro- 
lina Kai  road,  and  on  the  north-oast  corner  by  the  Cape  Fear  and 
Y>dkin  \all..y  road,  and  is  penetiaLed  by  the  branches  of  tho.se  roads 
already  referred  to.  Ihe  lir.st  nanie.l  branch  extends  t..  A.sheboro  the 
county  seat  which  has  a  population  of  r,lO.  iJandleman  has  a  popu- 
lation of  l,,o4;  \V..rthville,  of;528;  Archdale,  of  224;  Trinity  of  380- 
and  Liberty  ol  l\W.  FranklinsviUe  and  liamseur,  consi.lera'ble  vil- 
lages, have  their  populations  inchule.l  in  the  returns  of  their  townships 

kandolph  County  has  4r)3,4(5!)  acres  of  land,  valued  at  $'n)r,H  l.'u" 
and  i)3;)  town  lots,  valued  at  l|l(il,li>4.  "'        ' 

Of  domestic  animals  there  are  3,1]',  horses,  2,l(i4  mules,  17  jacks  and 
jennies,  200  goats,  12,020  cattle,  22,121  li..gs,  an.l  10,587  sheep 

J  >-oduct  of  taxation— for  State  use,  lii;i),200.00 ;  pensions,  |i,3701.S- 
schools,  111,8(53.24;  county,  $021.73.  ' 

Population— white,  21,848  ;  colored,  3,347  ;  total,  25,195. 

RICHMOND. 

Richmond  County  also  lies  on  the  border  of  the  long-leaf  pine  belt 
Its  eastern  and  southern  portions  (forming  not  less  than  three-fourths' 
ot  Its  territory  belonging  to  the  latter,  while  its  western  and  northern 
parts,  ying  along  and  near  the  Great  Pee  Dee  River,  hejon"-  niore 
properly,  ni  their  agricultural  features,  to  the  zone  of  oak  and  pine 


i  '    8  t 


!■, 


182 


HAND-BOOK   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


^V\i^  5-1^    ^^"^  ^1"'*®  ^^^^y  ^"^  ^"  ^o"^6  Pl^'^ces  rugged.    The  slopes 
ot  the  hills  on  the  river  front  and  its  tributaries  are  quite  steep  and 
broken,  and  have  a  clay  loam  soil,  which  is  covered  bv  oak  and  short- 
leat  pine  forests.     In  the  north-western  corner,  on  the'Pee  Dee  and  its 
tributaries,  are  wide  tracts  of  level  gray  loam  soils,  originally  covered 
with  heavy  oak  forests.     Through  the  eastern  portion  of  the  countv,  in 
a  north  and  south  direction,  lies  a  considerable  tract  of  pine  barrens 
which  13  very  sandy  and  unproductive.     The  streams  which  drain  the 
south-eastern  section  of  the  county  (one-third  of  its  territory)  flow  into 
Lumber  River,  and  are  margined  through  their  whole  course  by  allu- 
vial tracts  and  cypress  swamps,  the  divides  between  these  parallel  and 
south-flowing  streams  being  occupied  by  level  upland  piny-woods  tracts 
haying  a  gray  sandy  loam  soil  of  fair  productiveness.     Cotton  is  the 
chief  single  interest,  but  the  product  of  grain  is  large,  and  the  turpen- 
tine and  lumber  interests  are  still  important,  though  there  has  been 
rapid  diminution  almost  extirpation,  of  the  pine  forests  along  the  lines 
of  the  railroads,  where  saw-mills  were  erected  at  every  convenient  point 
r^lo  county  presents  more  striking  contrasts  in  its  soils,  timbers  and 
productions  than  does  Richmond  Countv.    Its  eastern  and  south-eastern 
sections  are  interlaced  with  swamps,  but  readilv  drained,  and  produc- 
tive in  cotton  and  corn.     The  centre  and  part  o"^f  the  south  is  pine  bar- 
ren with  no  invitation  to  agricultural  work,  while  the  northern  and 
western  sections  are  hilly,  with  a  red  or  rocky  gray  soil      These  last 
especially  such  as  lie  along  the  Pee  Dee,  are  the  most  productive  cotton 
ands,  and  in  the  production  of  this  staple  the  county  has  long  held 
high  rank,  the  product  being  from  12,000  to  15,000  bales  annually. 
The  streams  which  originate  in  the  pine  lands  and  tend  towards  the 
Fee  Dee  River  at  Rockingham  encounter  a  sudden  and  violent  chanjre 
of  geological  formation-encounter  ledges  of  rock,  precipitate  them- 
selves below  in  lofty  cascades,  and  give  that  commanding  M^ater-power 
which  has  concentrated  at  Rockingham  five  large  cotton  factories 

Rockingham,  the  county  seat,  is  situated  immediately  on  the  line  of 
division  between  the  sandy  and  the  red-clay  lands.     It 'is  important  as 
the  seat  of  the  factories  above  referred  to.     It  has  a  population  of  3  374 
inc  uding  Rockingham  township  and  Great  Falls  village.     Laurinburo-' 
on  the  Carolina  Central  Railroad,  has  a  population  of  1  357  *" 

The  Carolina  Central  road,  connecting  Wilmington  and  Charlotte 
passes  through  the  county;  the  Raleigh  and  Augusta  Air-Line  road 
has  Its  terminus  at  Hamlet,  and  from  the  same  point  the  Palmetto  road 
extends  to  Cheraw,  fe.  C,  and  also  from  Hamlet  a  railroad  extends  to 
(aibson,  with  ultimate  terminus  at  Bennettsville,  S.  C 

Richmond  County  has  446,188  acres  of  land,' valued  at  $1  20G  761  • 
and  478  town  lots,  valued  at  $220,551.  >       ' 

.    ^{  domestic  animals  it  has  1,155  horses,  1,996  mules,  3  jacks  and 
jennies,  o92  goats,  4,699  cattle,  10,988  hogs,  and  1,493  sheep 

Product  of  taxation-for  State  use,  |7,270.29 ;  pensions,  $1,051.44- 
schools,  ^9,021.16;  countv,  $12,710.24.  ,  ic  ,  ^a.ii. 

Population— white,  10,989;  colored,  12,559;  total,  23,948. 


DESCRIPTION   OF   COUNTIES. 


183 


ROBESON. 

The  soils  of  Robeson  County  are  mainly  those  of  the  ordinary  level 

Krw';^"'  '^''''  Y.'  ^'^''  "^>'"^^  and  cypre.8  swamp  along  nearly 
all  of  Its  water-courses  those  on  the  two  main  streams  being  quite  large. 
I  he  county  IS  drained  by  the  upper  waters  of  Lumber  River,  whlh 
enters  the  Atlantic  through  the  .State  of  South  Carolina  at  GeorgeTowm 
On  he  higher  divides  between  the  streams  the  soil  is  sometimes  quite 
sandy,  in  sonie  places  reaching  the  character  of  pine  barrens  The 
lands  are  chiefly  devoted  to  the  culture  of  cotton  and  corn,  but  the  value 
o  the  potato  and  rice  crops  is  quite  considerable.  Turpentine  and 
half  of  the  courU'^''  '"terests.     Marl  is  found  abundantly  in  the  lower 

nnSf  ""'^  r  ^-^  »«^y,the  '^'-gest  county  in  the  State.     From  its  extreme 
northern  limit  vvhere  it  meets  the  counties  of  Cumberland  and  Rich- 
mond, to  Its  southern  boundary,  near  Fair  Bluff,  in  Columbus  Countv 
t  IS  nearly  seventy  miles  ong,  while  its  mean  breadth  is  from  twenty- 
hve  to  thirty  miles      Much  of  the  county  is  covered  with  swamps,  the 
numerous  streams  being  all  margined  with  or  hid  away  in  a  dense 
growth  of  cypress  gum  and  other  woods,  but  accessible  to  drainage 
and,  when  drained,  producing  good  crops  of  cotton,  corn  and  rice.     But 
the  principal  object  of  drainage  is  to  obtain  access  to  the  timber  for 
making  shingles,  staves,  etc,  obtained  from  cypress  and  juniper     The 
black  gum  abounds  in  these  swamps.     Of  this  wood  it  is  said  • ""  This 
imber  has  never  been  developed.     It  cannot  be  split— not  even  bv 
ightning.     In  its  green  state  it  is  heavy  and  soft;  when  seasoned  it  is 
the  strongest  and  lightest  wood  we  know  of,  e.|ualing  hickory  in  strength 
and  surpassing  it  in  lightness.     It  is  specially  adapted  to  the  manufac 
ture  ot  tool-handles,  wagon-tongues,  coupling-poles,  etc.     It  is  suitable 
for  making  paper  pulp." 

Immense  deposits  of  marl  are  found  underlying  the  great  swamps 
a  suggestive  cause  of  their  fertility  when  drained.  These  swamng  dis-' 
charg-e  great  quantities  water  into  the  streams  that  emptv  into  VVinvah 
Bay,  South  Carolina,  and  have  been  tlie  channels  through  which  vast 
quantities  of  timber  and  other  products  of  the  State  have  been  taken 
beyond  its  borders  1  he  construction  of  railroads  has  diminished  that 
current  of  trade.  The  mcst  extensively  pursued  avocation  is  that  con- 
nected  with  the  products  ot  the  forest-timber,  lumber,  shingles,  staves 
turpentine  and  rosin.  ^     j^i-avcs, 

Cotton  is  produced  to  the  extent  of  about  10,000  bales  annually 
J  he  crops  of  corn  and  some  other  of  the  grains  are  large,  and  great 
quantities  of  peas  and  sweet  potatoes  are  made.  About  a  million  and 
a  half  pounds  of  rice  are  made  on  the  beds  of  drained  swamps  or  alono- 
marshy  borders  of  streams.  The  country  is  suitable  to  mo.^t  of  th? 
fruits,  and  est)ecially  the  native  varieties  of  the  grape.  The  Flowers 
grape,  a  sport  of  the  V.  Vinifera,aud  very  much  pri.ed  for  its  wMne- 
making  qualities,  originated  here.  '»  Nvme 


184 


HAND-BOOK   OP    NORTH   CAROLINA. 


T' 


The  upper  part  of  the  county  received  a  lar^e  share  of  that  Scotch 
immigration  which  followed  the  defeat  at  Culloden  in  1740  The  mid- 
dle and  southern  portions  of  the  county  contain  large  numbers  of  mixed 
breed  m  which  Indian  blood  predominates.  It  is  asserted  tha  hey 
are  tlie  descendants  of  the  lost  colony  of  Capt.  John  White,  which 
despairing  of  help  from  its  founder,  united  its  fortunes  with  the  Croatan 
Indians,  and  eventually  ended  its  wanderings  in  Robeson  County  The 
btate  of  North  Carolina  provides  distinct  schools  for  these  people  under 
the  name  of  Croatans.  *      '^      ""v^ci 

The  Carolina  Central  Railroad  passes  through  the  county,  and  also 
the  Bennettsville  (S.  C.)  branch  of  the  Cape  Fear  and  Yadk  ,i  Vallev 
and  the  fehort-cut  stem  of  the  Wilmington  and  Weldon  road,  com  ect^ 
ing  Wilson,  N.  C,  and  Florence,  S.  C  ^unneci 


Lumberton,  the  county  seat  on  Lumber  River,  has  a  population,  by 
890,  of584,  and  Maxton  of  694.  ^ 


the  census  of  1       ^ ^ ,  ...>....„..  „, 

Robeson  County  has  662.411  acrerjf  iand",'valued  at  $2,119,177  •  and 
442  town  lots,  valued  at  |;248,076.  .  ,  -i.  ,i  /  /  ,  ana 

Of  domestic  animals  there  are-horses,  1,821 ;  mules.  2  549  •  iaclc^  1  • 
goats,  1,595 ;  cattle,  9,704  ;  hog.s,  38,089 :  sheep,  6,678  '  ^        '  ^ ' 

r    1  "#li''L*fo'^^'^°~^''''  ^^""^^  ^'^'  $9,901.42;  pensions,  $1,428  36- 
schools,  $11,864.32;  county,  «11,955.27  ,i^o.oo, 

^^Population-white,  16,6:19;  colored,  including  Croatan.,  14.854;  total, 

ROCKINGHAM. 

Rockingham  is  a  border  county,  and  belongs  to  the  famous  bnVht 
tobacco  belt.     It  is  traversed  in  a  northeasterly  course  by  the  waters  of 
the  Dan  River,  and  its  southern  section  is  drained  by  the  upper  tribu- 
aries  ot  the  Cape  Fear  (Haw)  River.     The  north-westein  corner  of 
this  county,  constituting  about  one-third  of  its  territory  near  the  Viv. 
guna  line  and  north  ol  the  Dan  River,  consists  for  the  most  part  of 
elevated  flattish  ridges  and  swells  having  grav,  yellow,  gravelly  loam 
soils  while  tl,e  southern  and  eastern  two-thii'ds  of  the  county  consist 
of  alternating  belts  of  these  loams  and  of  red  clays.     Besides  tobacco 
in  which  this  county  ranks  second,  large  crops  of  grain  are  produced' 
Dan  River,  with   Us  tributaries,  furnishes  abundant  water-j>owcr  and 
the  iormer  stream  is  navigable  in  a  small  way  for  flatboats      A  bed  of 
semi-bitummous  coal,  three  feet  in  thickness,  and  of  good  quality  out- 
crops  in  the  eastern  section,  but  it  has  been  but  little  mined 

ihis  IS  one  of  the  largest  of  the  tobacco  producing  counties-the 
larger  portion  of  it,  even  on  the  heavier  bottoms  of  the  Dan  and  tribu- 
taries  being  largely  devoted  to  that  purpose.  The  crop  of  1889  is 
placed  in  the  census  tables  at  4,189,415  pounds.  But  the  lands  are  also 
suitable  to  wdieat  and  other  grains,  of  which  large  crops  are  made 

llie  Dan  River  runs  through  the  north-western  corner  of  theoountv 
with  a  gentle  current  through  a  broad,  very  fertile  valley.     This  vallev 
IS  part  ot  an  old  sea-basin,  and  is  believed  to  contain  valuable  stores  of 
coal      Efforts  are  now  being  made  to  test  its  value.     On  the  north  side 
of  the  Dan,  Mavo  River  breaks  into  the  valley  over  its  rim  of  sand- 


;   i^ 


DESCKIl'TION    OF   COUNTIKS. 


185 


stone  and   provides  valuable  water-|)ower.     At  Leaksville  the  water- 
power  lias  lonjr  been  used  in  application  to  a  large  cotton  factorv. 

llie  Roanoke  and  Southern,  now  the  property  of  the  Norfolk  and 
Western  Railroad  Company,  connecting  Roanoke,  Va.,  and  Winston, 
iV  0.,  passes  through  Rockingham  County.  The  Richmond  and  Dan- 
ville road,  passing  through  the  eastern  part  of  the  county,  is  part  of 
the  main  stem  of  one  of  the  leading  lines  through  the  South. 

AV^entworth  is  the  county  seat. 

Reidsville,on  the  Richmond  and  Danville  Railroad,  is  an  important 
tobacco  manufacturing  town  with  a  population  of  2,9(39.  It  contains 
.several  sales  warehouses  and  numerous  factories  of  plug  tobacco  and 
i_ts  brands^  are  well  and  widely  known.  Leaksville  has  a  population  of 
Clh,  and  Leaksville  Cotton  Mill  village  of  815.     Madison  has  450 

Rockingham  County  has  339,357  acres  of  land,  valued  at  $1,555  412 
and  1,163  town  lots,  valued  at  $7(55,550. 

^    Of  domestic  animals  there  are  1,959  horses,  1,267  mules,  4  jacks  and 
jennies,  17  goats,  5,571  cattle,  7,143  hogs,  and  1,742  sheep 

Product  of  taxation— for  State  use,  $9,540.97;  pensions,  $1,291.90  • 
schools,  $11,369.20;  county,  $10,784..S0. 

Population— white,  15,197;  colored,  10,166;  total,  25,363. 

ROWAN. 

Rowan  County  lies  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Yadkin  River  and  south 
of  Its  principal  tributary,  the  South  Yadkin,  and  resembles  very  closely 
m  Its  agricultural  and  topographical  features  the  county  of  Davidson 
Its  entire  surface  is  drained  by  the  tributaries  of  the  Yadkin  which 
traverse  its  territory  in  a  norih-easterly  course.  Its  middle  and  northern 
■  sections,  which  he  for  the  most  part  above  the  level  of  800  feet  rising 
at  one  point  above  1,000  feet,  are  characterized  by  an  abundance  of  red 
clay  soils  and  heavy  oak  forests,  interspersed  with  hickory,  walnut  etc 
only  the  higher  parts  of  the  water-sheds  between  the  streams  showing 
any  growth  of  pine  (short-leaf),  and  having  gray  and  yellow  sandv 
loam  soils.  The  .south-eastern  corner  of  the  county,  amounting  to  one- 
third  of  its  territory,  is  quite  broken,  and  is  traversed  by  low  rant^es  of 
mountains  or  high  hills,  which  rise  in  places  to  a  level  of  1,000  feet  and 
more  above  the  .sea.  These  consist  geologically,  for  the  most  part  of 
ledges  ot  granite.  The  hills  of  this  region  have  a  light  gray  and  vellow 
sandy  loam  .soil.  o     o    .  j 

The  culture  of  cotton,  while  greatly  increa.sed  in  the  pa.st  decade 
still  occupies  a  secondary  place  in  the  agriculture  of  the  county  most 
of  Its  territory  being  better  adapted  to  the  growth  of  corn  and 'small 
grains,  of  which  the  total  is  the  largest  in  the  State.  The  upper  por- 
tion produces  also  a  considerable  quantity  of  tobacco.  There  are  many 
gold  mines  in  this  county,  mostly  in  the  southern  nart,  and  several 
copper  veins. 

This  is  perhaps  the  finest  grain-growing  county  in  the  State;  more 
oats  in  1880  and,  with  one  exception,  more  corn  and  wheat  having  been 
raised  here  than  in  any  other  county.     More  hay  beyond  any  com- 


186 


HAND-BOOK    OP    NORTH    CAROLINA. 


•I  I 


portions  oi 
There  are 


colton 


parison  is  shipped  annually  from  this 
been  shipped  in  1881.  From  8,000  1 
duced  annurtlly,  and  tobacco  in  certai 

nit f,riilo'rnt;,",;^,';'u;; ttr-  - """ "« '-"^•«™  ""■■'"s- 

exnaustle.ss  mass,  of  fine  homogeneous  grain,  and  of  color  almost  whito 
It  was  used  in  the  construction  of  the  ( fovennnent  buHd  ng  a   KaS' 
Ihe  North  Carolina  branch  of  thellichmond  and  Danvilirro^d  r  f,  s 
through  Rowan,  and  at  Salisbury  the  Western  Nort^O   ol  na  li"  1 

opened  south  from  ilisburrt^N^iwood^rihrnt  Cruntr"  """'^' 

ba  isbury,  the  county  seat,  has  a  population  of  4,418      It  is'admiriblv 

situated    fo-  trade   and    manufaclures,  having     he  amnlesfr     ro  d 

facilities,  and  surrounded  by  a  remarkably  productive  com  try      It  has 

and  900  town  lots,  valued  at  ^793,540.  ^1,843,681, 

Of  domestic  animals  there  are  3,325  horses  1  517  mnlp«  in  ^n  i         j 

jennies,  80  goats,  7,181  cattle,  9,838  hogs  s'hti' sheep  '  '"'^'""^ 
Iroductot  taxation-for  State  use,  ^11,233.19-  nensions   ^1  519qi. 

schools,  ,^14,877.15;  county,  ,<6,G04 37  '  Pensions,  ^l,ol2.91, 

Population-white,  17,142;  colored,  0,981;  total,  24,123. 

RUTHERFORD. 

The  topographical  features  of  Rutherford  Countv  may  be  described 

m  the  same  terms  as  those  of  Cleveland,  which  bounds  ft  on  the  ersf 

Like  that  It  IS  traversed  from  its  northern  limit,  in  the  South  Mo nn 

ains^  by  the  parallel  southerly  courses  of  several  la  ge  trTbutar  es  of 

the  Broad  River.     Its  northern  half  is,  in  many  places  m  ite  ru^^pd 

and  Its  north-western  corner  rests  on  some  of  the  summits  of  the  Blue 
Ridge,  at  an  elevation  of  nearly  4,000  feet.  Its  soils  and  its  ag  culture 
correspond  in  all  their  features  to  those  of  Cleveland  Count?  ad  is 
cotton  product  has  nicrease.l  seventeen-fold  since  1870  S'  n  nim' 
s  also  an  industry  of  some  importance,  especially  in  the  loAliem  se> 
tion  where  placers  are  abundant  and  extensivi  on  the  flanks  of  the" 
South  xMountams  and  in  the  beds  of  the  streams  at  their  base 


DESCRIPTION   OF   COUNTIES. 


187 


From  the  southern  slope  of  the  South  Mountains,  and  from  the  east- 
ern slope  of  the  Blue  Kidgc,  several  large  streams  have  their  exit,  and 
pass  through  this  county  to  unite  in  forming  the  main  stream  of  Broad 
River  which  pisses  into  South  Carolina.  The  i)rincipal  of  these  are 
Main  Broad,  which  is  on  the  western  side  of  the  county,  and  then  turn- 
ing to  the  east  and  pas.sing  along  the  southern  side;  the  Second  Broad, 
which  runs  through  the  centre  of  the  county  from  north  to  south  •  and 
the  Pirst  Broad,  which  passes  through  the  north-east  corner;  and  all 
of  these  are  swelled  by  numerous  alHuents.  All  of  those,  when  beyond 
the  miluence  of  the  mountains,  are  margined  with  broad  belts  of  bot- 
tom lands  of  great  fertility,  productive  as  grain  and  grass  farms,  and 
to  a  considerable  extent,  as  cotton  farms— the  yield  of  the  county  being 
from  2,0U0  to  3,000  bales  annually;  and  Rutherford  County  is  practi- 
cally the  western  limit  of  cotton  culture  in  North  Carolina.  The  whole 
county  IS  favorable  to  fruit  — apples,  peaches,  cherries,  melons  and 
grapes — and  also  to  potatoes. 

The  mineral  wealth  of  the  county  is  very  great.  Among  the  South 
Mountains  placer-mining  has  been  pursued  for  many  years.  These 
deposits  are  found  about  the  head- waters  of  First  and  Second  Broad 
Rivers  and  Muddy  and  Silver  Creeks,  and  have  been  worked  in  a  rude 
way  since  1830,  producing  several  millions  of  dollars— the  most  pro- 
ductive locality  yet  discovered  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

Rutherford  County  is  penetrated  by  the  Carolina  Central  Railroad 
Its  present  western  terminus  being  at  Rutherfordton,  a  distance  of  2SG 
miles  from  Wilmington.  The  Charleston,  Cincinnati  and  Chicago  Rail- 
road enters  the  county  from  Cleveland,  passes  through  Rutherfordton, 
and  has  its  present  terminus  at  Marion,  thus  giving  the  county  all 
needed  facilities  for  transportation. 

Rutherfordton  is  the  county  seat,  and,  including  the  township,  has  a 
population  of  ]  ,287.     Forest  Citv  has  a  population  of  410. 

Rutherford  County  has  320,141  acres  of  land,  valued  at  1^1,255  294- 
and  290  tov,n  lots,  valued  at  $121,238. 

Of  dfunestic  animals  there  are  1 ,199  horses,  1 ,058  mules,  13  jacks  and  • 
jennies,  07  goats,  7,3r)0  cattle,  10,301  hogs,  and  4,273  sheep. 

Product  of  taxation  — for  State  use,  ^5,272.52;  pensions,  §816.07: 
schools,  S(),5()9.0r);  county,  §17,445.09. 

Population— white,  15,073;  colored,  3,097;  total,  18,770. 


^  SAMPSON. 

Sampson  County  lies  in  the  middle  of  the  long-leaf  i)ine  belt,  and 
much  the  larger  part  of  its  territory  represents  the  average  character 
of  the  soils  and  forests  of  that  belt.  It  is  drained  by  South  River,  one 
of  the  principal  tributaries  of  the  Cape  Fear,  whose  streams  divide  its 
territory  into  north-  and  south-lying  belts  or  zones— tlattish  swells,  the 
higher  portions  of  which  are  characterized  by  sandy  soils,  and  forests 
[)redominantly  of  long-leaf  pine.  In  places" near  the  southern  and 
western  margins,  and  again  near  the  northern  end,  there  are  tracts 
which  are  quite  sandy,  and  approach  the  character'  of  pine  barrens. 


188 


IIAXD-BOOK    OF   XOKTir   CAROLIXA. 


If   'i 


rhere  are  also  extensive  pine  fl  its,  especially  on  the  waters  of  Six  Runs 
with  here  and  there  considerable  bodies  of  >ine  and  oak  flats  ' 

cotton  nn,?  T^       tlie  county  is  much  more  important  tlian  that  of 
CO  ton,  and    ho  crops  of  potatoes  and  rice  are  bith  unusually  lar^e 
There  are  also  large  bodies  of  virgin-pine  t  mber,  still  valuable  both 
for  turpentine  and  lor  lumber.     Marl  is  abundant,  ind  is  used  with  the 
best  results  in  some  sections,  chiefly  the  northern      The  cotton  crop   s 
a  considerable  one,  reaching  from  G,()UU  to  8,000  bales  annua  h      Fine 
obacco  has  been  cultivate.!  to  an  extent,  and  with  a  successo  jus  ifv 
larger  enterprise.     Corn  and  peas  constitute  an  important  cron       d 
sustain  the  ability  of  the  farmers  to  make  that  large  quandtv7b^^^^^^^^ 
for  which  the  county  has  long  been  noted.     The  lightness     nd  at  the 
same  t^^me  the  fertility  of  the  soil,  enable  the  farm^erf  "n "ket  w 
quantities  of  sweet  potatoes,  and  the  large  bodies  of  flat  marsh    and 
are  favorable  to  the  cu  ture  of  upland  rice.     Sampson  Countv      noted 
ov  r  urc3rv^"Th''''"l  ''  ""  -'-^tleberry  (of-  huckleberVy) "-hLh 

^te^lK  rr  N^.tS^ '-^t'^  -'  '^-^'  ^^  -  ^-t  dem^ 

nf  ?Sf  tT-  ^''''"^^  •''''',  Y^^i^'  communication  with  Wilmington  bv  wav 
of  Black  River  navigable  for  some  distance  into  the  countv     Th Jwil^ 

Clinton,  the  county  seat,  has  a  population  of  839 

Pn^Tffq?'!         ^/  ^'''f  ^^'^^?  ^''"^  °f  ''^•^^^'  ^^alued  at  $1,179,429- 
and  1,093  town  lots,  valued  at  $115,144  ,^''J,i^v, 

Of  domestic  animals  there  are  1,701  horses,  1,351  mules,  3  iacks  and 
•""prnd',  V^f  f'^V^'^^i  ''''^''  ^^'^^'3  ^^°g^'  '-^"d  7,4 !(>  sheep  ^ 

sJ.X^^s'u;^:;;^,^^^  '''''■'' ^  Pe-ions,^|918.70; 

Population— white,  15,960;  colored,  9,136;  total,  25,096. 

STANLY. 

Stanlv  County  lies  on  the  west  side  of  the  Yadkin  River  and  iq 
bounded  on  the  south  by  the  Rocky  River,  one  of  its  largeS  tdbutarie 
Its  so  Is  are  derived  from  the  clay  and  chlorite  slates  of' the  great"en: 
tral  slate  belt  of  the  State,  and  are  gray  and  gravellv  loams  or  i^d 
clays,  according  as  the  underlying  rock  is  of  the  former  or  of  he  latter 
description.  The  forests  are  of  oak  and  short-leaf  pine.  Its  surface  is 
qui  e  broken  near  the  rivers.  The  south-western  corner  of  the  county 
s  characterized  by  broad  and  co'nparatively  level  tracts  of  gmvev 

The  products  of  the  county  are  cotton,  of  which  about  2,500  bales 
are  annually  raised,  and  of  a  superior  quality,  and  wheat,  rai  ed  on  t^e 
same  slaty  lands  which  give  character  to  the  cotton  The  wheat 
averages  in  the  crop  higher  than  any  produced  in  the  United  Si 


DESCHIPTION   OP   COUNTIES. 


189 


reaching  from  sixty-five  to  seventy  pounds  per  bushel,  and  at  the  Vienna 
J^xposilion  taking  the  prize  for  weight  and  excellence  against  the  com- 
petition of  the  whole  world. 

These  slate  lands  are  a  defjressed  continuation  of  the  Uwharrie 
Mountains,  and  are  rich  in  gold.  Operations  in  search  of  that  metal 
have  been  continued  for  many  years,  and  now  engage  considerable 
capital  in  the  business  of  vein  mining. 

The  Yadkin— becoming  the  Pee  Dee  after  junction  with  the  Uwhar- 
rie—marks  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  county,  and  the  Rocky  River 
passes  through  the  middle,  both  valuable  for  water-power,  so  far  unap- 
plied except  to  local  mills.  The  Narrows  of  the  Yadkin,  the  most 
remarkable  water-power  in  the  Atlantic  States,  are  in  this  county. 

A  railroad  has  recently  been  opened  from  Salisbury  to  Norwood  a 
distance  of  forty  miles.     This  is  the  only  railroad  in  the  county. 

Albemarle,  the  county  seat,  has  a  population  of  248,  Norwood  of  159 
Bilesville  of  317,  Palmersville  of  317. 

Stanly  County  has  240,420  acres  of  land,  valued  at  $917,881,  and  244 
town  lots,  valued  at  $69,486. 

Of  domestic  animals  there  are  1,411  horses,  1,221  mules,  13  jacks 
and  jennies,  108  goats,  5,701  cattle,  8,320  hogs,  5,936  sheep. 

Product  of  taxation  — for  State  use,  $3,814.98;  pensions,  $589.07; 
schools,  $4,272.53;  county,  $4,527.15.  . 

Population— white,  10,629;  colored,  1,507;  total,  12,136. 

STOKES. 

Stokes  is  another  border  county,  and  belongs  also  to  the  bright 
tobacco  belt.  It  is  drained  by  the  upper  tributaries  of  the  Dan,  and 
belongs  to  the  Piedmont  Division  of  the  State.  Its  surface  is  for  the 
most  part  quite  rugged  and  broken,  containing  the  terminal  spurs  and 
ridges  of  the  Brushy  Mountains,  which  here  attain  an  elevation  of 
more  than  2,500  feet  above  the  sea.  The  general  elevation  is  above 
1,000  feet.  The  forests  of  this  county  and  of  the  Piedmont  Region 
generally  contain  an  added  element,  the  chestnut,  on  elevated  rido-es 
and  mountain  slopes,  and  the  proportion  increases  with  the  elevation. 
A  new  species  of  oak  also  makes  its  appearance,  the  chestnut  oak, 
which  occupies  the  crests  and  upper  slopes  of  the  poorer  stony  and 
gravelly  ridges  of  the  whole  mountain  region.  The  proportion  of  sour- 
wood  also  increases  to  such  an  extent  in  the  Piedmont  Region  as  to 
become  a  marked  characteristic  of  its  forests,  and  is  indicative  of  a  scant 
soiK  It  IS  worthy  of  note  that,  with  the  extinction  of  the  herbage 
which  originally  mantled  the  soil  and  kept  it  moist,  the  chestnut  has 
almost  disappeared  in  half  a  century  from  the  upper  midland  counties 
and  IS  dying  out  slowly  in  the  Piedmont  Region. 

The  soils  of  this  county  resemble  those  of  Rockingham,  being  pre- 
dominantly yellow  and  gray  gravelly  loams,  with  occasional  red  clav 
belts,  the  former  well  adapted  to  the  production  of  the  higher  grades  of 
tobacco  which  constitutes  the  chief  element  of  its  agriculture,  and  in 
the  total  product  of  which  this  county  stands  very  high.     Its  manufac- 


190 


HAND-BOOK   OP    NOUTII    CAROLINA. 


I'U 


turiiiB  fudlilies  «,.„  great  but  uudevelope,!,  and  it  is  ricl.  in  iron  ni-n, 
te'n'l  ';"■"  '""  "!"  '"'™""«''  "'  'l"-' P>'-«nco  of  s  v^  „  li  ""stone 
S™  »«.tT  "''"  "''"  """■■■"'"  "''  «"'"i-Wt"n>in„uso„„l  in  tl,e  souT 

upJJgSv^pz;^i;;:j;=^^r.^-rtSn':s 

stands  out  alone  upon  the  hin(lscfi|)e,  the  wonder  and  also  the  Lmi.le  of 
theabonginovind  thca.in.iration  of  their  civiliml  succes  ors     A     und 

ng  in^nhl.  t^3^r '•"  ''^^  '""'T^' ''  '•°"^"  -><^"^--  '^- "  ' 
ng  ni  mnieialb  aid  also  in  nnnoral  spr  ngs  of  marked  value     'Phi^ 

AloniX'n       ''"/•;  the  north-west^n  part  of  the  cou   ty    '        '"' 
fn.i     -^  1"  "."-^  V'  <'-''^"t»nes  the  land  partakes  much  of  vallev 

formation  much  ot  it  being  included  in  what  is  ki  ovv     as  the      an 
R  ver  coa    basin,  a  pre-historic  sea-basin,  whose  surface      exceeding 
t    n  "BeSs'eorr  ""rt"' ''  ^"^"'^  ^''^''  treasure  of  coSl  is  K 

Blrnteil  and  m  process  of  ,lcvolo|,ment 

rich  vaiwril",!."  ""  ®"""  ''■''^'''  S«"ter  „Kricultur„l  rosources.    Tl,e 
ricri  valleys  bear  enormous  crops  of  corn,  aiul  wluait  an.i  otiier  ,r,-,i,, 

for"':i,ci;'s:l'|.  "'?"■";'"'■",   '""  S""'  ""l-f  H'e  »      v  irtcb*^™ 
or  wind,  hiokos  has  lon^r  been  noied-lbe  dark  ricl,  leaf  th'it  cbirw 

uL  bri't'^itoTtb'r  ;;■  "tTTi  "'"  '"■»''-■'  of  -i-i  '-l^!  s; 
fnll^^f^f  °sr;,;,rcredt'';l«i;  ■""■■^•='  ^"  "'"--■  "■<«■«'■ 

lhc,-e  are  now  good  n,il,„„d  facilities  in  the  eonnlv  the  Komoke 
ad  .Southern  running  through  the  „ortl,.west  coZr  ,',f    he  eountv 

::ir'L^,T;ster:o.i:;;' '"'"-  ^■""^"■^'  ■■--^  ""■-«" '-  --?""-; 


jen 


3f  domestic  animals  there  are  1  ■>!,')  1ior«P«  i  ->9i  ,.,„i      o  •     i  , 

..ies.  2  goats.  fi.oOO  cattle,  S./T./h^;,"?,;^'  sh^t  ,.""""•  '  J'""^'^  "'"^ 

.chVot"S,;i2.';'(?;"r,m't5::^fTi""'  ^'-'^""^^  i^^"''™^'  ^-"^^-'^^^ 

Population-white,  14,380;  colored,  2,81;!:  total,  17,199. 

SURRY. 

Surry  is  a  north  borJer  couniy,  contiguous  to  the  Blue  Rid^re  .,nd 
belongs  to  the  Piedmont  Section  of  the^'state.     The  ^^  kin  River  is 

mounwins  m  tne  midule,  so  that  its  surface  is  quite 


I)ft:SCRII'TION    OF   CorNTIKS. 


191 


broken,  and  Its  average  elevation  \s  nearly  1,400  feet.     Its  soils  and 

omsts  are  hke  tl.aseot  the  neighboring  eounties-«tokes  and  Fors  T 

e  high  shfty  ridges  and  mountains,  as  well  as  much  of  the  rol  in  ^ 

I  ine,  with  sourwood  and  chestnut,  while  the  better  tracts  of  re.Mi" 

wiifi  iXV;rpinr'°"^''""^ ''''''''  ^^  ^^^-^^  '-^-•^'  i-pi--"i^- 

The  agriculture  of  the  county  is  like  that  of  Stokes,  tobacco  of  the 
better  grades  being  the  chief  market  crop,  but  of  greatly  less  vaue 
than  the  grain  product.  .The  water-power  of  the  c<funty  is  no  able  a 
number  ot  large  tnbutanes  of  the  Ya.lkin  crossing  its  ton-ito  y  w   h  a 

!md  ;Cs  in'lhe;.ointT  ""  """^  ^""°"  '"^'^^'^^'^  ""^  "'^^  '-"- 
At  the  southern  extremity  of  the  county  the  Blue  Kidge  takes  a 
northern  trend,  throwing  the  mas.  of  the  county  towards  t7.e  east-a 
broken  but  not  a  mountainous  country,  with  mud,  of  rich  a  able     nd 
and  intersected  with  numerous  fertile  valleys.     The  Blue  Ilid.re  in  t  lis 
par   of  IS  courses  ren.arkably  prolific  in  bold  streanis,  whicf  n  pidK 
contribute  to  the  formation  of  the  large  river  Yadkin  which  Ltc    1^,11 
these  atl  uents  on  the  south  border  of  the  county.    AmoTig     ese        an 
are  the  Ararat,  Fi.shers,  Mitchell's  and  Klkinfall  withif  ,c  tcrX^^ 

;;^ter.pJ;v:r    "''  ^'"'"''""  "^'^^'^'  "^^  '''  '''''^  re,na;k..bly'fii?e 
The  mineral  interests  of  the  county,  confined  chiefly  (o  iron    have 
h  d  no  substantial  development  as  yet,  from  deficiency  of  transnoriaion 
Ihe  construction  of  the  Winston  and  Wilkesboro  road  up  tht  VaW 

1  '',nVf  "'''^r?'*f-'°^^'r^  boundary,  and  the  construe  ion  cif 
he  Cape  Fear  and  \adkin  \'alley  road  as  far  as  Mount  Airy  as  ure 
material  changes  at  no  distant  day.  »^i'j,  assure 

Tobacco  is  the  most  important  crop,  the  returns  for  the  vear  J 880 
shoM-mg  a  crop  of  1,429,025  pounds.  The  other  principaVcrons  .re 
corn  (a  crop  nearly  monopolizing  the  broad  A'al ley  of  the  Vadk hi  from 
Its  soui-ces  to  the  borders  of  Stanly),  wheat,  oatsf  rve,  gras  and  th' 
fruits  of  the  country  tlrive  to  great  perfection.  ^      ^        '  ' 

mi  1  nf  Fr'?  "oted  manufacturing  industry  of  the  county  is  the  woolen- 
mill  at  Llkin,  in  which  blankets  of  extraordinary  beauty  and  excellen  e 
are  made;  and  cotton-mills  and  tobacco  factories  at  Mouiit  Ain 

WHmlmZ  f  ?"'^  1^  ''^^'"-  ""^''^^7  '''^'^  ^^^^"^'^  ^'•«'"  Mount  Airy  to 
Wi  mington,  and  makes  universal  connections.  The  Winston  .ind 
Wi  kcsboro  road,  an  extension  of  the  North-western  Nort  Ca  of  "a 
road,  skirts  the  southern  border  of  the  county  ^'^roiina 

Dobson  is  the  county  seat,  with  small  population.     Mount  Airv  h.s 
a  population  of  1,7(  8.     Here  are  cott^.tmills,  tobacc,  fee  oi  es  \  e 
warehouses,  ana  in  the  vicinity  exhaustle&s  quarries  of  fine  jrr.i  it^  nn  J 
extensively  worked.     Elkin  has  a  population  of  288  ^  ' 

Surry  County  bas  281  9,31  acres  of  land,  valued  at  §1,002,515-  and 
2ol  town  lots,  valued  at  |!H:J,916.  '       '       ^ 


192 


IIAM>-1!()()K    OK    NUKTII    CAKOI.INA. 


Ofdoiiiestie  niiinials  llicre  are  1,215  lior.ses,  l,r)21  mules,  3  jacks  and 
jennies,  ^.oJIO  cattle,  .S,.S7()  lioj^s,  and  2,10!)  siiecp. 

Product  of  taxation— lor  State  use,  !<  1,44U.U7 ;  pensions,  !<7UU1»1' 
schools,  $(1,112.40;  county,  ^5,r)2S.71. 

ropulalion— white,  10,1)20;  colored,  2,35");  total,  19,281. 

SWAIN. 

Swain  (  ounty  lies  north  of  Macon  and  Jackson,  aloni,'  the  waters  of 
the  Tennessee  Kiver,  and  on  the  Hanks  of  the  great  Smoky  Mountains 
on  the  north,  which  here  r«-aeh  their  culmination  in  elevations  of 
nearly  0,700  feet.  With  the  exception  of  .souk;  open  vallcv  tracts  near 
its  centre,  along  the  before-mentioned  rivxM-  and  its  tributa'ries,  the  ter- 
ritory of  this  county  is  exceedingly  rugged  and  broken.  The  proportion 
of  cultivable  laml  is  very  small.  It  is  heavily  tindnu'ed,  even  to  the 
highest  summits  of  tlie  Smoky  Mountains,  with  the  {)revalent  mountain 
forest  growths.  The  higher  levels  of  the  Smoky  Mountains,  above  7.  ■  ■ 
feet  above  sea-level,  are  covered  with  forests  of  firs,  while  the  Uioro 
elevated  coves  abound  in  white  pine  and  hemlock,  and  its  deep  gorges 
nnd  lower  slopes  with  mai)le,  i)op!ar,  linden,  hickory,  chestnut,  buckeye, 
walnut,  magnolias  and  cherry.  The  summits  of  "the  high  mountaln.s 
furnish  fine  natural  pa.sturage,  and  grazing  has  always  been  the  chief 
industry. 

Clingman's  Teak,  in  the  Smoky  range,  is  0,000  feet  high,  the  loftitct 
of  the  whole  range,  and  is  in  a  group  of  mountains  between  Tigeou 
and  Tennessee  Rivers,  where  this  long  chain  attains  its  maximum 
elevation.  The  south  faces  of  these  mountains  are  very  fertile,  and 
covered  witli  trees  of  enormous  magnitude.  Their  varieties  are  named 
above.  The  soil  of  these  mountains  is  so  deep  and  fertile  that  with  the 
exception  of  an  occasional  "bald"  or  gra.ss-covered  summit  the  growth 
of  heavy  timber  extends  to  the  h)p,  the  balsam  fir  here  attaining  its 
greatest  height  and  diameter,  not  equalled  elsewhere  in  the  North 
Carolina  mountains. 

The  soil,  similar  to  that  of  Madison  County,  has  proved  very  suitable 
to  the  culture  of  fine  tobacco,  and  the  lands  are  being  ap[died  to  that 
use.  The  advance  in  culture  is  .shown  by  the  progress  from  1879,  wlu-n 
the  crop  was  stated  at  1,100,  and  in  1889  at  47,043.  Owing  to  the 
rugged  nature  of  the  county,  and  the  usually  trougii-like  character  of 
the  valleys,  relatively  a  snmll  proportion  of  the  land  is  in  cultivation. 
Corn,  wheat,  rye  and  oats  are  the  chief  crops. 

The  Western  North  Carolina  Railroad  finds  its  way  through  the 
county  down  the  banks  of  the  Tucka.seege  and  then  up  that  of  the 
Tennessee. 

At  the  junction  of  these  streams  is  one  of  the  largest  and  most  com- 
plete saw-mill  works  in  North  Carolina. 

These  rivers,  and  the  Ocona  Luftec,  are  the  chief  streams  in  the 
county.  There  are  other  large  mountain  streams,  such  as  Foi'iiey  s, 
Hazel  and  Deep  Creek,  famous  for  trout,  and  also  the  wild  game  along 
their  borders. 


es,  3  jacks  niul 
<ion.s,  .$701U»4; 


j;  tlio  wiiters  of 
)ky  Mouiitaiiis 
elevations  of 
Icy  tracts  near 
tarios,  the  ter- 
I'lio  j)i'oi)()rti()n 
'(1,  oven  to  tlie 
lent  mountain 
IS,  above  .'  •  • 
liile  (lie  iiiure 
ts  (JiH'p  f^or^^'cs 
itnut,  buckeye, 
fjh  mountains 
been  the  chief 

1,1),  the  loftifcct 
tween  i*i<j;eoii 
its  maximum 
ry  f(!rtile,  and 
ies  are  named 
'  that  with  the 
!iit  thcffrowth 
I  attaining  its 
in   the  North 

I  very  suitable 
|i[died  to  that 
m  1879,  \vh(m 
:)\ving  to  the 
e  character  of 
n  cultivation. 

tliroujrji   the 
p  that  of  the 

nd  most  com- 

veams  in  the 

as  Forney's, 

d  game  along 


i 


f     I     ; 
J     I 


iff    I 


•M: 


It 


DESCUiPTIoN   OF   COUNTIKS. 


103 


AlouK  tho  Ocona  Lufiee,  the  Soco,  tiiul  a  portion  of  the  TiukasreLre 
R  vers,  l.oH  the  greuter  part  of  tl.o  reservation'  for  the  ( -hprok-o    ,   Ha  h 
Ihey   number,  uccor.  u,g  to  the  census   returns  for   Wji)    711  s 

schoo  ,  pay    axes,  and  vote     At  Yellow  Hill,  on  the  Oeona  Luftee  tl  e 
Cxovern.nen    has  provxle.    then,  a  farm  connected  with  a  sclo      wh    o 

iiryson  r.ty  is  the  county  sc.it.     It  is  the  seat  of  several  steam  saw 
ihlllLrb^l^uj';?'-'-^  estahhsh„,ents.     Whittier  is  a  snnlr^C 

town '11!  ^a^rri^';^?  ""^  °'" '"''' '''''-'  "^  ''''^^'''  -•' '  •  ^ 
Jen^^:4;«?^;utMolIl;;^nHI8^^^^^  '-'--^-'^  -' 

^Populat.on-white. 5,052;  colored  (inclu.ling  711  Indians), 025;  total, 

TRANSYLVANIA. 

erI\Zhvn!!^iu^un  "^^'""^'^•"  f  ""ty.  l"^vino.  on  its  whole  south- 
n[i^  K  n  .■  ^^"'^'"  "'  '^'  '''"^'*  massive  and  imposing  form  •  and 
also  being  the  starling  point  for  the  I'isgah  and  P.alsam  nmgos  whi 
n,.tch  through  the  county  towards  the^iorth.  The  cud  vel^a^;tln^^^^ 
ho  rugged  nature  of  the  surface  is  presented  bv  the  ^-ajleys  7>n^ 
Davidson  s  River,  and  along  the  French  iiroad  an'd  its  t  ibut  ail     l? 

cLlv.;t,fandt7f','T;^  r'  '''''''  -I'^y^^-^'l  all^'tliese 
cuitn  ation  and  m  a  high  state  ol  improvement.     Those  vallevs  are  the 
oundation  of  tho  stock-raising  which  at  present  is  the  gm  Pso   rce  of 
revenue  to  the  county;  and  great  efforts  by  intelligent  men  are  nu?e 

r.r,'.^:t;^,t'o?  zz. "  -'■  ~^"^^'"  "'-"■  — -  ^^'^ 

nllVll!  fn."u  '^?"?°^/o  ti"age  produces  grasses,  the  cereals,  tobacco  and 
all  the  fruits  of  the  temperate  zone  in  great  excellence. 

ennlTln  '  f"  "«  [development  of  mineral  treasure,  but  there  is 
enough  knovyn  to  predicate  in  the  future  a  large  exposu  -e  of  mines  of 
gold    silver,  lead,  nickel,  copper,  asbestos,  corundum  and  mica  al   of 

rSdel'    """"   "  '"'''  ^"  '^"  ^'^^^^"^^«  ''  '^''  ^^^^1^-"  and  Pisgah 

hr3n'?Hh?^^  "f"*^  °^  ^^'  f  ""*^  ''  "^^  '^^^^^^^  Pj'-^teau  of  considerable 
breadth  and  of  unique  characteristics.     A  portion  of  it  is  -i  broad  v. 
le>'  of  such  dimensions  as  to  give  birth  and  dignity  to  1  r  ver  of  con' 

mentwd^ch  guards  the' plateau'on  auli^  ^^  T^iS  of^^lK- 


I     ^  . 


I 


194 


HAND-noOK    OF    NORTH    CAROLINA. 


onCi?!,'?','  mn  f''/'"  T-^.'^  ">"  mountains.    Oosar's  iJead,  a  prom- 
ontoij  of  1  800  feet  in  heiglit,  at  a  point  where  the  Blue  Kid™  makes 

esot°;'mS"""'"  '"'°  """"'  ^'"°"™'  '^  ""  ""=  »uthern  dd^e  oTthS 

There  is  no  railroad  entering  this  county,  which  is  a  great  hindrance 

0  Its  development.     A  part  of  the  KnoxVille,  Western  and  Carotma 

road  ,s  graded  across  the  plateau  above  men  ioned,  bit  work  on   t  is 

notrnir,i:s;'Se  '"'"'""™^  "'^  -^---^  f-'  «">-  '^-.  ^"' 
:;^"  u^ntt!,11re";n!n^^:i:;"  '"^  ■■"'>^™ '-^  ^-"^'-^ '-  "»-i"«Ci 

iJrevard  is  the  county  seat 

to'i^i^s:'::td':u  *i^^r  ^^^^  °^  '""<''  ™'-'' »'  *^--»>.  -i «« 

Of  domestic  annuals  there  are  656  horses,  ;jr)2  mules  6  iacks  and 
jemnes,  o.  goats,  5,070  cattle,  5,256  hogs,  and  5,491  slLp      '' 

scJools,  $2,9/0.04  _  (No  county  taxes  reported  for  1890) 
1  opulation-white,  5,368:  colored,  513:  total,  5,881. 

TYRRELL. 

The  <lescription  of  Tyrrell  County  may  be  given  l,v  simply  repealing 
that  of  Washington  except  that  the  great  intersound      vamp^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
Z7^''''^'[  ^'"'^  1.'^''  ^°""*>'-     ^'^  '^«^'f'^^^-'^  third,  lying^on  Abe 

V^inrn  '  "T^'^  ";  f  '''  '"^^"^'^^  *''^  corresponding^portfon  of 
wasliington.     No  part  of  it  rises  twenty  feet  above  sea-level      It  is 

Wr's^ll  t'.,r?\^^'  the  great  projetion  from  Alb^inrrleSound 
Knoun  as  Alligator  Eivor,  which  has  a  depth  nearlv  equal  to  that  of 
the  .sound  and  a  breadth  of  from  three  to  five  miles.  ^  T  o  tion  of  he 
rich  border  land  of  Lake  Phelps  lies  within  this  county  In  t  lesouth- 
;"':;;!  rrthf  "T  ^V''^-^^"'  ^^^^^  -^"^  ^*«  tributaries  and  onle 

Mt:;nd'c!::^ii:^:^tn"  ^^""^^^'"^^  ^"'^  ^^^  ^'^^^'-^^  ^--^ 

What  IS  said  of  the  resemblances  between  these  two  counties  wUl  be 

S  tlcr.';f  e'';/'''"""^^^'  Washington.     Tyrrell  produces  abou 
J  oOO  bale^  of  co   on  annually,  a  good  crop  of  corn,  i.otatoes  peas  and 

i'   well  .anted '^It  ^T^'-'!,  ''"^'  ''  "'''^'^  ''''  ^-"-^  swa^n';  land 
lb  well  adapted.     Its  chief  industry  is  in  the  products  of  the  forest 

abounding  in  jumper  cypress  and  gum.     On  its  shores  arr^luable 
thteas^v  Ml-"r^P-"^  ^'^ '"^^'^  ^'^'^'  ^^  Albemarle  Sound  am?  on 
parent  bod/    ^         ""'  ""  ^'"^  °^  '^''  '"""^^  ''''''^y  ^«  ^^'^'^^  ^«  the 
Columbia  is  the  countv  .seat. 


DESCKII'TION    OF    COUNTIKS. 


195 


e.l«9  ""dTcoslL'ep"  ""  '"^  ''°"^''  ^'^  "'■'-•  3.-01  -ttle, 

Population-white,  3,000;  colored,  1,225;  total,  4,225.     , 

UNION. 

«n!/"v?"M''^"*^^  ^''''^'''  '^'^  ^°"^^^  Carolina,  and  lies  between  Anson 
and  Mecklenburg,  trom  parts  of  both  of  which  it  was  Sed      The 

m  le     bv  'behrof'    '^''  'T'^'  is  Penetrated  to  a  distance  of  seve,^l 

s]|eX^:n  [hlrs^^ 

.southward  ,nto  the  Pee  Dee  through  .South  (  arolina  '  '^ 

Ihe  soils  ot  a  larger  part  of  the  county  are  of  a  slaty  onVin  and  nr« 

cu}s.     Ihe  loiests  are  mixed  i)ine  and  oak,  hickory  etc      The  soil^  of 
a  narrow  belt  along  the  west  side  are  granitic,     the  cotton  prod^o 
belongs  mainly  to  the  southern  half,  the  northern  portion  beh  L  deyo led 
to  small  grauLs,  o    which  it  produces  large  crops.     Tl^  c    ff  cron  is 
cotton,  0    which  about  10,000  hales  are  anmiallyS>rodaiLl      cUi  and 
the  small  grams  constitute  the  remain.ler  of  the /igricX  ral  pro  ucs 
Frequent  creeks,  with  rich  alluvial  b()ltonis,  trayerse    hriount    and 
provide  n  large  extent  of  fertile  arable  land  ^  ^'^ 

Ihe  ('arolma  Central  Railroad  passes  througfi  Tuion  County  onpn 
mg  up  the  markets  of  Wilmingtin  and  Cluu^otte    a   d  t^GeS' 

Skircr^  ^T''''  ''^^'^  ^''''  '''''^'^y  »^^^«"  ^'•"■•^''^d  from  Monrofio 
Atlanta,  Ga,  and,  in  connection  with  the  Seaboard  system  has  nddpd 
another  great  through  line  of  h^eight  an<l  tray.^l  ^  '  '  ^'^''^ 

a  loiXtion  o?  Ts('r  '  T^  '"^V'  ''''^!'''^  ^^  ^''^^  ^^""^"^  ^^  ^^90  with 
cot  o  T.Z  ''  ^  "^'"  '''  ^''"''^  business  activity,  with 

u;t,^:,'.^':,?i;rrli;rit-f;;;S'f,  .'^ui'if^f  ■''■^- »"" °  "™^'  •■- 

.    Of  domestic  animals  there  are  ],(;(ll  horses,  2,2i;-j  mulc'^    i  i^cks  nnrl 

jennies,  93  goats,  7,983  cattle,  11,099  hogs,  and  (1,010  sheep.    "'  ^ 

noduct  of  taxation— for  State  use,  .^7,191.12  •  pensions    "^1  ()-.8  ^•». 

schoomil,S48.12;  county,  .$9,331  29    ''''    '•''^'  P^^^ions.  M,0o8.b.>; 

Population-white,  15,712;  colored,  5,547;  total,  21.259. 

VANCE. 

\'ance  is  a  new  county,  formed  out  of  Granville'  Franklin  and  Wnv 
en,  and  combines  the  best  qualities  of  those  thrx'  hn   orU  nt  couS' 
It  IS  well  situated  as  to  railroad  communication  an.l    ,kn  V^    u  ? 
power,  character  of  soil  and  diversity  of  Z;:^:''''^^:^;^  t  l^J^:^ 


103 


HAM>-I500K   or  NORTH   OAROUNA. 


Ill  I 


iiiin 


I  I 

;  i 


I  I 


i'     ! 


^H 

.         i       ; 

^^^^^^H 

^^^B 

I' 

^^B 

1 

I^^H 

I^^H  d 

by  numerous  streams,  with  fertile  lowlands,  and  tlie  uplands  arecqualW 
adui.ted  to  cotton    tobacco  and  the  cereals.     The  cotton  crop   yields 
annually  about  o,000  bales,  and  the  tobacco  crop  for  1SS9  is  st^ated  by 
the  Census  Report  of  1 8'J()  to  have  been  1 ,079,070  pounds.     For  diversity 
of  croi)s  \  ance  Country  yields  the  palm  to  none.     The  principal  market 
crops  are  tobacco  and  cotton,  which  are  marketed  within  the  county  at 
fair  and  remunerative  prices.     The  cotton  is  of  an  unusually  fine  sta- 
pie  and  the  tobacco  is  mostly  the  fine  yellow.     In  addition  to  tobacco 
and  cotton,  wheat,  corn  and  oats  are  raised  in  abundance,  while  the 
usual  yield  of  rye,  potatoes,  niillet,  peas,  beans,  peanuts  and  melons  is 
large  and  somewhat  above  the  general  average  of  the  State      Apples 
peaclies,  pears,  plums,  cherries,  strawberries  and  grapes  have  done  well 
and  are  raised  in  large  quantities  in  many  parts  of  the  county.     A  Ions 
the  rai  road  these  fruits  are  raised  for  shipment  to  Northern  market?, 
and,  when  proper  y  cared  for,  yield  large  profits.     There  are  several 
large  vineyards,  where  the  different  varieties  of  wine  of  superior  nualitv 
are  manufactured  in  quantities,  and  profitably 

The  county  is  traversed  by  tbe  Raleigh  and  Gaston  Railroad,  with  a 
branch  road  to  Oxford. 

Henderson,  the  county  seat,  has  a  population  of  4,101,  has  several 

S^I'nn  ^"fAnnnn/'''''^'"?'^''"^  '^'^"^'^  '^'"^  annually  sold  between 
6,000,000  and  S  000,000  pounds  of  leaf  tobacco,  and  is  the  market  for 
from  ,,000  to  8,000  bales  of  cotton.  The  growth  of  Henderson  has 
Stimulated  the  industrial  activity  of  the  surrounding  country  to  very 
marked  extent.  The  town  proved  to  have  been  most  advantageously 
situated.  J  he  tobacco  and  cotton  crops  here  overlap  each  other  Until 
wuhin  the  past  Hi^y  years  very  little  or  no  tobacco  was  rai.sed  east  of 
Henderson,  and  very  little  or  no  cotton  west.  Now  the  bright  yellow 
tobacco,  for  which  this  section  is  so  famous,  is  raised  in  large  quantities 
eastaswell  as  west  of  Henderson;  and  cotton  is  planted  successfully 
west  as  well  as  east  of  this  town.  ^ 

Kittrell  has  a  population  of  317.     Middleburg  and  Williamsboro 
nave  smaller  populations. 

Vance  County  has  104,007  acres  of  land,  valued  at  !5!l,140,054:  and 
741  town  lots,  valued  at  $012,311.  ' 

Of  domestic  animals  there  are  1,484  horses,  405  mules,  50  goats,  3  312 
cattle,  6,148  hogs,  and  040  sheep.  ' 

,^'"°'^"^L'!(no'i''^*'°"~^"'''  ^^""^^  "^^'  ^7,519.17;  pensions,  S078  08: 
schools,  |G,509.2();  county,  , $7,571.08. 

ropulation— white,  6,434;  colored,  11,147;  total,  17,581. 

WAKE. 

Wake  County,  in  which  the  Capitol  of  the  State  is  situated,  is  one  of 
the  largest  counties  in  the  State,  and  shows  the  largest  product  of  cotton 
It  is  drained  by  the  tributaries  of  the  Neuse,  and  lies  on  the  eastern 
margin  oi  the  oak  uplands,  its  southern  and  ea.stern  sections  partaking 
of  the  agricultural  features  of  the  oak  and  pine  gravelly  hills  the  for- 
ests being  made  up  of  long-leaf  and  short-leaf  pines,  oaks,  llickories, 


DESCHIPTIOX   OF   COUNTIES. 


197 


^""lui^hili;  tni'r"  ^"''"^^^  '''^  ^°""*>  -  -  -^"  -  ^he  west, 
en,  s  quite  liilly  and  broken  m  surface,  esneciallv  alone  the  strcims 

fo  m^win   .  '''  .Pre^^ominantly  gray  and  yellowLndy^and  g  aTefly 
loams,  with  occasional  areas  of  red  clay  fe^iveiiy 

^  l'o?n„  rm"  i;""  »","-,»■-'  -'"  "-  Atlantic  Oooa',,  on  t   "ett      " 

to  ',«  0  .  ^  icnhnr",  ■',1°^,  ""  •~^'""''  "^^  ^'"S"'"''  ™i"<=Wo"ce  it  appears 
lo  ue  tne  dgiicultural  centre— a  common  ground  on  wliich  lliecr,Ii,«„f 

r.i'Hi'.nu';"  i.rThe'vVr'^'rr"'  *■'■  '"'"^^ "  '^  't-  "arg^'Utt:  -g^ :? 

annual  V  ^  'l  L  f  l  "'  ""  "?l?,''™<:l""g  "s  much  as  30,000  bales 
IZ^^ul'  •.  '°1'»<^™  crop  yiekJs  from  500,000  to  SOO.OOO  pounds 

w.  nmlly,  Its  corn  crop  is  the  largest  in  ihe  State,  its  wheat  cron  ,s  a 
large  one,  ils  oat  crop  is  a  good  one,  and  it  has  priv-^n  ,V  oanacitv 
for  grasses  and  clover,  and  excellent  adaptation  to'  dairv-farm  n°  '  It  i! 

s^rrtife'g^^r' "'' ^"'^■^•-'' *^»'-'n-sing.^^ 

rnliiriV'^^p';"^?''"'^^^  ^^'  railroads,  all  centering'upon  Raleigh-- 
namely,  the  Raleigh  and  Gaston,  with  its  extension  south  west^  he 
Kaeigh  and  Augusta  Air-Line;  and  the  North  ('arolhu;Zd  with  s 
east  and  west  connections,  which  so  cross  each  other  at  JiX  amies  as 

advt'ages       ^'""''  '''''  '""  ^^"^^  ^^^^^^"^'  ''^^  givSg  ^ll^e^u:! 
Neuse  River  passes  through  the  center  of  the  county  from  north-west 
to  south-east,  fertilizing  along  its  course  a  large  body  of  pTo"  i  ctive  hnd 
and  providing  great  water-power,  utilized  for^paper^.  sau'-  aiid  flounn; 

School  (female  ,  Peace  Institute  (female),  Shaw  Universitr(coloredf 
graded  schools  for  both  races,  hotels,  the  Governor  sMnsbntl  ^S 

et^     rtrc^'is  a'lfcr'  F''''^''?'  ^'"^^'^^^  ^^  alld^n^minatilt 
CTf,     ineit  lb  a  hheral  system  of  electric  street  railroad  electric  and 

gasdightmg,  wateiMvorks,  sewerage,  telephone  excliai  ge  and  otl  ir  oo n 
fSrtdiSr  factmy.        "'  '""^''  "'""'«  "'<""  '"»  «°'"">  '■'«='°™«  a»d  ^ 


198 


HAND-BOOK   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA. 


^i 


Gary,  a  village  lying  both  on  the  North  Carolina  and  the  Raleigh 
and  Augusta  Air- Line  roads,  has  a  population  of  423;  Apex,  a  popula- 
tion of  2(59;  Rolesville,  of  150;  Holly  Springs,  of  218;  Morrisville,  of 
150.     Wake  Forest  College  town  has  a  population  of  853. 

Wake  County  contains  505,625  acres  of  land,  valued  at  §3,392,072 
and  town  lots  valued  at  $3,109,257. 

Of  domestic  animals  there  are  2,G40  horses,  2,947  mules,  13  jacks  and 
jennies,  440  goats,  8,827  cattle,  17,783  hogs,  3,029  sheep. 

Product  of  taxation— for  State  use,  |25,858.87,  pensions,  |3,1 21.98; 
schools,  $23,147.22;  county,  $23,225  95. 

Population— white,  26,093;  colored,  23,114;  total,  49,207. 

'     .  WARREN. 

Warren  County  lies  on  the  northei'u  border  of  the  State,  and  is 
bounded  in  part  by  the  Roanoke  River,  the  tributaries  of  which  drain 
about  one-half  of  its  territory,  the  southern  half  being  drained  by  the 
Tar  River.  Through  the  middle  of  the  county,  along  tlie  divide 
between  these  rivers,  lies  a  wide,  level,  and  undulating  tract,  with  forests 
of  oak  and  short-leaf  pine,  hickory,  dogwood,  etc.,  having  generally  a 
soil  of  the  class  of  gray  and  yellowish  gravelly  and  sandy  loam,  and 
frequently  belts  of  red  c^y  loam.  Northward  and  southward  the  land 
becomes  more  hilly,  and  near  the  streams  the  soil  is  more  clayey  and 
often  reddish  in  color.  Many  of  these  streams  are  bordered  by  narrow 
strips  of  level  bottom  land.  The  tributaries  of  the  Tar  on  the  southern 
side  are  separated  by  wide  tracts  of  nearl}'  level  oak  uplands,  and  are 
bordered  by  extensive  bottoms.  This  portion  of  the  county  is  also  less 
broken  than  the  northern.  The  agriculture  of  the  county  is  divided 
between  the  production  of  cotton,  tobacco,  and  the  cereals;  but  the  vine 
and  the  peach  flourish,  especially  in  the  northern  and  western  sections 
lying  within  the  hill  countr}'.  Tiie  western  border  of  the  county  risea 
to  an  elevation  of  500  feet,  so  that  there  is  abundant  water-power 
developed  by  the  fall  of  its  numerous  streams,  many  of  which  leave  its 
territory  at  an  elevation  of  less  than  200  feet.  CJold  mining  has  been 
a  profitable  industry  in  the  southern  corner  of  the  county  and  the 
neighboring  parts  of  Halifax,  Nash  and  Franklin. 

Cotton  is  a  crop  of  much  importance,  the  annual  yield  being  between 
7,000  and  9,000  bales.  Tobacco  has  always  been  a  heavy  crop,  the 
(|uality  being  mostly  of  the  dark  heavy  grades,  though,  in  recent  years, 
there  has  been  a  large  proportion  of  bright  yellow.  The  crop  of  1889 
is  stated  at  847,150  pounds.  Wheat  grows  with  healthful  luxuriance, 
and  the  yield  is  very  great,  and  all  the  other  cereals  produce  abun- 
dantly. 

The  county  is  traversed  by  the  Raleigh  and  Gaston  Raihoad,  from 
which  there  is  a  branch  road  to  Warrenton. 

Warrenton  is  the  county  seat  and  has  a  population  of  740;  Littleton 
of  554. 

Warren  Countv  has  265,664  acres  of  land,  valued  at  $1,228,445,  and 
256  town  lots,  valued  at  $196,290. 


DESCRIPTION    OF   COUNTIES. 


199 


Of  domestic  a?nimals  there  are  1,545  horses,  447  mules,  1  jack  84 
goats,  G,G50  cattle,  7,968  hogs,  and  1,478  sheep. 

Product  of  taxation— for  State  use,  $5,090.15:  pensions,  $824  85- 
schools,  $6,978.50;  county,  116,152.37. 

Population— white,  5,880;  colored,  13,480;  total,  19,360. 

WASHINGTON. 

Washington  County  lies  on  the  southern  shore  of  Albemarle  Sound 
and  Roanoke  River,  and  extends  southward  into  the  great  intersound, 
or  Alligator  Swamp.  Only  about  one-half  its  territory,  next  to  Albe- 
marle Sound,  has  been  brought  into  cultivation  to  anv  extent,  the 
southern  half  remaining  in  its  original  condition.  The  cultivatable 
portion  consists  mainly  of  oak  flats,  having  a  close  gray  clay  loam  soil 
and  a  growth  of  oak,  hickory,  beech,  maple,  and  short-leaf  pine,  with 
flattish  ridges  here  and  there  which  have  an  intermixture  of  long  and 
short-leaf^ pine  and  sandy  loam  soils.  The  former  are  generally  quite 
fertile.  The  southern  portion  of  the  county  is  swampy,  and  is  charac- 
terized by  the  presence  of  two  considerable  lakes,  Phelps  and  Pungo, 
which  occupy  the  highest  portions  of  the  swamp,  and  from  which  many 
of  the  streams  of  the  county  take  their  rise.  Around  the  margins  of 
these  lakes  are  narrow  belts  or  ridges  of  swampy,  mucky  land,  which 
were  originally  covered  by  heavy  forests  of  gum,  ash,  maple,  cvpress, 
poplar,  etc.  The  soils  are  of  great  depth  and  indefinite  fertility.  "Much 
of  the  swamp  land  of  this  portion  of  the  county  is  peaty  and  worthless, 
except  for  timber.  The  south-western  section  consists  partly  of  semi- 
swamps,  with  gray,  fertile  loams,  and  partlv,  in  the  "Longacre"  coun- 
try,  of  pocosons,  with  a  small  growth  of  pine  and  scrub  oaks,  very  iiat, 
with  an  ashen  soil  of  close  texture,  silicious,  but  as  impervious  as^clay! 

jNIore  cotton  is  produced  than  would  bo  predicated  on  the  prevalence 
of  swamps.  But  the  land  is  very  rich,  and  the  crop  reaches  from  3,000 
to  3,500  bales  annually.  Large  crops  of  corn  are  raised,  and  also  of 
sweet  potatoes.  A  considerable  quantity  of  rice  is  raised.  Along  the 
shore  of  Albemarle  Sound  there  are  productive  fisheries  of  shad  and 
herring.  The  chief  industry  of  the  southern  half  of  the  county  is  in 
the  products  of  the  forest.  There  is  every  facility  of  water  transporta- 
tion. Pungo  Lake  and  Lake  Phelps  are  connected  with  the  sound  by 
canals  large  enough  to  admit  access  to  the  sail  vessels  used  in  shippino- 
the  products  of  the  farms.  ^ 

Plymouth,  .h.,  county  seat,  on  the  Roanoke  River,  has  a  population 
of  1,212,  Creswell  of  200,  and  Roper  village  of  400. 

Washington  County  has  170,064  acres  of  land,  valued  at  $511,318 
and town  lots,  valued  at  $119,355. 

Of  domestic  animals  there  are  653  horses,  450  mule.s,  1  jack,  25 
goats,  3,043  cattle,  6,372  hogs,  and  876  sheep. 

Product  of  taxation— for  State  use,  $2,775.72;  pensions,  $408  66- 
schools,  $4,091.3i;  county,  $6,205.21. 

Population— white,  4,961;  colored,  5,239;  total,  10,200. 


1      i 


200  HAND-BOOK    OF    NOKTH   CAROLINA. 

t 
«  \ 

i 

•    .  '  » 

WATAUGA. 

Watauga  County  occu[)ies  the  wliole  breadth  of  the  narrower  part  of 
the  transmoutane  plateau,  being  bounded  for  tlie  most  part  nortli- 
wostward  by  the  Smoky  range  and  south-eastward  by  the  Bhie  liidgo 
It  IS  traversed  m  a  nortlierly  eourse  by  two  massive  cross-chains  con- 
necting the  summits  of  the  Bhie  Ridge  and  8moky  Mountains,  the 
Kich  Mountains  and  the  chain  of  Hanging  Rock  and  Beech  Its 
average  elevation  would  about  equal  that  of  Ashe  County— 3  500  feet 
Its  whole  surface  is  rugged  and  mountainous,  with  the  exception  of  a 
few  limited  tracts  along  the  two  principal  rivers,  whore  considerable 
valleys  open  out,  with  occasional  stretches  of  bottom  lands.  The  soils 
and  lorests,  as  well  as  the  predominant  agricultural  features  of  this 
county,  are  like  those  of  Ashe  County.  TJiere  is  great  abundance  of 
chestnut  in  its  lorests,  and  on  the  Rich  ]\[ountains  there  are  great 
quantities  of  hnden.  Its  high  levels  and  benches  are  the  best  grass 
hinds  in  the  State,  and  in  consequence  cattle-raising  enters  largely  into 
Its  agriculture.  It  also  produces  corn  and  small  grains  in  considerable 
quantities,  including  wheat,  rye  and  buckwheat,  the  county  leadino-  in 
the  last-named  crop.  Of  the  county  area,  18.89  per  cent,  is  tilled  htnd. 
ot  whicii  very  little  is  cultivated  in  cotton. 

Watauga  is  one  of  the  best  of  the  mountain  counties  of  North 
Carolina,  less  developed  than  most  of  them,  but  behind  none  in  its 
iiatuial  resources  as  a  grain,  grass,  live  stock,  dairy,  fruit,  wine  and 
lumber  region.  It  abounds  m  undeveloped  mineral  wealth,  one  of  the 
many  copper  mines  in  and  around  Elk  Knob  being  the  only  one  which 
has  as  yet  been  actively  worked,  and  extensive  operations  on  it  have 
been  commenced  and  profitably  pursued,  but,  for  sufficient  causes, 
operations  have  been  sus[)ended. 

Boone,  the  county  seat,  is  at  an  elevation  of  3,342  feet  above  sea-level 
the  most  elevated  county  seat  in  the  United  States.  ' 

The  lamous  summer  resort,  Blowing  Rock,  is  on  the  southern  margin 
of  the  Blue  Ridge.  It  is  at  an  elevation  of  4,000  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea,  and  is  equipped  with  good  hotels  for  the  entertainment  of 
yearly  increasing  swarms  of  visitors.  Within  a  short  distance  is  the 
famous  Grandfather  Mountain,  the  highest  point  in  the  Blue  Ridge 
Mountains.  A  few  miles  from  Blowing  Rock  is  the  summer  resort  of 
Lmville. 

Watauga  County  contains  210,100  acres  of  land,  valued  at  |773,054, 
and  1-24  town  lots,  valued  at  823,897. 

^    Of  domestic  animals  there  are  1,5G2  horses,  400  mules,  1(3  jacks  and 
jennies,  lo  goats,  8,4(53  cattle,  8,318  hogs,  8,180  sheep. 

Rroduct  of  taxation  — for  State  use,  )$3,077.4G;  pensions.  S486  65- 
schools,  $3,774.22;  county,  S8,2(J0.89. 

Population— white,  10,"l80;  color;(l.  431;  total,  10.511. 


DKSCIUFTIOX    OF    COUNTIKS. 


201 


land, 


WAYNE. 

Wayne  County  lies  eastward  of  JoJmston  County,  south  of  Wilson 
County,  and  west  of  (ireene,  on  the  waters  of  the  Neuse,  which  crosses 
its  middle  portion  and  drains  almost  the  whole  of  it  directly  and  by  its 
tributaries.  This  county  resembles  in  all  respects  the  adjoining  counties 
already  described.  Aloujuj  the  Neuse  Kiver  and  some  of  the  other 
streams  are  considerable  bodies  of  alluvial  land  and  .semi-swam[),  and 
not  infrecjuently  fringes  of  cypress  and  gum  swamp.  Along  the  south 
bank  of  the  Xeuse  is  a  narrow  zone  of  pine  barrens,  conforming  in  its 
general  trend  to  the  curves  of  that  river,  and  having  a  breadth  of  from 
one  to  three  miles.  Hotii  this  county  and  Johnston  have  still  consider- 
able areas  of  turpentine  and  timber  lands. 

The  cotton  and  grain  proiiucts  of  Wayne  County  are  large,  and  those 
of  rice  and  potatoes  are  considerable.  There  is  an  abundaucteof  marl, 
and  it  has  been  used  very  proiitably  in  former  years;  but  latterly,  as 
in  the  cotton  region  generally,  commercial  fertilizers  have  usurped  the 
place  of  nearly  all  others. 

Tiie  cotton  crop  of  Wayne  County  is  its  largest  money  crop,  in  1SS9 
amounting  to  1 2,094  bales.  The  fertility  of  the  .soil  along  the  margins 
of  the  rivers  and  streams,  where  careful  drainage  has  been  effected, 
assures  abundant  returns  in  corn,  wheat,  potatoes,  peas,  and  also  in 
rice,  which  has  become  in  recent  years  a  large  and  remunerative  crop. 
Truck  farming  is  also  pursued  on  a  large  scale,  and  also  the  culture  of 
berries  and  small  fruits  for  the  Northern  markets,  abu-  dant  railroad 
facilities  ci'ealiiig  the  means  of  successful  competition  with  all  Southern 
rivals.  And  these  facilities,  extended  in  all  directions,  have  stimulated 
all  industries,  agricultural  and  mec'^anical,  to  the  extent  of  greatly 
advancing  the  prosf)erity  of  the  whole  county. 

The  Wilmington  and  Weldon  road  passes  through  the  county;  the 
Atlantic  and  North  Carolina  road  connects  it  with  Newbern  and  More- 
head  City;  the  North  Carolina  road,  of  22;>  miles  in  length,  unites  it 
with  all  points  of  the  State  west  of  it,  and  the  Midland  road  connects 
it  with  Smithfield  and  the  short-cut  of  the  Wilmington  and  Weldon 
road,  contributing  to  create  at  Coldsboro  a  commanding  and  important 
railroad  centre.  The  Neuse  River  is  navigable  from  Newbern  tlirough 
Wayne  County,  but  is  little  used  by  steamboats  above  Whitehall,  in 
the  south-east  corner  of  the  county. 

At  or  near  Whitehall  are  the  mineral  springs  known  as  the  Seven 
Springs,  valued  for  their  number  and  their  varied  and  eitieient  curative 
quiilities.     The>^  will  be  spoken  of  in  a  future  chapter. 

Goldsboro  is  the  county  seat,  favorably  situated  at  the  intersection  of 
the  railroads  already  named.  l>y  the  census  of  1890  it  had  a  popula- 
tion of  4,017.  The  city  contains  a  cotton  factory,  rice-mill,  furniture 
factory,  agricultural  works,  knitting  factory,  cotton-seed  oil-mill,  lumber 
mills,  cigar  factory,  and  otlier  minor  industrial  works.  Fremont  has  a 
population  of  377. 


202 


HAN|)-It(H,K    (»K    NORTH    CVRolina. 


11  f 


scl  ool  ''in'no'il''""""':''"  ^'^l"'^^  r^  *1-A!';»)..S1  ;  pensions,  ^\Mi  10- 
"'<'l>»l"ti..n-wl,iu.,  15,115;  colored,  1()<. So:  total,  2(;,1()(). 

WILKES. 

not  kvss  than  1  500  i\J     h  '"^^'"^^ 'iK''«'HteruviTaf2;o  elevation, 

narrow  iiiterv  ninLMallcn-s  hv  tlH>  Vnjl;.r      i   .  "lountain  micros  and 

iiiiiiSSi 

on      .  nn       ^.'''"''■7!  ''«"■'."«  li.vo^r,  Ue,l,|ic',s  Kivei-  ,u„l  Little  ]Olk  n 

tlovv  so  ppiitlfi  Mini  iir.i/]i,..i  ,^  i    •        1  1   "^ '  J  "» ^""^'v> ,  uuL  an  Over- 

Tn'S  ven  ^  !  ,  !•  V''--V'  ''"'«1  '"■r""""-  <";,'ob;vcco,  the  crop  oflb39 

'HciuuGS  01  accMs  to  market  encourage  the 


IiKSCKIITION    OK    COINTIKS.  • 


208 


umbitious  energy  of  tho  larinors.  Cotton  is  so  little  uppropriato,  either 
to  soil  or  climat(^  timt  in  ISS!»  only  sixteen  bales  npnoar  to  have  been 
made.  lUit  in  all  the  small  jj;niins,  in  jiotatoes  ana  in  fruits,  every- 
where in  Wilkes  is  exuheranee  and  excellence. 

The  Winston  and  Wilkesboro  Railroad,  an  extension  of  the  North- 
western North  Carolina  road,  extending  from  Winston  to  North  Wilkes- 
boro, a  distance  of  seventy-live  miles,  o|)ens  n[)  a  section  heretofore 
accessible  with  difliculty,  touch injj;  innumerable  mainsprinj^s  of  pros- 
perity and  ^ivin^  j)roniise  of  the  sfx-cdy  (hivelopmcnt  of  a  most  fcTtilo 
country,  rich  in  all  the  elements  of  industrial  wealtli,and  enjoy  in  jf  all 
tho.se  advantaffcs  of  healthfnlness  and  scenic  beauty  common  to  the 
whole  Hlue  Ridge  country  of  North  Carolina. 

Wilkesboro  is  th(!  county  seat,  with  a  population  of  ;>.'!(i.  I'nited 
with  North  Wilkesboro,  on  the  noith  sid(!  of  the  ^'adkin,  by  elegant 
iron  bridges.  North  Wilkesboro,  the  present  ternunusof  the  railroad, 
is  a  new  and  growing  town. 

Wilkes  (.louutv  has  4;>(),(i()l  acres  of  land,  value(i  at  $!)()(l,4(j  I,  and 
181  town  lots,  valued  at  |34,5()(). 

Of  domestic  animals  there  are  1,S|()  horses,  1,078  mules,  lU  jacks 
and  j(>nnies,  23  goats,  11,308  cattle,  17,101  begs,  and  i),')\2  shec^p. 

I'roduct  of  taxation  —  for  State  use,  Sl  100.00;  pensions,  |()03.9G; 
schools,  $f),40(;.01;  oountv,  !|13,77(;.()!). 

Topulation— white,  20,"()33;  colored,  2,012;  total,  22,075. 

WILSON. 

Wilson  (-ounty  lies  on  the  western,  border  of  tlie  long-leaf  pine  belt, 
and  its  soils  belong  almost  exclusively  to  the  region  of  level  upland 
])iny  woods,  and  correspond  to  tbo.se  of  10dge(!()mbc.  This  county  is 
trav(M'.sed  by  numcirous  streams,  the  most  notable  of  which  is  the  Con- 
tentnea,  along  which,  as  well  as  its  tributaries,  are  found  considerable 
tracts  of  alluvial  land  and  swamps  (gum  and  cypress).  In  all  respects 
the  agriculture  of  this  county  repeats  that  of  ]<]dgecombe,  bcjth  as  to 
practice  and  as  to  results.  Marl  is  found  in  the  eastern  half  of  tho 
county. 

Wilson  is  a  largo  cotton  producing  county,  the  croj)  for  1889  being 
returned  in  the  census  report  for  1800  at  1 1,120  bales. 

It  is  altogether  a  thrifty,  prosijcrous  county  with  iunnerous  elements 
of  })r()Sperity.  It  is  trav(!rsed  by  the  Wilmington  and  Weldon  Rail- 
road, advantageous  to  its  industry  and  promotive  of  the  creation  and 
growth  of  sev(*ral  thrifty  towns.  Wilson,  the  largest  of  these,  is  tho 
county  seat,  with  a  population  of  2,12(i.  Here  is  a  cotton  factory, 
tobacco  sales  houses,  fruit  and  flower  nurseries,  a  temaU^  college,  graded 
schools,  chui'ches,  etc.  l^lack  Creek  has  a  j:)Opulation  (jf  101,  Saratoga 
of  UK),  and  Toi.snot  of  482. 

Tobacco  culture  has  recently  developed  with  ra])idity  in  Wilson 
County,  almost  altogether  in  the  best  (jualities.  In  1870  the  crop  was 
stated  officially  to  be  8,745  pounds.  In  1889  it  is  returned  in  the  census 
report  at  232,i^GG  pounds.  Sales  wan^iouses  liave  been  erected  in  the 
town  of  Wilson,  and  the  prospect  is  for  steady  increase  in  production 


204 


HAND-HOOK    Ol'    NOKTII    CAROI.INA, 


111  \Vilsnn  County  there  are  22S,()2S  acres  of  land,  valued  at  «J  ,r,:]S  (KJO 
and  ()li)  town  lots,  valued  at  $()1S,!)24.  '       ' 

Of  doniostic  animals  there  are  I  AW  horses,  1,72:{  nudes  2  jacks  and 
jennies,  1,870  goats,  'S,ryH\  cattle,  1(),(}0()  hogs,  and  1,470  sheep 

Product  of  taxation— for  State  use,  !»!M  i;;.04;  pensions.  1851,230  9.")  • 
schools,  !$<),7S0.7(;;  county,  114,190,82,  -       •      • 

ropulation— white,  10,884;  colored,  7,7uO.  total,  18,tU4. 

YADKIN. 

v^n'-^n-^"""^i^  '''"''  '"^»i'"*^>"t«ly  "oi'tli  of  Davie,  in  the  bend  of  the 
\  adkin  Kiver,  which  hounds  it  northward  h'mI  oastwavd  ft  i^  traversed 
in  a  nearly  east  and  west  course  hy  tiie  lirushv  :dountains,  which  here 
drop  down  into  low  si)urs  and  swells,  the  average  elevation  of  thecountv 
being  probably  not  greater  than  1,200  feet.  Its  soils  and  forests  are 
Jike  those  of  J)avie  ( 'ounty.  Its  agricultural  interest  is  divided  between 
the  production  of  tobacco  and  grain  ero{)s,  the  jiroduct  of  the  latter 
nearly  reaching  half  a  nnllion  bushels.  Cotton  culture  has  invaded  its 
southern  border  to  a  small  extent  within  a  few  vears.  There  are  sev- 
eral iron  mines  m  the  county,  but  they  have  been  little  worked,  as  thev 
are  too  far  from  market.  "^ 

The  tobacco  crop  for  1889  is  stated  officially  to  have  been  ;]7;j07-> 
while  that  of  1879  was  177,595.     The  cotton  crop  for  188!)  was  oiilv  5 
bales,  while  that  of  1879  was  2(3. 

Yadkin  County  being  bounded  on  the  north  and  east  by  the  Yadkin 
Kiver,  has  the  beneHt  of  the  Winston  and  Wilkesboro  road  which  runs 
along  the  north  bank  of  that  stream.   There  is  no  railroad  in  the  county 

1  adkmviUe  is  the  county  seat,  with  a  population  of  175 

}adkin  County  has  212,701  acres  of  land,  valued  at  $!)20,12()  and 
29o  town  lots,  valued  at  .$40,108.  ' 

Of  domestic  animals,  there  arc  1,329  horses,  1,202  mules  20  jacks 
and  jennies,  5  goats,  4,878  cattle,  8,131  hogs,  and  2,483  sheej) 

Product  of  taxation— for  State  use,  §3,099.98;  pensions,  $599  21- 
school,  $4,654.47;  county,  $5,082.73.  ,.*-., 

Population— white,  12.421;  colored,  1,309;  total,  13,770. 

YANCEY. 

Yancey  County  lies  on  the  west  of  Mitchell.  This  countv  is  pre- 
eminently mountainou.s.  The  i^lack  Mountains  penetrate  it  from  the 
south-east  and  extend  to  its  centre  near  Burnsville,  the  county  seat 
Ihere  are  twenty  summits  of  this  range  in  this  county  rising 'above 
6,300  feet,  the  highest,  Mitchell's  High  Peak,  being  6,71 7  feet  the  high- 
est point  in  the  United  States  erst  of  the  Rockv  Mountains.  The  Smokv 
Mountains  separate  this  county  from  Tennessee,  the  highest  peak  within 
Its  limits  being  the  Bald  Mountain,  5,550  feet  in  height.  Numerous 
cross-chains  intersect  the  county  in  all  directions,  leaving  very  little 
valley  land  except  along  the  margins  of  numerous  small  streams,  with 
broader  ones  along  the  larger  streams,  Toe  and  Caney  liivers      But 


liKSCHIPTlOM  OF  CDUNTiK!*, 


906 


mountains  uro  tlio  cliamcterLstics  of  tlio  county.  These,  without  excop* 
tion,  are  lorlilo  to  the  very  top,  covered  with  deep,  rich  and  triahle.soil, 
in  their  natur.tl  cundition  liearing  trees  of  great  size.  The  walnut  ollen 
attains  the  diameter  of  eight  feet,  tiie  wihi  cherry  a  height  of  sixty  feet 
to  the  first  liiiih,  and  with  a  diameter  of  four  feet,  the  pophir  with  a 
diameter  of  ten  feet,  the  black  birch  or  mountain  mahogany,  tlie  oak 
of  several  species,  tiio  hickory,  maplo  and  ash,  the  yellow  locust  and 
other  trees,  all  of  giant  size.  'The  quantity,  magnitude  and  excellence 
of  forest  stores  has  attracted  attention  from  altroad,  and  large  su[)plit!j 
are  now  aninially  cut,  sawed  and  shipped. 

iirought  into  cuhivation,  the  soil  is  very  fertile,  j)roducing  all  the 
grains,  grasses  and  fruits,  the  apples  being  of  notable  ex<ellence. 
Tobacco  of  great  excellence  is  ])roduced,  and  the  culture  is  rapidly 
extending.  The  mountain  sides,  when  cleared,  are  finely  adapted  to 
all  the  grass(-  large  (|nantiti(s  of  sheep  are  raised,  and  catt  \  large 
innnbers  are  annually  driven  oil  to  the  Virginia  nuirkets. 

This  county  is  rich  in  metals  and  minerals.  Magnetic  iron  abounds 
but  is  not  yet  mined.  Other  ores  of  iron  are  abundant.  Copper  has 
been  found.  Asbestos,  corundum  and  mica  are  abundant,  one  of  the 
most  proline  veins  in  the  I'nited  States  being  worked  near  Jkirnsville. 

Tobacco  of  excellent  (juality  is  produced  to  the  extent  of  139,464 
pounds,  according  to  the  Census  lieport  for  ISOO. 

JUirnsville,  the  county  seat,  has  a  small  population.  It  is  situated  at 
tin  elevation  of  2,>S40  feet  above  the  level  of  the  .sea. 

Yancey  County  has  1()2,7J»9  acres  of  land,  valued  at  113:50,812,  and  o5 
town  lots,  valued  at  !!flO,;!i)r). 

Of  donuistic  animals,  there  are  1,1H')  hor.ses,  5S7  mules,  lU  jacks  and 
jennies,  r),2r)2  cattle,  (;,4».i()  hogs,  3,(571  sheep. 

Product  of  taxation— for  tstnte  use,  $1,407.95;  pension,  $278.74; 
scliools,  $;',,()  1 1.8!);  county,  S3,74(U(). 

I'opulation—white,  i*,i97;  colored,  293;  total,  1V190. 


20(1 


HAND-BOOK    OF   NORTH   CAROLINA. 


AGRICULTURAL  PRODUCTS  OF  NORTH 

CAROLINA. 

It  is  now  an  old  story  tlint,  in  the  detailH  of  the  eonHUs  reports  on 
the  croi»3  and  products  of  tlio  several  States  of  the  American  Union, 
in  North  Carolina  only  were  the  divisional  coluninH  completely  tilled 
under  their  headings  of  the  various  crops  produced;  and  that  "in  this 
iStatc  alone  was  found  in  practical  and  {)rotltable  culture  whatever  else 
was  cultivated  in  every  other  State,  whether  North  or  South,  i'last  or 
West.  However  trite  this  story  has  become,  it  can  never  lose  its  im|)or- 
tunce;  it  emphasizes  the  fact  that  North  Carolina  is  that  happy  middle 
ground,  that  fortunate  zone  of  climatic  harmonieg  where  the  rigors  of 
the  Northern  cold  and  the  ardors  of  the  Southern  heats  so  meet  and 
blend  as  to  compose,  in  their  tempered  extremes,  that  amelit)rated  tem- 
perature in  which  the  vegetation  of  all  antagonizing  climates  may  find 
not  only  life  but  vigor.  And  to  these  happy  compromises  and  compo- 
sitions of  climate  are  to  be  ad<led  those  e(puilly  happy  conditions  of 
soil  which  alike  favor  the  gross  luxuriant  feeder  of  the  Southern  fields 
and  the  hardy  and  more  abstemious  plants  of  the  Northern  farms. 

This  striking  peculiarity  is  largely,  if  not  altogether,  due  to  tJiose 
caiises  referred  to  in  the  [)revious  chapter  on  "Forestry,"  in  which 
it  was  shown  that  the  did'erenco  in  elevation  between  the  diH'orent 
extremes  of  the  State,  tht>  gradual  ascent  through  a  s])ace  of  nearly 
four  hundred  miles  from  the  level  of  the  sea  to  the  heights  of  the 
mountain  ])lateaus,  alone  to  be  considered  in  relation  to  agriculture,  is 
the  same  in  olfect  as  the  ascent  in  latitude,  from  the  almost  tropical 
shores  of  the  Culf  of  Mexico  to  the  actually  frigid  regions  of  the  lakes 
and  the  Saint  Lawrence.  And  to  the  influence  of  low  level  on  our 
Atlantic  shore  is  to  be  added  the  potent  influences  of  the  Ciulf  Stream, 
which  sweeps  along  as  far  as  Cape  llatteras  within  a  few  miles  of  the 
coast,  bearing  with  it  something  more  than  balmy  mildness;  it  carries 
along  in  its  breath  a  stimulus  to  vegetable  growth,  as  if  its  mission 
were  to  strew  along  its  long  extended  track  the  triumphs  of  its  creative 
energy  and  bear  even  to  the  poles  the  trophies  of  its  potency. 

Thus  is  explained  why  the  palmetto,  the  magnolia  and  the  live-oak 
are  at  home  on  the  coast  of  North  Carolina;  and  thus  we  find  in  th(> 
Helds  of  Columbus  and  adjacent  counties  the  sugar-cane  of  Louisiana 
as  luxuriant  in  growth,  as  juicy  in  its  flow  of  sap  and  as  rich  in  its 
yield  of  granulated  sugar  as  if  its  juices  had  been  drawn  from  the 
teeming  soil  and  ripened  by  the  hot  sun  of  a  tropical  zone.  And, 
reversing  the  points  of  observation,  we  find  the  sugar-ma[)le  trees  of 
the  mountains  as  bountiful  in  their  flow  of  sap  and  as  rich  in  their 
yield  of  sugar  as  if  they  owed  their  hardy  life  t)  the  cold  airs  of  Ver- 
mont. In  the  first  case,  depression  of  level  has  Hssociated  our  eastern 
section  with  the  influences  of  the  tropics;  in  the  other  its  uplift  into  a 
mountain  elevation  has  thrust  it  into  assimilation  with  Canadian 
atm.ospheric  conditions.     It  will  be  well  understood,  then,  as  illustrated 


A(mil'UI,Tl'KAI.    I'KOIHK  TS    Ol'    NOKTH    (  AHol.INA. 


•J07 


by  tho  extrtmies  presented,  what  u  broad,  fruitful  Hold  North  Carolhm 
prosonts  fur  thu  profitahlo  culture,  if  not  litorally  side  by  nido,  yot  in 
roasDUiible  continuity,  of  all  tho  Hold  crop.s  cultivatod  iu  tlio  Uiiitod 
States.  From  tin  extensive  territory,  from  its  east  or  its  west  aro  drawn 
those  large  contributions  to  the  maintenance  of  the  people  and  the 
commerce  of  the  world— tho  rice  of  the  coa^t  and  tho  buckwheat  of  the 
mountaing,  tho  cotton  of  tho  South  and  the  Max  of  Now  England,  tho 
corn,  the  wheat,  the  rye,  the  oats,  the  barley,  tho  sorghum,  the  potatoes, 
the  peas,  the  tobacco,  the  vegetables,  the  fruits,  the  grapes,  the  every- 
thing— which,  if  North  Carolina  knew  herself,  if  the  stranger  knew  her 
as  she  ought  to  be  known,  would  make  lier  the  most  coveted  and  most 
pros[)erous  coinitry  upon  which  IIks  sun  sheds  his  fertilizing  beams. 

In  the  presentation  of  the  important  ■  ps  produced  in  North  Caro- 
lina it  is  unfortunate  that  the  full  reports  of  all  the  crop  results  have 
not  yet  been  given  to  the  [lublic  in  detail.  We  are  under  obligations 
to  the  Commissioner  of  the  Census  for  the  full  report  of  the  cotton  and 
tobacco  crops  ef  North  Carolina,  and  will  use  them  so  far  as  they  moot 
present  objects.  For  some  of  the  other  crops  we  present  the  following 
summary,  assumed  to  be  proximately  correct: 

There  were  produced  in  North  Carolina  in  1S88  of  corn  ;ir.,8;i(),00() 
bushels,  wheat  r),OiM,(KK)  bushels,  rye  ;J!)r),()()0  bushels,  oats  8,4()5',()()0 
bu.?hels,  barley  :J,0(iO  bushels,  buckwheat  oT.OOO  bushels,  potatoes 
1,1M,0()()  bushels.  lUit  this  la.st  is  evidently  erroneous,  since  in  bSStJ  the 
yield  of  sweet  potatoes  alone  was  4,r)7(),148.  Irish  potatoes  alone  exceed 
in  quantity  the  figures  named.  Rice  is  not  mentioned;  in  1880  the 
yield  was  r),(;t)i),li>l  pounds.  The  (piantity  has  increased,  rather  than 
diminishetl,  since. 

While  claiming  for  North  Carolina  an  almost  universally  of  produc- 
tion, and  that  to  a  high  degree  of  excellence,  it  is  with  'no  boastful 
purpose  to  make  immodest  demands  for  re'cognition  of  her  superiority, 
yet  isolateil  instances  might  give  just  foundation  for  boa<tfulne.ss,  a  few 
of  which  are  here  cited  : 

Ilis  Excellency,  Covernor  Thomas  M.  Holt,  made  on  his  Davidson 
County  farm,  on  eighty  acres,  on  a  clover  sod  and  without  other  ferti- 
lizer, an  average  of  over  forty-six  l)usbels  to  the  acre. 

The  wheat  of  Stanly  County  has  an  average  weight  of  .sixtv-lbur 
pounds  to  the  bushel,  and  seventy-two  pounds  is  not  uncommon",  such 
an  exami)le  being  given  in  the  Exhibition  at  Vienna. 

In  cotton,  Mr.  iUilialoe,  living  near  Raleigh,  made  in  18!K),  with  three 
ploughs,  100  bales  of  cotton,  an  average  of  a  bale  and  a  half  to  the 
acre,  and  has  not  made  less  thati  twenty  bales  to  the  horse  in  many 
year.s;  and  there  are  many  farmers  who  "make  from  twentv  to  twenty- 
five  bales  per  horse  in  Wake,  and  also  in  other  counties."  Authentic 
instances  are  noted  in  Buncombe  County  of  over  one  thousand  bushels 
of  Irish  potatoes  to  the  acre;  and  one  hundred  and  thirty-seven  bushels 
of  corn  have  been  raiseil  on  one  acre.  Of  tobacco,  it  ha.s  not  been  infre- 
quent to  make  sales  of  $(!50  to  the  acre. 

North  Carolina  may  share  in  the  eulogy  ])ronounced  by  Chauncey  M. 
Dcpcw  before  the  Alumni  A.ssociation  of  Yale  College  after  his  return' 
from  his  visit  to  the  South.     He  says: 


ii 


i  I 


\ 


208 


HAND-BOOK    OP    NORTH    CAROLINA. 


The  net  results  of  this  visit  to  the  South,  to  mv  mind,  is  just  this:  that  The  Soith 
IS  THK  Bonanza  of  the  Fi  ture.  We  have  devJ'loped  all  the  great  and  sudden  oi.nor- 
tunities  for  wealth— or  most  of  them— in  the  North-western  States  and  on  the  Pacific 
Slope,  but  here  is  a  vast  country  wfth  the  best  ceimate  i.n  the  world,  with  condi- 
tions of  health  which  iue  absolutely  unparalleled;  with  vast  forests  untouched;  with 
en'>rmous  veins  of  coal  and  iron  which  yet  have  not  known  an- thing  bevond  their 
original  conditions;  with  soil  tliat,  under  proper  cultivation,  for  little  capital  can  sup- 
port a  tremendous  po])ulation;  with  conditions  in  the  atmosphere  for  comfortable 
living,  winter  and  sunnner,  which  exist  nowhere  else  in  this  country;  and  that  is  to 
be  the  attraction  for  tlie  young  men  who  go  out  from  the  farms  to  seeiv  settlement, 
and  not  by  innnigration  from  abroad,  for  I  do  not  think  thev  will  go  that  way:  but 
by  the  internal  immigration  from  our  own  country  it  is  to  become  in  time  as  prosi)er- 
ous  as  any  other  section  of  the  counti-y,  and  as  prosperous  by  a  purely  American 


T)EVELOPMEN'T, 


TOBACCO. 


This  important  product  has  always  had  leading  recognition  in  Xorth 
Carolina  as  well  as  in  Virginia,  in  which  State  it  became  a  staple  from 
the  earliest  colonial  times.  The  plant  was  a  native  of  the  American 
continent,  and  its  use  by  the  natives  prevailed  wherever  the  white  dis- 
coverers appeared,  whether  on  the  islands  or  on  the  continental  shores; 
and  the  whites  quickly  adopted  a  fascinating  habit,  which  was  acquired 
with  ready  facility,  for  the  fascination  of  its  spell  fell  with  equal  charm 
upon  the  white  man  as  well  as  upon  the  savage;  and  the  most  precious 
boon  bestowed  by  the  new  world,:  more  precious  and  more  humanizing 
than  gold  or  silver,  was  that  weed  which  carried  in  its  juices  and  in  its 
odors  that  seductive  and  soothing  princii)le  providentially  adapted  to 
cheer  and  to  soothe,  and  to  supply  at  last  that  elixir  which  mankind 
had  always  been  craving,  always  seeking,  and  never  finding  until  it 
was  attained  in  the  discovery  of  the  ni;w  world. 

The  marvelous  avidity  with  which  the  discovery  was  turned  to  use, 
the  rapidity  with  which  a  new  and  unanticipated  habit  was  created 
and  diffused,  was  illustrated  by  the  prompt  abandonment  by  the  Mr- 
ginia  colonists  of  their  vain  search  after  gold,  and  the  diversion  of  ali 
their  interest  and  ''ndustry  to  the  cultivation  of  tobacco,  As  early  as 
1G15,  only  seven  years  after  the  settlement  of  Jamestown,  every  aero 
of  the  colony  was  applied  to  tobacco,  even  to  the  neglect  of  much- 
needed  food  crops:  for  the  people  of  England  quickly  learned  its  uses, 
and  the  colonists  as  quickly  learned  that  they  possessed  a  valuable 
foundation  of  prosperity,  a  commodity  of  which  they  held  the  monop- 
oly, one  always  in  demand,  one  that  might  assure  them  commercial 
strength  and  independence.  With  the  expansion  of  the  colony  into 
the  lands  of  the  interior,  the  culture  of  tobacco  spread  with  propor- 
tionate rapidity,  and  the  product  became  almost  the  sole  article  of  export 
to  England,  and  the  sole  medium  of  exchange.  In  the  absence  also  of 
money  it  also  became  the  legitimate  currency  of  the  country,  with 
which  merchandise  was  purchased,  salaries  paid,  taxes  discharged,  and 
with  wdiich  the  stipends  of  the  clergy  were  discharged.  And  Virginia 
was  formed  into  a  great  tobacco  paradise,  where  material  and  senti' 
mental  aspirations  were  alike  supplied  and  gratified. 

^Vith  the  progress  of  settlement  and  the  enlargement   of  colonial 
territory,  Xorth  Carolina  partook  of  the  agricultural  and  commercial 


!*,  r  -r 


E  HlHTH 

ni  oppor- 
e  Pacific 
h  condi- 
yd;  with 
nd  tlieir 

can  s»ip- 
ifortable 

lat  is  to 
tlemcnt, 
*ay;  but 

prosi)er- 
MERIC'AN 

Xorth 

e  I'rom 

, 

1  erica u 

te  (lis- 

. 

sliores) ; 

quired  .       ' 

■ 

ell  arm 

I  V  L 1 U  li  3 

Liiizing 

i  in  its 

^)ted  to 

mkind 

intil  it- 

6 

to  use, 

created 

.  .         ' 

I 


I 


m 
€ 


AGRICULTURAL    I'KODUCTS   OF    NORTJI    CAROLINA. 


209 


•  habits  of  Virginia.  With  the  one,  a.s  with  the  other,  in  those  days 
tobacco  was  the  sole  product  of  the  fields  that  could  bring  the  needed 
returns  in  money,  or  its  equivalent,  for  the  labor  bestowed;  the  only 
item  that  encouraged  conflict  with  the  wilderness  to  reduce  it  to  culti- 
vation ;  the  only  one  that  promised  future  wealth  to  the  newly  founded 
Commonwealth.  Upon  those  parts  of  North  Carolina  where  settlements 
were  made  and  fields  were  opened,  tobacco  was  the  leading  crop,  even 
in  those  parts  where  it  was  subsequently  abandoned  to  be  retumed 
again  in  our  day  with  more  distinction  and  far  more  profitable  returns. 
,  In  North  Carolina,  as  in  \'irginia,  tobacco  became  the  currency  of  the 
country. 

_  It  is  well  known  that  until  1857,  when  the  process  was  discovered  of 
giving  to  tobacco  that  bright  golden  color  and  that  exquisite  delicacy 
of  texture  which  has  so  greatly  enhanced  its  value — previous  to  that 
year  various  processes  were  adopted  with  reference  chieily  to  the  pro- 
duction of  chewing  tobacco  of  greater  or  less  excellence  by  such  sys- 
tems as  the  habits  of  generations  had  approved — sun-curing,  kiln-curing, 
flue-curing,  all,  however,  resulting  in  a  dark  material,  packed  and  mar- 
keted according  to  intrinsic  value,  the  lower  priced  qualities  being 
packed  in  hogsheads  which  supplied  themselves  the  place  of  wagons, 
revolving  on  si)indles  placed  in  the  centre  of  the  circumference  of  the 
heads,  to  which  shafts  were  attached,  to  which  a  team  of  two  or  three 
animals  was  hitched  and  then  dragged  off  to  distant  markets— to 
Tetersburg  or  Fayctteville — through  mud  and  water,  to  the  reduction 
of  whatever  value  the  rude  material  may  have  had.  For  such  tobacco 
prices  wore  only  nominal,  but  it  sup[)lied  in  quantity  what  was  lost  in 
tiuality;  for  then  tobacco  was  grown  on  strong  new'^land,  and  the  leaf 
grew  large,  lusty  and  heavy.  J  Jut  when  fine  color  was  made  the  desidiT- 
atum  in  connection  with  quality,  the  quality  of  the  soil  in  reference  to 
color,  texture  and  ilavor  became  a  subject  of  prime  consideration;  and 
the  cure,  prei)aration  and  marketing  operations  of  exceeding  nicety, 
profound  experience  and  consummate  skill.  The  results  have  brought 
both  a  revelation  and  u  revolution;  a  revelation  of  the  capacity  of  a 
dark,  coarse-leaved,  strongly  llavored  leaved  plant  for  transfornuition 
into  the  golden  lined,  silky  fibred,  dqlicatelv  perfumed  article,  high- 
priced  Virginia  I'.rightsI 

iM'  all  the  contradictions  ever  arrayed  against  indisputable  facts,  of  all 
the  wrongs  committed  against  exist"ing  rights,  of  all  the  baseless  claims 
ever  made  against  authentic  priority,  of  all  the  arrogance  that  lays  title 
to  name  and  fame  to  that  which  brings  honor  and  profit  to  its  origi- 
nator  and  almost  sole  producer,  none  are  so  uu.founded  as  tliose  which 
attaches  the  name  of  "  Virginia  Brights"  to  the  unrivalled  leaf  of  North 
Carolina.  _  It  was  in  North  Carolina  it  had  its  origin ;  it  was  here  it  made 
its  home,  it  is  here  it  is  destined  to  live  without  the  fear  of  successful 
CompetitioiL  For  with  the  exception  of  portions  of  Halifax  and  Pitt- 
sylvania Counties,  in  \'irginia,  it  remains  the  exclusive  glory  of  North 
Carolina.  Nor  is  it  confined  to  the  section  in  which  it  originated  or 
'"■ther  where  the  process  that  has  so  magnified  tobacco  was  first  perfected, 
that  section,  Caswell  ami  Person,  Cranvilleand  Vance,  Orange  and 
14 


rath 
In 


h"' 


210 


iiA\n-i{(>oK  OF  Noirnr  <;ah()i,ina. 


♦I 


Durliaiu.  Aljiir.aiice  and  Guillord.  Rockingliain  and  Stokos,  Forsyth 
and  Siiirv;  in  tlieoast,  Nash  and  Edgecombe,  Pitt  and  (ircono,  Halifax 
and  Wilson;  in  the  west,  Uuncondh'  and  Madison,  Vancev  and  Miteii- 
idi,  Haywood  and  Swain,  are  not  only  large  |)ro(hu'ers  of"  tohaeco,  bnt 
also  of  bright  tobacco,  the  sole  dilleronce  in  (|nality  l)eing  that  derived 
from  longer  experience  in  the  processes  of  cnre;"and  from  thcf-e  and 
other  connlies  not  named,  are  derived  nine  (enllis  of  (Ik^  to])at'eo  that 
goes  on  the  foreign  markets  as  X'irginia  I'.righls  P.nt  jxM'liaps  the 
censure  wo  natnrallyallix  upon  Virginia  for  the  absorption  of  an  imnor 
properly  belonging  to  North  Carolina  may  be  imxlilied  by  the  reilec- 
tion  that  the  applicalion  of  luM-name  to  our  i)roperty  was,  (o  some  extent, 
natural  and  unavoidiible.  i''rom  time  immemorial  our  tobacco  was 
tak(Mi  to  her  markets  ami  shipped  from  her  jjorts  It  never  went  [a 
any  Noi'tli  Carolina  port  except  in  a  past  peril  d  when  the  luavy  tobac- 
ros,  in  their  coarse  packages  of  Chatham,  Orange  and  some  other  coun- 
ti^es.  found  their  way  to  sea  out  of  Wdmingtt)n' by  way  of  l'\ivetleville. 
The  rest  went  to  Ivichmond  and  thence  to  iMirop-.  'riiere  it  receivcMl 
the  .ame  of  the  State  from  which  it  was  sliip]ie  1.  \'irginia  was  not 
reluctant  to  appropriate  the  honor  thus  implied,  and  was  (piile  willing 
to  be  magnilied,  even  at  the  expense  of  her  neighbor. 

Since  North  Carolina  has  become  a  tobacco  manulactin  ing  State, 
which  slu>  was  not  in  former  days,  and  since  she  has  become  famous 
the  world  over  for  the  products  of  iier  blight  tobai'co,  her  smoking 
tobacco  and  her  cigarettes,  it  is  due  to  her  honoi'  and  her  intctest  that 
she  should  make  the  effort  lo  reclaim  what  she  has  lest  and  iterate  the 
demand  for  the  application  of  the  right  name  for  that  which  she  almost 
exclusively  produces.  Hritish  connnercial  nomenclature  parlak(>s  of 
all  the  tenacious,  unchanging  conservatism  that  attaches  (o  everything 
3)ritisli.  The  leading  dealers  and  manufactur(M's  may,  by  persi,-t(Mit 
appeal,  arou.se  that  sense  of  justice  which  is  .as  inherent  in  the  llritisli 
lnin<l  as  its  conservatisiu.  l-et  the  diMiiand  go  ui>  with  uiUTa-ing  cr\' 
li.r  the  application  of  tln'  j)roper  name,  in  the  Kuropeau  market.^,  of 
Is'erth  (.'arolina  Ihight.s 

EXTENT  OF  THE  TOBACCO  AREA  IN  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

Th.cn ■  are  nlnety-sIx  ctiunlics  in  X(Mih  Cai'olina,  of  which  twelve,  vi;?.; 
Camden,  Carteret,  Craven,  Caslon,  (iat.'s,  Hertford.  Hyde,  Maitiu,  I'er- 
ijuiman-',  Richmond,  Tyrrc  11,  and  Washington,  are  not  retuiiud  in  tho 
Census  K'eporl  of  iSDOas  producing  tobacco.  Allot  these,  except  ( ias- 
ton  and  Richmond,  are  in  the  Kast  where  the  prevalence  of  tlii'  (Irained 
swamp  lands  a;;d  the  poverty  of  the  soils  may  oppose  its  culture,  jhit 
it  is  |n'obubl(i  that  ovtiA  in  these  the  plant  is  cultivated  for  lioiuo  Use. 

VALUE  OF  THE  CROP. 

Prices  tliat  mny  seem  fabultms  have  been  obtained  in  numcn'on.s-  sce- 
tions  for  the  very  highest  grades  of  bright  tobacco.  Jn  (Iranvillo, 
Caswell,  PersorVi  Durliumj  Ahunance,  and  other  counties,  prices  rungiiig 


,  l'\)r.sylli 
>,  Ilfilifax 
1(1  W'drh- 
•lU'co,  but 
t  (Icrivt'd 
Llioso  iiml 
iU'co  lliat 

llilpS    tlic 

an  lidiior 
111'  rcllcc- 
10  extent, 
accd  was 
■  went  to 
vy  t()l)jic- 
icr  fouii' 
otteville, 
rcc'civcMl 
was  not 


('  Wlllllli( 


ig-  State, 
c  I'aniouH 
sinokiiin; 
■lest  tha't 
erati'  tlie 
le  almost 
■tak(\s  of 
erytliin;^; 
lersi.-tcnt 
i>  lirilisli 
[^\u<X  cry 
ii'kcts,  of 


,!NA. 

Ive,  vi>,. ; 
tin,  I'er- 
<1  in  tlio 
I'pt  (  !as- 
(haineil 

IV.      J)  lit 

mm  ut-e. 


ranvillo, 

ranging 


A<illI(JI'l.'IMIKAI      I'ltODUl'TS    i)V    NORTH    CA  K<  »I.I  N  A. 


211 


from  $1.00  to  p,  per  pound  have  not  inion  unconinion.  Perhaps  the 
fairest  stateniont,  to  he  accepted  as  free  from  exaggeration,  is  presented 
hy  Mr.  W.  W.  Wood,  in  his  address  before  the  Tobacco  Association  of 
North  Candma,  at  Winston,  in  August,  ]8!)l.  He  has  selected  groups 
of  tanners  in  a  few  counties  to  illustrate  tiie  average  of  pricis.  His 
statements  nw.  moderate,  as  will  occur  to  those  accpiainted  with  many 
more  striking  exanipl(-s.      He  says: 

"In  Surry  (.bounty  lit'teeii  farmers  obtained  a  combined  average  price 
of  2<),"n  cents  pv.v  pound,  tlu;  combinul  avcra.ge  amount  pi'oduced  to 
the  acre  being  IDS  pounds,  npial  to  fi;!2.4(),  less  cost  ($oJ. 2;-)]— equal 
to  $S1.-J1  prolil  per  acre. 

"in  Kockingliam  County  fourteen  fanners  combined;  average  price 
obtained  was  o^>\  cents  per  |)ound,  the  average  number  of  pounds  to 
tli(>  acre  being  177,  e(|ual  to  $lo7.<S()  less  cost  (ij^ol/J,")),  (Mpuil  to  llOd.ofj 
Jirotil  j)er  acre. 

"in  Franklin  County  c;leven  fainiers  obtained  a  eombiuiMl  average 
]ince  of  10,:^  cuts  i)er  pound,  and  produced  the  combined  average  of 
iHb  pounds  to  the  acre,  ccpial  to  $177.(»i»,  less  cost  (!!i;r)|.2.";),  ,!,iual  to 
^rio.Sl  prolit  [)er  acre. 

"  Ju  \'ance  C'ounty  seven  farmers  received  a  combined  average  of  1S„' 
cents  p(M'  pound,  and  produced  an  average  of  7!»2  pounds  per  acre, 
tMlual  to  .s;icS;>.i;;,  le.-s  cost  (!?r)1.25),  e(|ual  to  .^.'joL.SS  profit  per  acre. 

"in  lMlgecoml)e  County  three  farmers  received  a  combined  average* 
of  li);',  cents  per  pound,  and  proibiced  an  average  of  l,li>3  pounds  per 
ncre,  e(]ual  to  !?28.S.(i4,  less  co.st  (!^r)1.2r)),  e(|ual  to  S2;{7.o;)  prolit  per 
aero.     A  most  wonderful  showing,  indeed,  of  pounds  per  a(;re. 

_"ln  (iranville  County  live  farmers  received  a  combined  average  of 
27rM  cents  per  pound,  and  ju-odueid  an  average  of  7'.)(»  pounds  per'^icre 
e<iual  to  821«).(;2,  less  cost  (8.')1.2:.),  e(|ual  to  si(;,s.;;7  prolit  per  acre.       ' 

"In  Wilsiin  County  eight  finners  receiv(>d  the  combined  average  of 
2-r;  cents  per  pound,  and  produced  an  average  of  !)02  pounds  per  acre 
equal  to  s_'(),3.1lt,  k^-s  cost  [^r^l  .2.*,),  (.i^ual  to  .Slo:].!)!  prolit  per  iicre."     * 

EXTENT  OF  THE  CROP. 

This  is  always  a  contioverted  }.oiut  befweeu  tlu^  gatlierers  of  tho 
census  stalisties  and  tlics"  \vhi>.se  tiv.nsieiiuns  in  th(^  niarkets  and  el-e- 
\vhere  would  .seem  to  give  tliem  more  accuiate  .-luirees  of  inroiiiiation. 
In  tli(>  sanie  addre.-s  Mr.  \Voods  exj.lains  the  disiM-epaiicy  upon  the 
lial)itnal  rehictaiiee  f(!  respond  to  ollicial  in(|uir\-,  even  to  the  extent  of 
luting  Ussthan  half  of  their  personal  taxable  pro|.erlv.  The  inloiiiia- 
tion  of  the  other  is  dr  iw:i  chiedy  from  the  sales-books  of  the  warehou.-'e.s 
ot  the  Slate,  conductiMg  sales  in  twenty-live  or  nioi'e  markets  in  the 
otate,  each  with  IVon,  ,Mie  to  (ivo  warehouses  in  whieli  the  business  is 
Conducted^  by  men  of  trusted  integrity  as  well  as  of  .-kill  and  expe- 
nence.  The  conclusiiMi  reached  by  Mr  Wood,  iu  careful  examination 
01  the  books  of  these  warehouses,  is  as  follows; 

•'Six  of  these  markets  .sell  anmiallv  a  total  of  '1,000,000  pounds  an 
average  of  b,.3UU,UUU  ijuch,  lt>,UUli,UUO"  being  the  greatest  uuU  5,000,000 


M    1      Zrf 


ilAND- IIOKK    HI'    Noiilll    r\H(>l,IN;\. 


i 


■ 


tllc  low.'sl  tiniouiil  sold  l.y  imy  t'lic  ul'  llicm  Nilii>  uUicim  of  llicm  sell 
iniiumlly  It  lodil  of  I  1  ,r.(i(t,00(>.  iivonij^iii^!;  nlxivi-  (.ih«  mikI  out"  (|imrt('i' 
niillittiis  »>iM'li.  two  iukI  m  linir  iiiillioiis  Uv\\\^  (lie  mcntcst  iiiid  one  luil- 
lioii  the  lowrsi  iiMHMml  sold  liy  niiy  oiio  of  lliciii.  TIk-  n'tiiiiiiiiiijjj  Irii 
luiirkt'ls  s(«Il  Miimmlly  ii  (oliil  ol' |.:i(HI,0()(>,  iiv(>rii-iiii^-  idioiil  .MMI.IKMI 
cavil.  llir(M>  (|ninlrfs  of  :\  inillioii  ol  [toiiiids  Itciiif;  lln«  ;j;r('iil«'st,  mid  uiic- 
(t'lilli  ol'  n  tiiillioii  llii>  simdlcsl  miioiinl  sold  hy  niiv  olio  ol'  tlioin. 
'l'lios(>  I'urls  aro  ohliiiiicd  iVoin  (.lu>  iiiohI,  millMMitic  Hoiircc- -IVoiu  wcij^hls 
inid  soltlomciils  iiivrfoil  upon  ltrl\V(«rii  lln'  |»fodiifois  and  llio  iMirrlinsofH 
jn  liio  |)iil>lit"  waiolioiiscs," 
And  lu>  adds. 

"  TliUM  Noilli  Caioliiia  produces  aniiiially  Til.OdO.IKMI  pounds  ol'  loaf 
tolwM'co.  and  (IT.IMIO.OOO  pounds  aro  s,.ld  m  \,,illi  Carolina  niaikols. 
hcduclino-  r).()(t().0()(l  ptnmds  of  llio  aniounl  sold  (a  lull  os|imat(>)  ht 
I'ov.T  leal  r<'S(dd  in  our  inarlvclM  Ity  sp( ciilalors  and  llitis  twico  or  nioro 
linii's  placed  on  llic  sale  hooks  of  ilic  |.nldic  wan-lioiises,  and  all  of  llm 
leal"  sold  M)  our  own  markets  from  olher  Stales,  \\<<  lind  thai  \vc  liavd 
sold  (lL*,(tO(),000  pounds  of  Nortli  Carolina  tohaeco  alone;  leaving'  of  lli(> 
7<">,»H>(),0(M)  piodutrd  in  llit>  Slate,  a  balance  of  I  I.OI  10,0(10  pounds  to 
I'oviM-all  dial  is  marketed  outsid«>  oi'  it  l»y  our  farmers.  If  nanville, 
I\'tcrsl>ury:  and  other  \  iroinia  markets  wt'-rc  lo  sell  annually,  as  (li,'\' 
claim.  ;iO.OOO,000  pounds  for  o\:'-  larmers,  who  ,s(>ll  nUo  in  North  Caro- 
lina markets  (I'J.dOO.OOO  pounds,  |li(»  production  of  the  Siat(>  would 
show  the  slartlmo  tiniircs  of  :fJ,(l(l(l,(l(IO  pounds,  jhit  I  do  not  claim 
so  much  for  Nortli  Carolina,  hue  jillowancc  musi  Ix-  made  for  ex.an-. 
aerations,  naturally  (>\pecte.i  of  outside  markets,  with  regard  to  i  h o 
amount  of  leaf  they  sell  I'm'  our  planters;  so  I  'cliai>;eoir'  l(!,0(l(l,(l(l(J 
o(  the  ;l(t.OO(t,0()(l  p;>undslluit  they  claim  (o  sell,  ami"  allow  that  they 
sell  1  1.000.000  pounds  only,  which,  addiMl  lo  lht>  (iL'.OOO.OdO,  juako 
70,00t),000  pounds  |>roduced  in  North  Caroliiui  as  at  lirsl  slated  " 

And  this  is  not  nuide  up  of  one  vari(>ty  alone,  .as  miohl  !>(>  iiiferrctl 
from  previous  illuslratioiis  of  values.  "W'llhiii  her  l...rdcrs  is  proiluccd 
such  a  variety  o\'  hioh  ;;rade  leaf  and  in  such  tiuanfities  .-is  is  iiowhcro 
i'lse  to  he  found  tli«>  world  ov<m\  Ijmhi  her  lii--li  tvpt>  of  cutting-  K-;if 
the  Lvreat  ci<;;irell(>  husiiu\ss  of  the  world  w.-is  huiJt  tip.  Her  iiiisiu- 
}>assed  siuokiMs  product  d  in  tlic'CoIdcn  jicll,'  placed  liei'  nrjinulaled 
.smokiuii'  ti>h;icco  .d  .a  premium  over  all  tiflu-rs  in  tli(>  world.  )lt>r 
luahoujiny  types  o{'  tilhas  and  wrappers  juo,  by  cliewcns  vi'  lohat'Ca 
rverywIuMV.  preferre(l  before  all  olliers.'* 

In  juslic(>  to  tlu'  f.'iithfnl.  )';iins-taknii^,  if  cvroiieousty  inronncd, 
gatherers  of  the  tobacco  st;itisticsjh,>  following-  tabh>  is  |uil>lislied  nn 
M\'\UiX  forth  tlit>  entp  of  \SSU  m  \\\o  veUvSUs  of  JMIO.  Tlie  census  of 
iSvSO,  made  under  tho  Nuno  cuaUitioua,  Jslunvttl  the  crop  of  1<S7U  to 
have  boon  lH;,080,'2i:i  pounds. 


AdinciM/rnHAi,  I'ljonrrTs  ok  nchiiii   <  aii(»i,in.\. 


llicm  sell 
It"  (|imrt(M' 

I  oiH'  mil 
lining  (ell 

I,  noo.ooo 

initl  ()M(> 

nl'    tlicin. 

II  uri^llls 
nrcluist'i's 


Is  (if  loif 
iiiiirl<i>lH, 

iiiitit(>)  l(» 

'  or  iiiiin; 

nil  (>rilio 
we  Imvt! 

!![;■  uT  tlit>, 

OUIKJS    lit 

n.'llivillr, 
,  lis  Ihcy 
till  ( 'nn'i- 
tc  woiiltl 
lol    clniiil 

liif  »'\!1!4' 

•  I  III  Iho 
i;,(Mi(),(l()() 
lint  I  hey 
10,  Jiinko 
.1  •' 
inlViTctl 
inidiiicd 
iiowlict'i* 
tinu'  leaf 
r  uiisiu- 
aiiiiiiiUil 
III.     Her 

nn>nii('(l, 
islictl  iin 
•(I  I  SI  IS  of 

liSTi*  to 


TOBACCO  PRODUCTION  IN  NORTH  CAROLI 


I''H(IM    'I'KNI'H    ('|:NHIM   (llNI>Kllh:HI'IMA'l'i;i 

Ai'irs. 

'I'lii-  Sliilc 1(7,(177 

.MitiMiimc ll.d.'H 

Ali'Minili'i- ir,! 

AllcKlmnv  , .  'i 

AiiMoii ;i 

Ah1i(>        II 

lllll.l.MI  '  .'.    .  •.' 

lljIMInwiik  .,.,,  I 

Huiii'iiiiiiii'       ,..,,..,«, ;i,iiiii 

ItiiiKi'               ,. 1)10 

< 'iiliiiniiM .,  y 

riililvM'll ..'  IJI7 

<'nM\Mll         .         ...      ._. H,:i)(7 

( 'dlllW  llJI ,(1 

« 'hill hi! Ill .,  |,l7:t 

t 'lli'lnki'c ITi 

<'ln.v .,]...[  Ill 

« 'lt>\i'|imil    .    , ) 

( 'iilimilMiH         .    .    ...    t 

I'limlicrhiiiii I 

Dtix'iilMiiii I,7n:! 

I»ii\ii'      .   .,, , ...  'i,^)U:\ 

Unpliii      (I 

I'liiliiiiii      ;!,(iriH 

l'".il;'<'<iiMilt(' Ill) 

I'oinMIi      . ■    "    I    lit) 

l''i!iiikliM    'i.'W.\ 

<inili;nii     ,., | 

tir.'uiv  illi' .' I  l,|H;t 

'^ii'i'iii'    •...„.. ...        '.'I 

<)  It  i  n'n  It  I !.!."..".  'J ,  5 1 7 

ll'ililiiN 271 

lliiniili       )l 

liny  Will  mI 1,707 

lIl'lltliTHtiM .  Ill 

i''<ifii , :;;;.  w: 

J.'ii'kson ..,.    r>  I. 

•  lollllNlnii , 01) 

•  ItHlt'S , ,  4 

lii'iioir .....,,.,,. <J 

liilli'nill ,  ^f 

i\I(l>i>\\rll , „         .10 

M.'ICOII      ,, I) 

T^i'Xii-'"" .'!!.'..'.!."..  1, ;  10 

Alrcklfiihiirj; 'Jt 

Mil.li.'ll     ]..,"  U:\ 

MimlKiiiiH'iv , , \ 

All  line lie, 

Niish t,SL':l 

IS'iirlliiimpltiii in 

niisluw , 

«»'aii^f ['/.'....  I'  lit 

I'lnilfr fi 

I't'iSDU T.lOO 

I'ill 70 

I'nlk     ,..., H 

]{ilM(iul|lh \\n 

){i('liiiioiitl  .,„ , 

Iv'ol'cSdll , \i\ 

Kiifkiii);liiiiu. 1(1, (IHH 

ivo^^.i ;{ilO 

l4\itlH'iriiiil .•.«*i» ;i7 


NA  FOR  1889. 

I'ltintih. 

\'iiiiii'. 

io,;i7r»,'.'."iH 

iHr.,i7."i,N;i:t 

no  1,0'.".' 

lON,.^^) 

i-i  1,771 

0,000 

H:ir> 

115 

O'.'O 

»7 

;t,OH() 

i-lft 

riiio 

«ft 

no 

ir. 

l.lS'.'.dSH 

'."J5,0(I5 

n;i,hio 

l'.',OI5 

7:ir. 

0(t 

r>r.,riio 

7,7:10 

'.',:•  10. (100 

:io  1,205 

10, KM) 

2,2HO 

;iir>,i(io 

50,1(10 

,      '.'.MO 

115 

0,105 

055 

010 

115 

l,:t7o 

170 

L'dO 

;io 

001,  jHO 

1(11, ;to5 

0(IN,0|0 

7l,;i50 

'J,  100 

1.50 

l,:>;7i,r.ii 

100, 200 

M,l:.'0 

10,800 

1,007, :(;.':< 

'.'i;t,77:i 

Nr,»,oir» 

J. 5:1,0:15 

1,170 

00 

4,170,071 

7^.\075 

o,);.^) 

7()« 

oiH,7'i;t 

117,  in? 

o;t.7M 

i'l,7HM 

ij.:i:«» 

2H7 

HO  1,000 

i:V7.775 

•J2,-)H« 

:t,of»«> 

]0'.),7.-|H 

'iH,  vm 

•.Ti.^ll 

2.500 

i!0,:!or, 

»  !()« 

OtM) 

"10 

It.tMKI 

.;25 

1,100 

^.^,:^ 

10,:!M»' 

S?,000 

;t, 00,^1 

:t70 

C.lOH,H'.':i 

{t22,50;i 

170 

52 

4I,|NH 

•t.HO.^i 

1  ,o:i,'» 

20.'"i 

.|.'i.N;tH 

0,115 

7H'i,7i:$ 

17(>,0:!0 

.".,M70 

50,^1 

to 

.'» 

1;t'.!,r)0H 

B2,OIO 

;.MH.'i 

111) 

2,:rj7  'ioi 

n2:!,7i:i 

27,10$ 

5, 175 

5.101 

0H5 

60,1  HO 

^,M00 

:t(» 

4 

10.,'VOO 

7H() 

4,1H0,.||H 

4H0,072 

1«(,124 

i.'^,07,5 

lt»;?.w 

l»aii5 

21-1 


HANI)-|!()()K    OK    NOK'lli    CAROLINA. 


ii 


cj  .teres, 

naiiiiisoii       .. 

Slanlv '' 

SInk.is «  J-; 

swaiii *•'•• 

TrmiHvlviuiiii '"j 

Uiiioii '" 

Vaiici'...       .           " .  „ J 

Wak..  ..    .         •'!!' 

Wiirivn  .    ...    ■ [•'•^1^ 

^^/"""K" ":::::::::::::::: ^' :;:; 

"ii.viit' .,,7; 

\Vils.,n  .         •>'■• 

Nadkiii. ••••  ,^^'^ 

Va.i.Tv '•<•<»■» 

• '<Uh 

RICE. 
Til 


PoiniiiH. 

Value. 

7.(i:.r) 

1.0(0 

(l.'.HMl 

KI'J 

:!.ll!t.'jS!t 

l'>"J.(l(i;{ 

l.C'll.O'J.-) 

IS7.77". 

■17. "ii;; 

r,Mr>7 

li.:i<i!) 

mo 

l-jo 

•j(» 

l.)»T!t.()7(l 

:!'J!».7i;) 

■I7!».r.sr, 

n:>.  1 7."> 

H((i,|.-.0 

Jo:i.'v';t(» 

•i.rwo 

(SO") 

]|'j.()i(> 

ir..:,r(» 

1^.;!'.'^^ 

l.'.Mo 

l»;iL^!)(;(; 

•l(».7!t'J 

.•{7:i.(>rL' 

■iN.oor, 

i:i!t,i(;i 

1(;,7:!.5 

n-,of  pc^sibly  iulorior  .luality.  n.nv  nut  ho  liU  i,  >v  r  i  e  ^  <o 
intrcKluco,!  into  ,H.rti.u.s  of  it  uluMvtl.o  sturos.s  of  s  ou  (,  lu  It 
';;^^;-  'M>l>oar  d.unon..al,  and  not  only  f^roatly  onlar^n>  (ho  s  ,v  hZ^  J 
M^onjuu.,  but  make  valuable  addition  ,0  tb.  s.d^ods  of    ^.n  "S 


Tl 


ior(>  ai'o  two 


Icadi 


thoirnatuiv,  and  whose  habits  of  Mi'owth  and  <i(nn((i   i,v 

bv  tJK 


3 


I'alnv. 

'J(» 

Jo:j.2;i<) 

(tor. 

ir...vr() 

l.iMO 
•l(».7!t'2 

■iN.oor. 
l(i,;:t.j 


lie  clilcf 
'ai'oliiiM, 
intrinsic 
locality, 
|)r()(luct 
ilc  tii(',s(« 
lit)  well 
iolics  of 

0  StiiUi, 
!  luifrlit 
liumau 
niercial 

iumI  1)v 
^nilattsi 
/iii<j^  ill 
>ut  tlio 
us  to  1)0 

CO  is  a 
'tics,  or 
>tation, 
'  plant 
igos  of 
to  con- 
[slaiuis* 
>  coast 
Inc;ivt) 
on  tlio 
s  from 

1  ills  of 
'hinst, 

idenco 
se  ter- 


A(ii{i(M'i/rri{Ar,  rwonicTs  ok  Noinn  caijomka. 


21  r> 


rible  fmnines,  the  .story  of  which  so  f!T(|iUMitly  liorrifios  those  families  of 
miinkind  to  whom  sole  reliance  upon  u  single  crop  is  almost  ineon- 
eeivahle.  P)ut  the  truth  is  that  rice  conslilules  the  chief  sustenance  of 
more  than  hall'tlu!  human  lamily.  That  it  has  done  so,  and  l)y  almo-<t 
the  s)l(>  virtues  of  its  powers  of  nuti'ition,  has  swidlcd  the  population 
of  lh(!  peopleH  dependent  Upon  it  t,o  such  incredilde  eumhers,  is  con- 
vincing tesiimony  to  its  ellicii  nl  adaptation  to  its  uses.  With  the 
increase  of  population  in  other  parts  of  the  world,  and  the  constant 
jiressure  upon  the  sources  of  fond  supply,  those  peopht  whos(>  wants 
must  he  supplie(l  with  that  whirh  is  at  once;  cli(>ap  and  nutritions 
wmild  he  wise  t^  adopt  more  generally  and  more  contidently  the  grain 
which  elsewheri^  has  so  signally  manifesled  its  capacity  not  only  to 
sustain  [ opulatien,  hut  maintain  and  perpetuate  it  in  vigor  and  health- 
ful iie-s. 

As  a  people  the  Americans  have  n-  ',  taken  very  kindly  to  rice.  It 
has  heen,  with  many,  (h'Spi«e<l  as  an  eHeminale  diet,  lit  only  for  lh« 
invalid  or  feehle  infancy,  or  if  admitted  to  the  tahle,  to  cotne  dis(»uised 
as  a  dessert  or  eoidV'ction.  Tlu!  Noi'theru  and  the  Western  |)(M)pl(!  inva- 
riaidy  prepare  it  with  sugar,  as  if  it  witc  unahle  to  perform  the  rohust 
function  of  a.  hreadstulf  or  a  vegetahle,  treat,(Hl  as  the  manipulated 
])roduct  of  sago,  tapioci  or  ai'rowroot.  The  Soulhei'U  people,  with  hot- 
ter knowledge  heeause  with  larger  expcMience  of  its  virtues,  consider 
it  a^  indispensahh'  upon  tlxMr  tai)l(>-!,  either  plainly  hoiled,  or  entering 
into  the  composilion  of  lircad.  waiiles  and  johnny-(Jouniey)-cakes,  and 
more  rarely,  of  puddings.  'IMiis  is  more  (specially  the  case  in  the 
(Southern  Atlantic;  States.  Its  usi\s  are  heginning  to  find  more  favor  in 
the  interior.  The  gre.it  variety  of  other  hreadstud's  in  the  Tnited 
States,  and  the  relative  smallne.ss  of  the;  population,  has  made  the  cul- 
tivation of  new  tastes  unneees-ai'y.  l)Ut  now  the  rapid  increa.se  of 
luimhers  and  the  vast  proportion  of  non-producers  gives  warning  that 
the  tiuK!  has  come  to  add  all  resources  attainahle  for  the  procurement 
of  a  full  supply  of  breadstnlfs.  An  ample  resource  may  ho  found  in 
ri(!e,  if  varieties  are  cultivatcHl  in  areas  of  country  not  dej)en(lent  upon 
tlH>  wet  system  of  culture. 

The  first  rice  introduced  into  the  American  Tolonies  was  in  the  latter 
part  of  the  seventeenth  century.  From  the  few  grains  planted  in  the 
garden  of  Landgrave  Smith,  in  Charleston,  came  the  stock  upon  which 
\vas  founded  the  subsetpient  great  rice  industry  of  Sinitli  Carolina, 
^diich  has  always  bcu'ii  the  centre  of  the  rice-growing  region,  North 
(■arolina  and  (ienrgia.  The  variety  introduced  was  the  "  white  "  rice, 
such  as  grown  in  China  and  (iuiami  at  the  present  day,  but  long  since 
su|)er.seded  by  the  "golden  seed,"  introiluced  just  prior  to  the  Itcvolu- 
tionary  W^ir,  and  wliieh  lias  always  (;;)mman(led  the  highest  prices  iti 
both  home  and  foreign  markets.  This  is  the  variety  that  best  thrives 
in  wat»r  culture,  and  this  system  recpiires  conditions  not  everywhere 
uttainable.  The  soil  must  be  rich,  the  ground  must  be  low,  it  must  be 
at  will  under  control  of  overflow,  and  it  must  eipially  Ix;  subjected  to 
prompt  and  thorough  drainage.  The  overfl  iw  must  be  that  of  fresh 
water,  and  the  drainage  must  be  cHitralled  by  the  operfitiou  i>f  the 


m 


h 


I 


216 


HAND-noOK    OF    Nr»H  !  H   <"A HOI.I NA, 


• 

tides.  These  combinations  can  only  exist  near  the  mouths  of  fresh- 
water streams,  and  as  the  Cape  Fear  river  is  the  only  strt-am  hcarinji; 
down  a  body  (A'  fresh  water  diifctly  to  the  sea,  and  the  (»nly  one  mate- 
rially atlected  by  the  rise  and  fall  of  the  tides,  so  the  marshy  lands 
along  its  lower  course  olfered  the  only  location  in  North  Carolina  that 
could  be  successfully  adopted.  And  thus  it  happ(>us  that  this  section 
of  this  State  is  the  centre  of  the  tide-water  rice  culture  and  the  home 
of  the  rice  planters,  once,  more  than  now,  deriving;  consideration  and 
wealth  from  the  monopoly  of  the  cultivation  of  a  single  stai)le,  valua- 
ble and  always  sure  of  a  market.  It  may  be  maintainc*!  in  connecUou 
with  the  golden  .seed  of  the  ( 'ape  Fear  that  its  superiority  over  all  other 
American  rice  has  been  ,so  freely  admitted  elsewhere,  that  for  genera- 
tions it  has  been  used  as  the  seed  rice  of  South  ('arolina  and  (loorgia, 
some  of  the  Cape  Fear  planters  raising  their  crops  with  sole  reference 
to  this  object.  This  is  due  both  to  the  intrinsic  excellence  of  the  grain 
and  to  its  freedom  from  filth  and  admixture  witb  inferior  qualities, 
results  of  careless  culture. 

While  the  golden  seed  was  accepted  as  the  variety  best  adapted  to 
tbe  tide-water  culture,  the  white  seed  was  not  without  its  friends,  and 
found  ready  and  wide  apjtlication  in  dam[)  lands  in  the  interior,  most 
often  to  be  seen  along  the  margins  of  small  streams  and  swamps  where 
moisture  could  be  obtained  and  yet  the  necessity  of  Hooding  avoided. 
Indeed,  e.\|>erien..o  has  demonstrated  that  it  can  be  grown  on  the  same 
soil  with  corn  and  other  grains,  and  may  be  seen  in  the  eastern  coun- 
ties side  by  side  with  dry-land  crops.  A  writer  in  Tin-  Bnlldin  of  the 
l^orth  Carolina  Department  of  Agriculture  for  A[)ril,  lSi»2,  says: 

"liice  may  be  grown,  but  will  not  fruit  well,  on  very  light  soils.  It 
preters  moist  loams  and  the  lighter  clays.  The  soils  along  our  rivers, 
creeks  and  branches,  mud  bottoms,  marsh  lands  when  drained  and  not 
too  much  inclined  to  peat,  and  second  lowland-!,  if  not  too  still",  are 
well  adapted  to  it.  It  can  be  grown,  and,  sometimes,  with  favorable 
sea.sons,  very  successfully,  on  high,  dry  uplands  of  good  quality,  but 
its  culture  there  is  hardly  to  be  recommended.  There  are  many  pond 
places  on  uplands  that  will  not  bring  corn,  but  will  bring  very  good 
rice  and  abundantly,  to.>,  particularly  if  cowpened  rr  if  cow-pea 
manure  is  used." 

This  proves  the  wide  range  to  wbich  the  culture  of  the  upland  rice 
may  be  expanded,  not  only  in  the  eastern  section  of  thf  State,  but  the 
extremest  western  borders  of  the  IMedmont  country,  if  not  int  the 
momitains;  for  if  the  necessary  inquiries  were  made,  without  question 
varieties  might  be  discovered  in  the  islands  of  iiie  Pacific  and  Indian 
Oceans  anu  the  continent  of  Asia  which  would  tlourish  in  the  soils  and 
localities  in  this  State.  It  is  not  oi)en  to  conjecture  to  predict  the  suc- 
cess of  upland  rice  in  all  the  middle  and  most  of  the  upper  counties  of 
the  State,  as  illustrated  V)y  tlu;  fnct  that  the  census  of  l.s.SO  showed  that 
in  1<S79  the  counties  of  Lincoln,  Cleveland  and  Gaston,  Caldwell,  Burke 
and  McDowell,  far  western,  though  cisniontane  counties,  produced 
9,176  pounds:  and  the  sea-bound  and  long-leaf  pine  region,  omitting 
Kew  Hanover  and  Brunswick  Counties  which  produced  the  tide-water 


t 


1 


|:i    I 


)utlis  of  fresh- 
tri'iini  hearing 
»nly  one  inate- 
iniirsliy  lands 

Curolina  that 
iit  this  section 
[ind  the  homo 
^deration  and 

staple,  valua- 

in  connection 
•  over  all  other 
lat  for  genera- 
i  and  (leorgia, 

sole  reference 
ce  of  the  grain 
3rior  qnalities, 

Rst  adapted  to 
ts  friends,  and 

interior,  most 
swamps  where 
)diiig  avoided. 
iMi  on  the  same 

eastern  conn- 
UiiUetln  of.  the 
i»2,  says: 
light  soils.  It 
)ng  onr  rivers, 
rained  and  not 
)t  too  still",  are 
with  favorahle 
)d  qnality,  but 
ire  many  pond 
ring  very  good 
rr  if  cow-pen 

ho  upland  rice 
^  State,  but  the 
if  not  int  the 
ithout  (pivstion 
itic  and  Indian 
in  the  soils  and 
)redict  the  sue- 
iper  counties  of 
80  showed  that 
Caldwell,  Burke 
ities,  produced 
pgion,  omitting 
1  the  tide-water 


1 


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PhoiDgraphic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STPEET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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AQItlCrtTUlUL   PRODUCTS  OP  NORTH  CAROLLVA.  217 

backtotheUnWes    omVhichttwhiteirrZ''  '°"""  ""^  8°'"§ 


COTTON. 

of  the  State.     The  fact     at  tie  dff?ere"u  par    of  Se°S   T'  °'""'''"?f 
to  apply  themselves  to  the  profitab  e  c  t «  not  nP  „f  .^^^^^  were  unable 

|:eSn'XtTs:V:S:  •;,?  i^Vori^r '  Y:r;^"t;5^ 

cattle  rfising  late!air„g"4fngTaifwi   i  "aif  of\S' cSt'^M'  " 
surplus  she  aided  in  supf>lvhig  the  necessi  «  of  otL  s  ,,,d  i^  "'' 

grownig  State,  in  whicl!  ,,ln,ost  alone  si  eencountoeTih^  IP"" 

of  two  of  her  cotton  growing  sisters,  her  0^1^  ion  to  M  IE  ! 

tu"  °otTh''e"!^;jr  ^'"•"■'■^  'f"'''^'  g-at;Tia;ivd°"b lu  :  tie "nl 
ture  of  the  plant  was  spread  over  a  wide  extent  of  her  counties  with 


Ji 


218 


lUMJ-BOOK  OF  XORTH  CAROMKA. 


::ii'^c:^u;^:./l™?iS^       *»--  ^^^-ted  to  other  ^op; 

made  possible  the  r    hi  r  roo^       f     ^^'''^jeajoH  and  Arkwright,  which 

M'hich  made  also  possible  hdl    unnhos  of  tholf)        "''i^    '°'^"''  ^i", 
the  loom.    No  State  could  be  a  cSon  Stafo  w  !    ?]     "  .T°°^  prepared  Ibr 
tivated  in  liltle  patches  and  when  th^lnV       *^^':  "/*^3«"  P''^'^^  was  cul- 
ble  fingers  of  the  fe    'L  of  f bl  f^n  n       ^  ^ '"'','  P'"*^^^  ^"^  ^^  ^he  nini-  ' 
the^'Iit^.t-woodkno    'hrfw^^^^^ 

over.    'And  until  Illeiw'en'rsLT^^^^^^^  1  ''''  ^^'•'"  ^^'^^^ 

States  had  had  no  inipulsc  to  br in.  thJ^o  /^^A^^  ^^''  ^■"**"» 

there  was  then  no  known  cron  tin?  won  d^^^^^^^^  '  wilderness,  because 
the  costs,  tbe  toils  and  he  ner  J  If  --  ^o'^^P^nfate  by  ,(s  profits  lor 
into  tbe  -bse,uenti;t.  uiir^^^.::^^^^;;^^^  1>-^|-  forests 

e^.  .ost  potent  .cto^^K^  .!^  ^  ^It 'Sl^^^^^^- 

se^sln:!;:;^!;^!.  t  .^:i;:^:s  ^^^^",^^^^1  -^^  -^• 

ney.     The  spinning  machine  ^^^1^^^^         Arkwnght,  and  of  Whit- 

round.;  in  1803,  ten  .vea.,/l„te,,  the  "h^   ,  c     ^ed  [  'fl  ISo"'""" 

1  here  was  no  systcmalio  attempt  at  crop  reporting  uiililli;-.      l 
the  c-op  of  the  previous  year  was  first  ascGrt.,in»ThS  h  ,?   J  "'''<■" 

in  tlie  main,  pursued  •  conseonentfv  f  i!,™  ;  ^    '"  ">«'h''<is  now, 

what  was  dJue  previo'urto  t1  it     me  '  A  =  »"°  "'""'"/  '^'""•^'-^dge  of 
stated  that  the  'cotton-pre's"  td  n^'ion  e  i  .tris^Ldlhat'^'^i^ 

le,.gth  was  abiut  twelve  feet  Pastil™    w  d  u      anS  Trord'^'r 

haudted.    The  retur'^s  made       ISffi  t 'tire  o^f^ST^'^'ri',''^ 
North  Carolina  had  been  doing  somet hino--*  «?i(?M  ^  *'"'"''"'  """ 
w  th  134,r)18  for  South  (MroHn,  f„,.  .i!!    '^    ^' '"""  ""'"''  "^  compared 


ACJRICULTURAI.,    J'RODUCTS   OF    NORTH    CAKOLINA. 


219 


many  years,  with  commendable  strength  of  voice,  though  it  must  be 
admitted  with  steadily  diminishing  volume.  Thus  in  182(5-7  112,811 
bales  were  exported  fiom  that  port.  In  18.30  the  exports  had  fallen  to 
36,540,  and  in  1840-7  as  low  as  0,001  bales.  This  was  not  because  of 
the  decrease  of  production  in  North  Carolina,  but  because  new  avenues 
of  transportation  had  been  provided.  The  construction  of  certain  rail- 
roads had  borne  to  Charleston  much  of  what  had  been  formerly  taken 
to  Wilmington,  and  other  roads  had  created  over-land  transportation 
by  which  much  of  North  Carolina  cotton  was  taken  direct  to  Northern 
ports  or  I  hose  f»f  Virginia.  The  shipments  from  \\'ilmington  were  made 
in  small  coasting  .sailing  vessels,  and  there  was  no  foreign  export  what- 
ever. In  later  years  tlie  extension  of  railroads  as  comj)etitors  with  the 
cotton  bearing  lines,  the  erection  of  cotton  compresses,  the  dcei)ening 
of  the  water  on  the  bar,  and  the  marked  increase  of  the  depth  of  water, 
permitting  the  admission  of  large  steamships  to  the  wharves  of  the  city, 
has  not  only  restored  its  business,  but  increased  it.  The  receipts  for 
the  season  of  1890-1  were  187,000  bales,  three-fourths  of  which  were 
shipped  to  Europe  in  steamships,  and  for  the  season  of  1891-2,  the 
receipts  have  reached  100,000  bales. 

The  quality  of  the  North  Carolina  cotton  is  as  good  as  that  of  any  of 
the  cotton  States  where  upland  cotton  is  produced — in  some  counties, 
better.  The  crop  of  Orange  County  has  never  been  a  large  one,  even 
before  the  detachment  from  it  of  Durham  County,  rarely  exceeding 
3,000  bales  annually.  Yet  its  su[)eriority,  which  is  still  maintained, 
was  recognized  three-quarters  of  a  century  ago:  and  it  brought  in  the 
market  half  a  cent  more  in  the  pound  than  corresponding  grades  from 
elsewhere.  Tiie  same  superiority  was  recognized  in  the  county  of 
Anson,  where  the  crop  has  long  been  a  relatively  large  one— from 
10,000  to  15,000  annuaby;  and  "Anson  creams"  are  still  in  large 
•demand  in  the  Liverpool  market  at  advanced  i)rices.  It  is  another 
feature  in  the  North  Carolina  cotton  culture  that  less  acreage  is  occu- 
pied in  this  State  to  the  production  of  a  bale  of  cotton  than  in  the  appa- 
rently more  favored  States  south  of  it.  In  1880-90,  the  yield  was  0.44 
of  a  bale  to  the  acre,  or  2.29  acres  to  the  bale;  in  South  Carolina,  the 
same  season,  it  was  0  38  of  a  bale  to  the  acre,  or  2.00  acres  to  the  bale. 

It  is  interesting  to  know  how  large  a  number  of  the  counties  in  the 
State  engage  in  the  cotton  culture,  some  of  them,  it  is  true,  on  a  very 
diminutive  scale.  There  are  ninety-six  counties  in  the  State;  of  these 
all  except  the  four  mountain  counties,  Cherokee,  Jackson,  Madison  and 
Mitchell,  the  middle  counties  of  Person,  Rockingham  and  Surry,  and 
the  coast  county  of  Dare,  are  cotton  producers,  some  on  a  very  small 
scale,  from  one  to  five  bales.  The  largest  producer  in  the  crop  of  1889, 
as  set  forth  in  the  Census  Report  for  1890,  was  Mecklenburg  with  a  crop 
of  22,709  hales,  followed  by  Wake  with  li),392.  The  smallest  crop  was 
produced  in  Forsyth,  Stokes  and  Watauga,  each  with  one  bale,  and 
Caswell  w'ith  two.  The  transmontane  counties,  usually  regardtd 
beyond  the  {nile  of  the  cotton  belt,  jjroduced,  Buncombe,  five  bales; 
Haywood,  eight;  Henderson,  nineteen  ;  Yancey,  five.  Clay,  Graham, 
Macon  and  'i'r.msylvania  are  omitted  in  the  tabulation.  Their  produc- 
tion, if  anv,  was  small. 


220 


Kand-jjook:  or  xohtii 


<'AR()f,lNA. 


lii; 
lit:! 


i; 


■I  «ffl 

'I 


Ji 


THE  CROP  OF  )689. 


Counties, 
vMiiiiiiinci'.,,, 
Alt'xaniltT  ... 

Ansdii , 

Hi'auJ'oit .. 
Bvvtw 

niadcM...;"..; 

HniiiKwick  ... 
UiincoinlK.  ... 

Burk  ' 

OahiuniH 

caMvv..ii ..;;;, 

CiiiiKlt^n 

Oart<>n>t 

Caswoll " 

C  "atawha 

Cliatliaiii. 

('howan 

CKncIaiid 

( '01111111)118 

( 'ra\-('n 
<'nmi)t'rlaiul!!l 

('lurituck 

Davidson 

Davie ^ 

Duplin //_[ 

Durham  .....[ 

Ki1j;('C011iIhi 

Forsyth  

Fraiikliii ....... 

(fastoii 

(jatt's ;;"/ 

Graiiviik" '" 

(Jret'iu'.. 

auilfoid 

Halifax 

Hanu'tt [ 

Haywood 

Ht'iidcrson 

Hertford  _ 

Hvde..       

Iredell j;" 

Jolinston ".. 

Jones " 

rA>noir 

Lincoln  .. 

Me  Dowel  1.....;' 

Martin 

Meeklenhuifi; 

Montf^oinery ] 

Moore . . 

Nash " 


Acrcn, 


..:.:::  ....,..,.     «i4 

: "' —    t.07t 

11 4';,48t 

, ■■"' «• l.'i.HsT 

v'l.r,(;i 

* 1.2\>2 

1,041» 

12 

(\2 

• ••           l(i() 

4.15-, 

2.(I(M) 

1 

.."   »,H7 

18.518 

(i.JSJ 

2H,2:m 

--        7.(i56 

n,05)> 

17.24!{ 

I.IS.J 

a.:J7l 

- ^>.()(lt 

lO.^'NO 

" 4,()5» 

5i},46a 

1 

...'"J.^           ;i3.757 

I8.();w 

8.601 

2.808 

22,188 

428 

45.5($: 

........;;;;; 15.  mm 

;t  1 

2fi 

- 15.05i> 

1,461 

17.849 

45.101 

12.462 

28.770 

;;; - 11.844 

""           ------.-  -._.__. ^                          i)») 

.!!;; 20.275 

- fil,808 

7,311 

11.584 

- 31.402 

210 
26H 
T0.822 
5.05(1 
5.513 
2.28t 
883 
"i 
2S 
7.102 
88 
1,240 
6!I0 
2 

2.412 
5.062 
2,868 
10.215    ' 
2,840 
2.611) 
5,248 
877 
756 
415 
2.818 
1.00!> 
i  8.488 
1 
8.443 
«,620 
2.216 
982 
7.388 
185 
8.485 
4,826 
8. 
19 
5,185 
869 
4,868 
18.964 
2.968 
5,986 
8,584 
6 
5,048 
22,709 
1,467 
2,998 
8„571 


A4i[{I("UF,TrJl.\T.    I'COKI'cTs   or   NoitTIi;  <'AHC)M.VA. 


221 


10  t'i'op  of 
1<'^,  on  ;iu 

3  weiitlier 


liaTen, 

21(1 
368 

.'»,(),')« 

n.-'iia 
a.3«i 

5 

2>< 

7,I(»v» 

88 

1.240 

(ilX) 

3 

2.413 

5,003 

3,308 

lo.sin 

3,340 
3.011) 

.5,348 

nn 
4i,-» 

3.HI3 

1,0()!» 

i;^,4H;{ 

1 

8.443 
0,030 
3.310 

»H3 

7.388 

i:r> 

8.48.') 

4,330 

«. 

1» 

300 

4.H03 
13.!)04 

3,908 

r),»30 

3,. '384 
0 

-'5.048 
33,709 

1.407 

3,!H)8 

8,071 


t'liKiilii'n,  '  •'  Acres,  JUtlefi. 

Ni'vv  llaiiuv.'r ,....„.,, .....,.••.•.....  01  22 

Nortiiimipton  ,....,-,..,«...,.,-,,.. ..,.,.,..  33.71(3  O.-IW? 

OiihIow  ..,^... , , , 0.137  1.730 

((niriK«< , , 3.72»  1.(134 

I'limliro , , ,,....,-.-  •■».733  1,(^)4 

ras(iii(>tiink , 4.31(0  i.l.'iO 

I'..ii(l.T ,...,..,.  3,((30  507 

l'cn|iiimaiiH..... ...^.. 7.ri01(  3.330 

i'itt ,... ,.  3)(.:!(1»  13.4H3 

I'oik..      ,.  3.013  .'>07 

Waiidolpli 3.101  038 

Riclitnoii.l -. 44,3!(H  17.043 

HoIh'soii 4.'), 303  i(;,:i04 

|{(.\vari l(i.33H  3.0HH 

Hiitlu'ifonl - il,H04  3.0H8 

Sa 111 |>s( .n 10.133  .'■..31(0 

Stanly 11.300  3,457 

Sill  TV 2  I 

Tynvll 3.700  AM 

ifnion 3t;,H3H  H.>J80 

Vaiic« 0.7H7  1,331 

Wake  .•.0.003  10.383 

Wjiit.'II          10,003  3,310 

VVasliinnton 0.018  1.811 

WalaiiKU 5  1 

Wavii.- 35.0.'-.l  13.304 

Wil'kcs _.. ,  31  10 

Wilson.., ,. 33.3Hr,  11.130 

Vadkin , '22  5 

Tctat , i.M7.3(tO        330,349 

.TuolvHon  County  is  elsewliero  unolliciiilly  crcdiled  with  tlio  product 
of  tlirco  hiilos  of  cotton  on  four  acres  of  ^I'oniid.  Part  of  its  territory 
is  soutti  of  the  mountains,  and  part  of  it  is  as  well  adapted  to  cotton 
OS  tiie  adjacent  lands  of  South  Carolina, 

PEANUTS. 

■Mankind  is  inliucncod  very  often  by  very  trivial  causes,  and  lunnau 
alVairs  shapotl  or  niodiliiMl  by  v(;ry  insijjjnilicant  agencies.  It  is  not 
always  the  iin[)ortant  that  has  dee[)est  impression  or  control.  With  the 
gravest  concerns  is  intermingled  the  \var[)  of  the  most  insignificant 
material,  as  well  sustains  the  axiom  that  it  is  but  a  step  from  the  sub- 
lime to  the  ridiculous,  from  the  grave  to  the  gay,  from  tragedy  to  side- 
splitting comedy.  'Die  part  jdayed  by  the  [)oainit  in  statesmanship, 
and  in  the  many  phases  of  the  drama,  is  undeniable  in  its  importance, 
}et  ludicrous  in  its  application.  'S'et  tlie  all'airs  of  the  nation,  or  of 
States,  would  lose  half  their  intensity  of  interest  if  the  fervors  of 
thouglit  and  the  tires  of  eloquence  were  nc^  fed  by  the  constant  crack- 
ling of  })eanut  shells  and  the  steady  mastication  of  the  liberated  nut; 
and  in  the  histrionic  world  tragedy  would  lose  half  its  [»oignuncy,  and 
comedy  half  its  zest,  but  for  the  constant  accompaniment  of  the  same 
providential  stimulus.  The  ])eanut  is  now  acc(^pted  as  the  national 
nut,  indispensable  to  the  working  of  the  legislative  brain,  equally  so 
as  proper  elaborator  of  theatrical  humor  and  appreciation. 

North  Carolina  had  the  honor  of  directly  introducing  this  priceless 


,■!! 


222 


n  V  vi.  HOMK   OK   Noirrii 


A  ItOI.IN   \ 


m 


boon  diroctty  in  connection  with  the  introrJuction   .r  ,1.     Kf 

very   ar  .VMnovcl  from  estimation  as  a  boo".         to  ;\.  ""' '''''*^' 

of  the  slavu  trade  helore  fl.o  ^   ?«  .    r      f^  wi  h  lum  in  tlio  earlier  day.^ 

tl.o  horrors  of  ^e^^'^:^:^\C':^l'^^^^^^^^ 
tran.^r.ortHd  a^a  nassoiifrp,.  urifi.  Vi  ','■ /^^  '     *^''^'"  ^''«  «''ivo  vva« 

was  cirivoM   undc  :     a  X;  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^  before  ho 

bn.igin^,'  with  hi.n  a.uomrl    •       ,    .h  i       I'r"',"-'''i  ""^  "  contraband; 

both  of  the  North  ami  South  S  .t  « •  ]      »     .  ^''^  <  nrolnia  coast; 

Hance  with  which  ti^Vl  ^ht  m  U  Sr^^  ui''  ^''7"'  ";'"'  *''"  ^^•^^«' 
iuitive  sun  ;  and  lon^  time  an  hot  lS„  I  ''  T  v  "',"'  ""<'^'''  tbeif 
these  plants  entercllntu  thhhnly  u  e  o^  d^^^^^^^^^^^^  f''''  ^'"■''""'^'  «^^ 
many  years,  without  a<loption  1^  ^0?^,  <^  h  ,  f  ^'^  "1'.^"^'  *^"^''  ^^»' 
bus  gone  little  out.ide  of  «o  t  ('m,  ?  "^^''''''f;  ^''«  ^^no  planf 
okra  become  of  wid.MM  se  a  d  ev,:  l"'  "i^'^' ^^  ''^^  <^'*^'^'"«  ^"'^  ^''^ 
its  uses  well  nnderstoo.  n  J  U^p  u  ru".':  .f  "'••'^"'"'f^-  ^■'•^'<>'''>-^  «r 
fume,  and  becoming  conspiciU  i  k  /ish  i^  \V  '"'''''l'-  "'*''^^""J 
of  theatres.     Perhaps  it  is  nTmLrr     '"'  •""  '"  ^'"^^  ^^"Hories 

a.o  that  it  burst  nJ^r^^vk^^^^^C^fZ  '^::;iS!Zl ''  ^^"^^"T 
to  conquer.  *^"'  ^"""  conquering  and 

Arac/m  In/pof/ceo,  the  botanical  title,  has  mqnv  ln,.ol  , 
pea.  ground  nut,  peanut,  .)indar  -oX     bn^    «  "/^"K'S.  ground 

coined  by  any  one  of  the  e  ir  es  ■''fm  m,  1  ,  '^''^'^^'"^ed  and  wol. 
is  no  concealment  of  i  s  Ur  ts  T  ^e  ?  '"'''"'''  ^'^^^"'^'^^  ^'^^^o 
purposes  of  export  was  0  th^oa  to  M  <f^  "'"''^  <-uItivation  for 
«outhCaroli.uiIinea   dZaufbrt^-^l  tbe 

upon  tluMmmediate  CO  si;' On.  ;,;'!,  ^^ 

the  soil  has  a  large  natura  ac  m  x  .  .  n  "  '  '?'''  ^'''  '^i"''^'  ^^'»'"  ^^ 
continues  to  be  i^  this  S.at '  it  hn^^  ^^  IT^,  l);;;;,;!" ^1"^  "^^'^'^ 
yield  IS  about  t  1  rtv  bushels  h.  tho  m.„.  ',  ^^  ^^PPO-  i  lie  average 
from  ]25,0()0  to  J^(.^00  tt^  ^  t  ^^v  Im"  ^'i''!^^ 
bushel;  for  increasing  produc  ion  esewbL'  ''''/'',';  •-"'  ^'"  ^^'^^■^'  ^''^ 
lowering  values.  At  o,  e  (i  e  \oHl  r  ,^  ^T  '"/  "^'^  "'^^'^^^  ^^'^'^^^'t  ^^ 
of  the  domestic  sup,  ly    It.,  no  '?•''''  '"^''^^^-t  the  monopoly 

tangle  of  roots  and  vines  vv  lic h  01  e  i  n t  ^'•'''^'  ^''"  \'-''^'  *'«"^  *'^^ 
enlargement  of  the  crop  ■  b  1 1  It  t  ^?r  o  ^^  '''"'"■•  ""^^^'^'"'^^"ts  to  the 
tion  of  the  crop  for  ma-ket.  "°''  '-"■'^^'  '''  ^''^^  l"'^U'ara- 

Apart  from  its  value  as  an  cdil,],.  nut  tli(>  .,n.,nnf  j        1  •  7 
an  oil  producer.     A.  an  ibmuinator  ilia     j.^,:'^    ,^^"  ,^^  '  ^^''V^ 
It  proves  an  excel  ent  .subititu'e  for  m.„.i,;.  ,  lubruator 

tendencv  to  gum,  and  as  ^t  iblo  nil   i  ''  ^l^'^'^^'^ff  very  little 

oil  tlmt^thouindsS  ganJ  s  'nj^nn^  ^^,7  ^'^^'«  ""-■'«>•  ^o  olive 
made  a  return  vovac^e  to  tie  1  L>  S  !  /  b^ve  gone  lo  Italy  and 
and  coiH.ois.eursLlhe  '  iglt  F  In  e  '  Tu!  ^'f'T'-^  1^3' epicures 
est  value  for  s(ock,  and  the ?,i::iit  ts'sc^-ma  v  me'  itfth't  1i  ""  h^'' 
demands  much  wider  extension.  '"tJiiis  tiiat  its  culture 


T!IB  PUKI4    i.NIi    IIAIUHJUSOPKOUTII    t.AliOi.lN A. 


22.1 


THE    PORTS  AND   HARBORS  OF  NORTH 

CAROLINA, 

A'oiijf  ihc  coast  of  ihid  State,  oxtondiiij;  troiii  Hack  l>;iy,  vvillim  the 
Virginia  boundary,  nearly  to  the  South  Carolina  line,  is  a  ivories  of 
iinn'ow  barriers  of  land,  interspersfd  with  niai,siiy,  rush-covered  Hats, 
which  S(em  to  have  been  purposely  interposed  by  nature  between  t\\v, 
Uiniultuous  outside  ocean  and  the  placid  ex])anses  of  water  lyinj^ 
tvitiiin;  inliind  seas,  with  all  the  repo.se  and  safety  of  interior  lakes,  yet 
with  some  of  the  features  of  tlu*  outside  coast  lines,  inasmuch  ns  the 
eye  sweeps  sometimes  over  a  boundle-s  stretch  of  waters,  enlivened 
with  all  tiie  animation  of  the  itniritime  landscape,  tiie  full-spread  sails 
of  the  merchantman,  the  white  wings  of  the  tishing  crafi,  or  the  trail- 
ing smoke  of  the  swift  Hying  steanier,  until  it  rests  far  away  upon  the 
sandy  beach  and  the  tiiiii  fringe  of  shrubbery  that  forms  the  back- 
ground. These  inland  waters,  the  Sounds,  as  they  are  known,  are  in 
themselves  .so  smooth  as  to  constitute  safe  harbors  from  th(!  pcMils  of  the 
ocean,  deep  and  navigable,  l)Ut  interrupted  by  shoals  and  bars,  which 
eH'ectually  forbid  within  them  the  existence  of  commercial  ports 
available  for  the  purposes  of  distant  commerce,  but  in  the  deep  bays 
and  estuaries  providing  ports  for  the  vesstils  engnged  in  the  coasting 
trade,  IV  class  of  shipping  at  one  time  al-so  having  a  large  West  India 
tvade, 

P>ut,  important  «.■*  these  inside  bays  and  poi-ts  are  and  always  will 
be,  their  im})oitance  must  always  be  con(rollc(l  by  the  acce.>^s  U)  them 
from  the  open  sea,  and  which  is  imperatively  dominated  by  the  location 
anil  jx'rmaneiu'V  of  the  inlets,  .'ind  the  dojith  of  water  upon  their  bars. 

In  the  history  oi  our  coast  thei'e  is  nothing  that  prtsents  itself  as  so 
unstable  and  cai)rii;i()Us  as  these  inlets,  almost  literally  here  to-day, 
there  to-morrow.  Once  there  were  iidets  into  ('urrituck  Sound,  with 
good  depth  of  water;  now  there  are  none — one  closed  in  177"),  one  in 
ji8'J8.  Oji[)osito  the  eastern  oj)ening  of  Albemaile  Sound  was  onc(»  an 
inlet;  now  occupied  by  dangerous  Kitty  Jl:iwk  an<l  thr  fatal  Killawil 
dunes.  A  little  farther  south,  op[K)site  lioanokc?  l>lantl.  was  once  the 
deep  inlet  of  Nag's  Head,  tiirough  which  tiie  t-arlicst  fjiglish  adven- 
turers made  their  entrance  and  found  a  convenient  landing-|)lace  on 
the  shores  of  the  famous  island.  That  iidet  has  long  been  closed,  and 
on  the  solid  land  which  now  tills  its  channel  stands  th(>  hotel  which 
forms  the  noted  summer  resort  of  "Nag's  Head."  Opposite  the  lower 
end  of  Roanokc!  island  o[)ens  Oregon  Inlet,  which  for  many  years  has 
provided  safe  iMitrance  foi'  vessels  drawing  ten  to  twelve  feet  of  water 
into  the  waters  of  the  sound.  Thence  down  the  coast,  through  the  veiy 
thin  line  of  "banks,"  are  two  or  three  unsteady,  unsafe  entrances, 
opening  and  closing  at  the  will  of  the  outside  waters.  Passing  d  ;wn 
the  coast  opens  Matteras  Inlet,  not  far  from  the  ca[)e  of  that  name; 
and  this,  with  Currituck  Iidet,  forms  the  usual  most  reliable  access  to 
the  inland  waters  of  the  great  sounds,  Pamlico  and  Albemarle. 


I, 

l!  ! 


0.24  HAND-BOOK  OP   SOUTH    i  Allol.lSA. 

Alon,.  the*  »oul.,ls,  ,u  v,ir.ou»  |.on,t«  .l.;e|.  und  broiul  o-lunru'S  oxloiul 
l„,rk  to  the  ii.oull.-.  of  hirgo  livors,  th..  Ohowiin,  the  Itoanoke,  Iho  1  nr 
M"e  Nou  e  t  Ser  with  ^.ch  stre.um  as  the  l'us,|Uo,a„k.  wh.eh  ,n    19 
tmZI'<  t  u.  artitleial  eha„n,.l  of  the  Disnml  Kwa.nj,  (  anal,  >a«  pveD 
exininee  lo  one  of  the  u.ost  thrivii.g  of  these  .nhui.l  P»rt»-Wl'»t^«  >' 

t^^RtoroJ  t  e  souuds  are  enlivened  wiih  ileets  beannK  away  the  I mn  - 
at  the,,-  aoehorage  »■    »";'"'  'j^  '•^^    '  „'  |,„i,„r  of  vefoge  in  thne  of 

r"'      ,  J  W  the  ;  J  es  0    the  ioterior,  a„a  hecause  the  siogle  hne  ol 
l?.:!i;Sd  which  readies  H  ht  not  yet  been  able  to  ,livert  the  current  of 

t  't'thHtr ::;  'thTbai'i  ^zz!;::^  '^ :"'  >'fung  as  to 

]l"tkUh:  efpeeiatr  that  they  will  ever  add  to  the  nn.nber,  value  o, 
estlriefof  sofnds     The  clpe  Fear,  with  its  tributaries,  drams  a„  a,m 


[uaru'S  L'xli'iui 
iioko,  the  Tar. 
c,  wliifh  in  its 
mil,  lins  givoij 
•ts— Kli/abcth 
orts  of  impor- 
louK'stic  trade 
i,botli  possess- 
ho  limitations* 
)al8  within  the 
in,  and  carried 
fitably  a(hii)ted 
,  their  interior 
liatemphasizeHi 
thom,  and  the 
jway  the  limit- 
ijH;rity — cotton, 
^k  farming,  etc. 
Hogue  Sounds, 
,s  into  Boauforfc 
han  any  harbor 
hesapeakc,  and 
ig  twenty-three 
ire  lying  snugly 
ill  times,  except 
efuge  in  time  of 
)sen  as  the  basis 
ition,  when  the 
ted  here ,  when, 
re  for  udjudica- 
ith  the  war  ves- 
^•ater  within  the 
it  is  not  a  com* 
Livigable  streani 
le  single  line  of 
rt  the  current  of 

into  the  sounds 

and  New  River. 

so  shifting  as  to 

lumber,  value  or 


uthern  extremity 
i(  trennitdiini"  of 
n  the  Cape  Fea? 
,  in  fact,  between 
ito  the  ocean,  for, 
y  and  wide  bays, 
es,  drains  an  area 


li.i- 


n. 

ihs 


.'  * 


.MfA   ,     *r#a(«A**^v««>    U*fi.-a;«>(BttH*W»    i 


'■■"':*  *4 


r 


bUB-TROPlCAL   H-URA    EAbT£RN   N,  C, 


nil 


Mt--. 


TIIK    J'ORl'.S    AN'I)    IIAKI'.OK:?    UF    NOKTH    (  AltOMXA. 


22: 


of  between  G.OOU  and  S,OUO  sfjuaro  niileir'  of  territory,  and  pours  out  a 
heavy  volume  into  the  s(>a.     Jlere  might  be  expected  a  harbor  ol'  easy 
entrance  iind  ample  capacity.    Therefore  we  find  a  New  ICngland  colony 
of  adventurers  seeking  settlement  and  homes  within  its  shelter  in  IGUO, 
followed  by  a  colony  from   Harbadoes  in  l(JG2-"()3,  and  thenceforward 
continued  occupation,  founding  of  towns,  o[)ening  up  of  {dantations, 
enlargement  of  population  and  increase  of  wealth  up  to  the  present 
day.     In  early  times  the  class  of  merchant  vessels,  or  even  of  war  ves- 
sels, was  small  and  draft  light,  so  that  the  question  of  depth  of  water 
on  the  bar  and  in  the  inner  channels  never  seemed  to  have  been   jjre- 
sented.     In  all  probability  there  never  was  occasion  for  it,  for  there  was 
but  a  single  entrance— that  betv,.jen  Smith's  and  Oak  Islands,  and  that 
secured  sufficient  water  for  all  vessels  using  the  harbor.     But  in  17G1 
a  long-continued  tempest  cut  through  the  banks  between  Smith's  fsland 
and  what  was  long  afterwards  known  as  Federal  Point,  forming,  until 
recently  closed,  what  was  known  as  New  Inlet.     Tlie  waters  turifed  into 
tliis  now  channel  in  time  attained  a  depth  of  water  equal  to  that  on 
the  old  or  main  bar,  and  eventual!}'  reduced  the  depth  of  water  on 
that,  ill  183(',.  to  about  nine  feet  at  low  water,  the  New  Jnlet  bar  at  the 
same  time  showing  ten  feet,  and  beuaming  the  cliannel  through  which 
niost  of  the  coasting  trade  was  conducted.     This  reduction  in  depth 
involved  diniinutiou  in  trade,  and  Wilmington  was  seriously  menaced 
with  the  loss  of  its  most  valuable  commerce.     Tiierefore  the  State  of 
North  Carolina  began  the  work  of  relief,  continuing  it  from  1823  to 
1828,  when  the  General  (kjvernment  very  properly  assumed  tbe  duty 
and  the  cost.     The  operations  for  many  years  consisted  of  ("Iforts  to 
deepen  and  clear  tne  channel  of  the  river  for  S(mie  miles  down   by 
dredging,  but  chiefly  by  the  construction  of  jetties,  and  after  some  year 
labor  and  a  large  expenditure  of  money,  a  gain  of  two  or  more  feet  in 
defith  was  etl'ected.     The  work  was  suspender],  and  resumed  in  18.y2, 
and  directed  to  attempts  to  close  the  New  Inlet  by  closing  the  entrance 
between  Smith's  and  Zeke's  Islands,  and  fair  progress  was  made,  when, 
in  September,  1857,  a  great  storm  swe])t  away  nearly  all  that  had  been' 
accomplished,  and  cHbrts  were  abandoned  until  l8to,  when  tliev  were 
resumed  with  determined  purpose  and  with  large  appropriations."^   This 
has  been  done  until  the  breach  between  Smith's  and  Zc'kes  Islands  was 
closed,  and  eventually  ihe  How  through  New  Inlet  finally  checked.    This 
is  not  the  place  for  the  details  of  this  ira{)ortant  work,  the  present  object 
being  only  to  show  by  what  methods  the  usefulness  of  the  ('a[)e  Fear 
River,  in  its  relation  to  material  and  domestic  commerce,  has  been 
restored.     This  has  been  done  by  the  erection  of  a  solid  dam  more  than 
a  mile  in  length  and  with  a  brea<Ith  of  from  90  to  125  feet,  knit  together 
by  natural  grass  and  oyster  shells,  until  it  is  apparently  impregnable  to 
the  assaults  of  the  fiercest  tempests.     The  effect  on  the  depth  of  water 
on  the  main  bar  was  not  at  once  appreciable;  but  in  two  or  three  years, 
and  assisted  by  the  process  of  suction  dredges,  a  great  gain  has"  been' 
made,  so  that  whereas  in  1878,  when  the  shortest  soundings  in  the 
Bald  Head  Channel  were  nine  feet,  in  1882  they  were  fourteen  feet,  and 
now,  in  18!.»2,  there  is  seventeen  to  eighteen  feet  at  low  water,  wJiich, 
15 


2'ji; 


M.\M>-lt<>(iK    OK    NOKl'll    CAKOI.INA. 


with  an  a\  i'nij;c  rise  of  the  tide  of  four  uiid  ji  half  fcot,  pives  a  depth  of 
from  t\V(Mity-oiui  juid  a  half  to  twenty-two  and  a  half  feet.  Last  year 
ii  vessel  dniwinp;  twenty-one  and  a  half  feet,  eouiin^  in  and  goin^-^  out, 
went  over  easily,  in  extraordinary  H{)rinp;  tides  tliere  is  ji  depth  of 
twenty-four  fiet.  The  (lovernnient.  is  now  at,  work  with  purpose  to 
deepen  the  water  on  the  bar  to  twenty-^ix  feet,  or  thirty,  which  is 
thou,i;ht  to  he  praetieahle.  Doini;-  this,  a,  saf(>  and  deep  harbor  is  found 
inside  at  Southport  an<l  thence  up  to  Wihnin.uton,  wiih  lheji;ains  already 
made,  in  a  channel  which  alVords.  up  to  llu>  wharves,  a  deptli  of  from 
sixttH-n  to  twenty  feet. 

'riu>  imi)ortanee  of  these  improvemtaits  arc  ;'h'(>ady  i'eco<;nt/,ed 
nationally  and  in  their  relation  to  the  business  of  \\'dmiii,u;ton.  The 
customs  reeei[»ts  have  (puidrupled  ;  auu  as  vessels  ol  larju'e  tonna}j;(M'an 
now  ero.ss  tin'  bar  and  ci>me  up  to  the  city  wharv(>s  for  lrei,i;ht,  tlu^  cot- 
ton ri'ceipts  of  th(>  port  have  mounted  u|)  ajinually  to  nearly  two  hnn- 
di-ed  thousand  hales,  and  they  lind  shipment  in  a  class  of  vessels  which 
had  never  enlcreil  the  port  unlil  the  improvements  in  the  channel  were 
made— the  frei«;ht  steamship-i  ol'  from  1,'J()()  \o  l.^OD  tons  huvden. 

The  imiirovcments  which  ailcct  benelicially  both  Wilminjiton  and 
Southport  are  none  the  less  im}H)rtant  to  the  latiei'  than  to  the  fori.ier. 
Southport  has  a  <'apaeious  land-locked  harbor,  of  great  depth  and  free 
from  dangerous  shoals,  and  it  becomes  a  safe  harl)i)r  of  rehire  durini;- 
storms,  and  in  cases  of  disablement  of  vessels  at  sea,  by  storm  or  other 
accident;  and  the  benelits  already  accrued  are  auipie  compensation  for 
the  cost  of  the  various  work.  Tiie  increased  accessibility  of  the  harbor 
also  <;ives  it  great  value  as  a  coaling  station,  lying  in  the  path  of  an 
enormous  coasting  and  (iulf  trade,  and  thelirst  port  that  can  be  n.'itclu  d 
by  vessels  bound  norih  who  lind  themselves  slun't  of  supplies.  The 
coal  will  be  largely  su|)plied  by  the  North  Carolina  mines. 

Wilmington,  or' the  t^ape  Fear  Hiver  harbor,  during  the  late  war 
illustrated  .some  peculiar  features  of  value.  With  its  ease  of  access  it 
was  also  ri'adily  defensible.  One  of  its  fortilicationssucccs.«fully  repelled 
the  first  a.ssaultsof  one  of  the  largest  and  strongest  sipiadrons  and  the 
liercost  and  most  terrible  bombardments  known  in  naval  annals.  It 
did  indeed  succumb  in  the  second  and  more  formidable  attempt;  but 
not  until  after  three  or  more  years  of  elfoit  to  capture  or  to  close  tlio 
port  were  the  blockading  vessels,  which  a'one  ke|)t  the  Southern  States 
in  communication  with  the  outer  world  and  kept  Uj)  some  semblance 
of  trade,  etl'ectually  excluded.  It  is  stated  tint  the  number  of  block- 
aders,  as  they  were  called,  thos^  that  ran  the  gauntlet  and  got  in  safely 
with  their  cargops,  was.  from  May  20,  lSt);),to  J)ecember  31, 18(1-1,  about 
•2(!0:  prior  to  ^hly  20,  ISOo,  15;  and  after  December  ol,  bSlll,  10, 
nniking  a  total  of  285. 

South,  or  rather  west,  running  down  the  coast  which  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Cape  Fear  makes  a  course  at  right  angles  with  its  former  diree- 
tion,  there  are  only  two  harbors,  both  of  minor  im[)ortance — Lockwood's 
Folly  and  Shallotte— with  capacious  and  safe  anchorage  inside,  but 
with  little  more  than  live  feet  water  on  the  bar. 


OS  ii  (loj)th  of 
t.  Lust  yofir 
11(1  j^oiii^''  «)Ul, 
is  ji  (1(  |)th  of 

ll     |)'il'(i(»St'     (() 

rty,  wliicli  is 
rlior  is  I'ouiul 
n;;ii  us  ill  ready 
cptli  of  from 

V  i'('ci)f;ni/,('(l 
iiiujiou.  The 
'  toiuiajjjo  call 
M,«;lit,  tlu!  c.ot- 
irly  two  liuii- 
vessols  wliicli 
channel  wcn^ 
I  burden, 
ininpton  and 

0  the  I'on.ier. 
I'ptli  and  iVe<? 
•(>t'i]^e  durino- 
lonu  or  other 
|)ens;i(ion  for 
of  theliarbor 
le  path  of  an 
111  be  rt.'iichcd 
i[)|>bes.  Tht! 
s. 

the  late  war 
se  of  access  it 
^fully  repelled 
Irons  and  the 

1  ntnials.     It 
attempt;  but 

)r  to  close  tlio 
utherii  States 
lie  semblance 
ber  of  block- 
got  in  safely 
l,18(M,about 
;!1,  18lU,  10, 

at  the  mouth 

former  direc- 

—  Lock  wood's 

ge  inside,  but 


Tin:  I  ours  and  hahmoiis  oi'  nokim  caijoi.in a. 


227 


The  following-  is  of  interest  in  a  material  point  of  view:  "  In  ](S75  a 
charter  was  n ranted  by  our  State  Legislature  for  a  canal  from  tlie  South 
('nrolina  line  to  Virginia  with  a  view  of  avoiding  the  perils  of  tin;  out- 
side voyage  past  the  dangerous  capes  on  the  coast.  A  survey  was  made 
by  the  United  States  ( iovernment  during  the  same  year,  and"  the  scheme 
was  reported  to  bo  pra(;ticabh',  and  that  by  utiii/iiig  forty-seven  miles 
of  the  navigable  north  east  branch  of  the  Cape  Kear  liiver  and  otiier 
intorlllediat^'  streams  it  would  only  require  about  forty  miles  of  canal 
to  comieet  Wilmington  with  Pamlico  Sound  and  all  the  other  inland 
water  system  of  North  Carolina,  the  Neu.se,  Tar,  Roanoke  and  Chowan 
Rivers  and  the  Ramlico  and  Albemarle  Sounds  into  which  thcT  How. 
and  thence  by  the  Dismal  Swamj)  Canal  and  the  Chesapeake  and 
Albemarle  (^inal  with  the  waters  of  Chesapeake  Bay,  and  ultimately 
by  natural  and  artificial  water-ways  already  in  use  to  make  connection 
with  the  harbor  of  New  York  by' an  altogether  inland  route.  And  it 
was  also  ascertained  that  it  only  reciuires  four  miles  of  canal  at  Oak 
Islanil,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cape  Fear  River,  and  li\e  miles  between 
Little  iliver  and  Waccninaw  River  to  connect  the  Cape  Fear,  Wacca- 
niaw,  Pee  Dec  and  Snitee  Rivers,  thus  extending  the  inland  water 
route  to  (loorgetown,  (Miarleslon  aii<l  Savannah." 


228 


IIAND-r.OuK    Ol'    Nilinil    CAKOMNA. 


Ill 


TRUCK  FARMING. 


All  iiKlustrv  of  so  littl 


litllo  ( 

ol"  tho  Stiito,  liii>?,  williiu  ii  few   vctu 


0  coiisoqiUMuv  ill  Mk'  piisl  as  to  liavr  ivocivcd 


•  r  no  coiisiiKTiitioii   in  (iu>  vii-w  of  (lie  (Krupatioiis  ami  rasou 


ri'C'H 


k 


.        «.  j;ro\vii  (o  sncli  inn^iiitude  as  to 

nnonfr  tli(>   fon>inost  as  a  iikmu'v  ivsonrcc,  and  to  have  solved, 

lost  at  one  liapi.y  stroke,  (he  prol)loni  pn>sen(ed  to  that  important 


ran 
all) 
set  tion  of  (he  IS(a"te  contijiiions  \o  (1 


le  eoast. 


here   tlu^  soil,  (he   eondilions   of   loeality,  ami    the   habits   of  tl 
|H>ople.  eneonra«;-ed  neither  diversity  of  crops  nor  of  oecnpation.     Tl 


tixed  customs  of  jj^eiierations  had  c'stahlished 
lield 


an   nil 


brok 


en  ruutiiu!  of 


crops,  of  cotton,  coin,  j)otiiloes  and   i)eas,   the  first  onlv   to  I 
(lopended  on  as  a  money  crop:  outside  of  the  lirld,  the  forest  crops  of 
timber,  luinher  and   naval  stores;  and  a(  a  special  and   limited  period 
ol   the  year  the  products  of  (he  lisheries,  which,  while  thev  broimht 


food  to  manv,  broujiht  monev  to  t 


in  excess  of  |.rolitable  demand,  and  ihe  conditions  of  its  cultivat 
more  often  wnaioht  less  than  jirotit.     The  forest 


ew.     The  production  of  cotton  was 

ion 


s  were  l)ein!''  ( 


xlian 


rednciiif;- the  area  of  workand  theahuiidaiiceof  suppiv;  in  lari^esec! 
the  abandoimuMit  of  the  industries  connectott  with  it  or  tl 


sted, 
ions 


UMr  restriciion 


to  very  narrow  limits;  and  .nloom  and  despondency  unavoidablv  settled 
heavily  upon  tlu"  face-;  of  tlic^e  who  looked  into  the  dark 


(li(>  future 


eninj''  vista  of 


th 


I  he  skies  wore  suddiMily,  unexpectedly  and  most  ell'ectuallv  el  aicd  ; 
hope  cl)cen>d  a\\akeiu>d  ellort;  landsof  hitherto  di-spised  consideration' 
suddenly  assumed  an  almost  priceless  value;  the  '•  li((le  (hinus"'  that 
Ihe  cotton  planter  had  c-ouiite<l  with  contempt  sprun,t;-  to  the  lu>ad  and 
ranketl  as  leaders;  restless  industry  and  exhanstless  energy  brushed 
aside  listless  indolence  and  lio|)(dess  des[K)ndenc(\  and  <;ivat  sections  at 
once  put  en  new  lif.>  and  uloried  in  tlu^  sunshine  of  a  more  than  restored 
prosperity. 

Many  years  a,no  the  country  around    Norfolk.  \'a.,  was  proven  to  be 
suitable  lor  the  early  piM'fection  of  vct^'etables  and  small   fruils    and 


with  existing-  facilities  for  transportation' a  market  in  the  Northern  citi 


was  always  assured.     Truckini;-  earlv  became  tl 


es 


le   iiiipi)rtant  industrv 


of  that   section.     When   at((>iition   was  directed   to   Florida,  first 


hcalt 


li   rest)rt,  then  as  the  future   land  of  tlu>  oram 


the    increase   of    (ravel    and    (he    i 


!'e  aiu 


I  oti 


as  a 


icr  ttuits. 


lece.ssities  of   (piick    lrans|)or(ati 


enforced  the  introduction  of  swift  st(-amships  and  the  (extension  of  rail- 
id  lines;  and  thus  Florida  lirst  realized  the  advantage  she  pos.se5.sod 


wm 


tabi 


es  was 


in   a  .semi-tropical   climate,  in  which   the  growth   ot 

perpetual  except  during  the  scorching^  heats  of  sum 

vegetables  matured  at  the  very  period  when,  at  (he  North,  (he  tard", 

spring  was  still   held  in  the  icy  grip  of  winter,  and  when  the  products 


mer,  and  whero 


.y 


)f 


of  (he  garden  would  be  welccimed  wi(li  the  moK  -  ....^. . ......  .„.„ 

the  long  antec(Hlent  deprivation  to  which  the  consuiners  of  vege..,....,, 

had  been  ^ul>jeeted.     Never  was  a  greater  blessing-  bestowed  upon  the 


e  eagerness  because  o 
tal)l 


:^, 


I 


1MV(>  1V(.'(MVC(1 

;ni(u<le  as  to 
Iv.'d. 


lijiv(i  so 


ill,  miportuiit 

lahit.s  of  llio 
[witioii.  'Hie 
I'll  routiiu!  of 
,  only  to  \)v. 
)rost  crops  of 
initcd  poriotl 
\\v\  broii^lit 
tf  cotton  was 
s  cultivation 
jf  oxiiaustod, 
a  ri^o  sections 
'ir  rest rici ion 
(lal)Iy  settled 
nini;-  vista  of 


illv  (• 


aicd 


)iisidi'rati()n 


liinus 


ic 


head 


that 
ind 


rgy  hiuslicd 
it  sections  at 
hail  restored 


to  1) 


and 


>r()veii 
\  fi'iiils 
rthern  cities 
lit  indiisfi'v 
a,  lirst  as  a 
oilier  fruits, 
insportation 
ision  of  rail- 


le  possetsec 
.'tahl 


es   was 


and  wlicro 
li,  the  tardy 
he  products 
s  l)K'ause  of 
f  ve<2;c tables 
lmI  upon  the 


m 
m 


in 


'^Mi 


«ii 


'lUlCK     l'.\l!Ml.N(i. 


229 


l)(MiiU)(I-ui)  sun'iMVTs  ill  till!  ill-id  ciliiH  tliiiii  Mi(!  frosli,  rinoiicd,  imtunil- 
ll.ivorod  |L,MltH  of  Kl,)ri(la.  TIki  citiivs  were  MchhimI,  aiid  {''loridti  [.ros- 
percd.  (h^orjj^iii  lollovveti  in  tlio  huiiu'  Inipi.y  vein  me,  mid  so  did  South 
Ciiroliimwitli  (M|iml  siiccms;  iind  tlion  port  ions  of  North  ( 'iirolinii  bo^rmi 
to  test  the  |)rr)hiil)ihti(>H  of  siiccrsH  hero.  'VUvvv.  vvii.s  no  rnisoii  why  who 
•shouhl  fail.  'IJu!  soils  all  alon^'  Hk;  const  wcro  alinost  id^ntinil,  the 
localities  that  would  ho  choHiii  as  suitahlo  not  unlike  in  conditions; 
and,  hccauso  Ihc  warm  wiitcis  of  lh('(;ulf  Stream  washed  the  coasts  oi" 
all,  ihere  could  not  \h\  very  serious  dissimilarities  in  climate,  only,  that 
na  tho  (Julf  Stream  (1  )w.s  frradunlly  upwards  in  its  northerly  course,  so 
do  tho  waves  of  temi)"ralurc  proj;ress  northwardiv  in  the  same  succes- 
sive Hood,  impartiii^r  their  heals  in  profj;ressive  Vt^rvor.  Thus,  while 
Florida  would  ho  the  lirsl  where  maturity  was  dev-cloited,  set  succes- 
sively would  (ieor^ria.  South  (Carolina  and'  North  Carolina,  until  \'ir- 
ginia  was  nmchod,  make  tliis  welcoiii!!  vernal  oll'erinjr.  And  this,  in 
tlu(  cours(!  of  experieiKtc,  has  proved  to  he  invjiriahlo. 

I'erliHps  tho  (irst  lar^^e  and  succoss-hil  lests  of  what  in  the  beginning 
were  rather  timid  trusts  in  the  viilue  of  theories  were  made  at  Kocky 
l\)int,  on  the  iiorth-(!,ist  branch  of  the  Capi!  l<\ar  lliver,  in  the  present 
county  of  Pender,  by  Mr.  (r.  Z.  Kreiich,  now  postmaster  at  Wilmington. 
No  injiistici!  is  dcisigned,  if  ho  is  named,  when  others  not  known  to  the 
writer  bo  etpial  pionoers  in  (he  m^w  industry.  Succ(!ss  was  attained  in 
tho  very  early  production,  in  large  (lunntity,  of  jieas,  cabbage,  beans, 
potatoes,  asparagiis,  scpiashes,  cucumbers,  melons,  strawberries,  etc.,  apd 
the  truck  farm  at  Rocky  I'oint  is  still  a  model  and  a  prospcirous  one. 
As  it  is  the  purftoso  of  this  article;  to  encourage  by  example,  it  falls 
within  its  province  to  give  the  following  items  of  the  operations  of  this 
year.  Mr.  French  gives  us  the  following  items  nispecting  theo|)erations 
of  the  pns;Mit  season:  Tiie  farm  has  TOOncrcs  in  truck,  of  which  there 
were  thir  yacr<>s  in  peas,  seven  in  Irish  potatoes,  live  in  radishes,  seven 
in  beans,  twenty  in  strawberries,  two  in  bees,  and  tho  rest  in  melons, 
cucumbers,  turni[)s,  field  cn*j»s,  etc 

Around  llocky  i'oint  there  are  100  acres  in  strawberries.  The  117/- 
mini/fon  Mcusnif/rr  of  .lune  18,  185)2,  makes  the  following  statement 
respecting  th(!  strawberry  cr<)|)  of  tlu;  Capo  Fear  section: 

"Mr.  A.S.  Maynard,ivpres(«ntiiig  the  California  Fruit  Transportation 
Company,  who  has  been  hen;  two  weeks,  looking  after  the  shipment  of 
strawberries  in  the  patent  refrigerator  cars  of  his  oompauv,  will  leave 
today,  as  the  season  is  about  over,  lie  telh  us  that  from  Wilmington 
and  f)()ints  on  the  Wilmington  and  Weldou  Railroad  this  season  he  has 
handled  forty-live  cars  of  berries.  This  means  300,000  (piarts  of  straw- 
berries, and  the  receipts  in  nionev  to  th(>  growers  aggregates  the  nrettv 
sum  of  illO.OOO."  ■  *        -^ 

Tho  truck  crops  are  intermediate  between  those  of  Charleston  anrl 
Norfolk.  They  are  shij)ped  to  the  Northern  market  by  quick  freight 
trains. 

Succes-^ful  truck  farming  rapidly  followed  or  accompanied  the  experi- 
ment at  Rocky  Wnni.  Truck  farms  were  established  at  Magnolia, 
Warsaw  and  (Joldsburo,  on  the  Wilmington  and  Weldon  Railroad,  and 


M 


230 


irAVD-nook'  ov  nc.htii  cahomna. 


to  some  extent  at  stations  on  that  road  farther  nor(h       M  c  n  i 
much  attention  was  givon  to  the  cuIHv'.finn     •  /.      .       i  '^    ("oldsboro 
Atlantic  an<l  North  ( 'ar o    n  i  •  ml  n  n  i  ■  ^^'^/^^'-a^^-^^^ny.     On  the 

least  perishable  of  ea       f  1   s       ,      1     /'n  ^'"^  "  '^V""'  '"'^^^'^^ '"  ^'^^ 

for,„i„,  a  brnk      X;;ir„  |\     :'/  '?  ™  ""''i™!' "l    'oavy  ..layey  soil, 
Kith  a  bmulll,  of  two  b,,:, v.    *  ^       iHiiidre,!  yards  ni  Joiiglh 

of  law  oil   M,  l„  ^  ^  yards,  mid  covered  with  a  bcavv  eroSth 

>vi.c."'dry,  will;  at-  o  '  „'  s  "^  : ;, r;-',^';^  .tor,g„,aIly  in  swan,,,,  and, 
all  traces  of  swan,,,  exec,  t  aloi'^i  ?„ ,,?,  '>'"">'<«"  l'"'^  now  ellaced 
of  tide-water  creeks  ,X-  I,  rf  l  '™"'"So  "'"»ls  and  on  the  banks 
rivers  on  cilherskle  '■''  '°  '""">l'='-able  extent  fron,  ibe 

The  soil,  nrnut,„Xt  ii  '  ■  ".'if  """R"  and  intelliRent  farn.ing. 
kept  np  to  a  hH  .t}m  r  ;J  V  "l  V,''"'''?"'''^T  '"  ''■■"li^^s,  and  is 
ho'b  domesti  r,  deoin  ,;e,  .1  f  •  ti  ^'  ''""i;"'  »l'l,'ii<-ations  of  ,nan«res, 
the  many  subiect,  of  ,  It  'In  r'  '«"-;"  '«"'■«  ,l'«avy  annual  cropsof 
untimel/l„rfrostf  f  ",,    w  nch  e  e,',"',l  "'  °','  r'  ''"'  ""=  "'^"""i^^  "' 

«r«uer  varieyofT4^:,!i:rlhrrir^  iT/'a.;  .i;;^ 

Stat  "intr:  r'f,, ':rsr,7ri'"%'C^°^'^;»' "^ '<>  ^- 

exL^Srn^'y  ™r''mZan;!t1'oTi™"'L''''r','V'''-'  '-  "-"  »" 
has  been  enormoiis     I,!  rel  r    i  „         '  ":''<=''  I""' b««"  pro.lueed 

season  the  raih^ad  and  JoTtelmri,  „:  HX''  "^r"^  "'1  '^'''^'O'"^ 
of  tbeir  capaeitv  to  inov^  t     ThT  ,    f    7      '*'"  ''""^''  '»  "'<'  "'most 

to  three  trains  ^a;i;":r,nglT3  0°00,r4;?OoV'"'  T"  'Ti  °™ 
each  ti-ain;  the  steal  ,er  Nensf  has^nteib^..,  ""^^  f'"^  '"'^" 
fron,  4,000  to  4  500  barrel.  „^dK  ,  F  ?  '"C*  P"  "''=''''  ™"-ving 

has  made  twotnps  eaT^  ktnr™";?-  ^000  to  2I0O  b  ''^r''"'J 
boxes  each  trip.  '   ^  "'^^'^  ^°  ■^'^^'•'  barrels  and 


TP.L'fK    I-AKMlN(i 


281 


The  railroad  has  shipped  seven'y  train  loads,  say 21()0()() 

The  steamer  Neiise  has  taken "hoIoOO 

The  steamer  N^wl)ern  has  taken   ._ '.'."'  "   6u'()0() 


boxes  and  barrel-:,  eonsisting  of  strawberries,  asparagns,  green  i)eas, 
cal)lwges,  beans,  kale,  beets,  turnips,  Irish  potatoes,  tomatoes,  cueum- 
bers,  egg  plants,  radishes,  etc. 

'J'he  priees  realized  ibr  the  above  have  been  e.xtraordinary,  and  the 
amount  realized  (rom  the  sales  of  them  Iims  by  the  most  eontervative 
esiimate  reached  the  sum  of  .S75O,O0();  which  has  realized,  alter  deduct- 
ing Ireight  and  expenses,  over  *oO(),(j()0  to  our  farmers,  'j  he  calcula- 
tion IS  b;ised  upon  the  following: 

There  was  shipi)ed  at  least  1(V(),U(K)  barrels  of  Irish  potatoes-  some  of 
these  fiotatocs  sold  at  87.UU  per  barrel,  manv  at  !$«).()(),  a  largo  quantitv 
atbo.oO  per  barrel,  doubtless  realizing  §5.00  per  barrel,  which  would 

make. _.._.._  $500,000 

two  liundrod  and  hfty  thousand  barrels  and  boxes  of  other 

articles  as  above  at  §1.00  each 250  000 


$750,000 

The  largest  farms  are  conducted  by  Messrs.  I  lack  burn  &  Willett 
Joseph  Rheim,  W.  F.  Crockett,  W.  II.  (Jray,  G-ants  .V:  Cromwell,  ( Iraham' 

Kichardson  Weatherly  cV'  (\>rmon,  IlPiiry  Caleb, Hodges,  William 

l)unn,  hR.  Dudley,  John  .s.  Meiiowan,  Watson  &  Daniels,  and  Joe 
bweet.  Iho  farms  ot  all  these  gentlemen  are  cultivated  with  the  nicety 
of  a  garden,  with  methodical  adaptation  of  means  to  ends,  and  with 
the  most  businessdike  relations  to  economy  of  manngement. 

It  is  desirable  to  give  an  illustration  of 'the  truck  business  by  some 
of  Its  results.     It  is  impossible,  and  it  is  not  within  the  scope  of  this 
publication  to  go  into  specifications.     Only  one  example  is  selected 
because  of  the  great  extent  of  the  farm  and  the  variety  of  operations 
involved  in  its  condue t. 

P>om  the  farm  of  Ilackburn  ct  Willett  were  sold  last  year  9  000  bar- 
rels ot  potatoes  for  §3(),000;  100,000  head  of  cabbage  lbr'!^12  500-  '^OOO 
^""f^^^  -f£V!^!'  ^""^ F'^^^ '  2.<>^<^  ^f>^es  beans,  $2,000 ;  1 ,000  boxes  peas, 
!  ;?A  '.  nAn^?  bunches  asparagus,  §10,000;  radish  crop,  §500;  beets, 
^40;  4,000  barrels  citron  melons,  §4,000;  tomatoes,  §1,000;  sales  of 
milk,  §4,000;  a  total  of  §05,000. 

On  the  farm  are  170  head  of  cattle  of  the  best  breeds,  66  horses  and 
139  hogs,  a  dairy,  a  saw-mill  for  the  use  of  the  box  factorv,  a  fertilizer 
factory,  o_l  which  this  farm  uses  350  tons  of  its  own  manufacture. 

Fcr  this  year  the  information  given  is  that  there  are  600  acres  in 
truck  and  300  in  oats  and  grass.  Of  the  vegetable  crops  were  planted 
200  acres  in  potatoes.  100  in  cabbage,  5(>  in  pc^as,  50  in  beans,  50  in 
cucumbers, 50  m  muskmelons.lO  in  radishes,  10  in  beets,  30  in  aspara- 
gus,  2o  in  tomatoes,  15  in  spinach.  Seven  hundred  and  fiftv  barrels 
of  potatoes  were  planted. 


2.12 


ir.WD-IUX.K-    (,K    NoitTIf    r'AHoi.ixA. 


The  crops  hero  mature  fifieen  clavs  hvthr.  tl 


ur(|  KihTiiUMliato  between  those  of  that  sect 


To  illustrate  ti 


le  (>xt(.|)!  of  ti;i-;   veuf 


a  recent  Nevvhcrn  paper  is  (luoted 


lose  around  Xorl'Jk,  and 
ion  and  those  of  Charleston 
's  oi)erations,  the  followin;^'  from 


'(Jreat  quantities  of  truck 


near.     One  day  the  Atlant 


are  now  leaving  N'ewhern  and  tl 


thirt 


y  car-loads,  and  the  s'eiuner  A 


icand  North  Carolina  Railroad 


le  country 


carried  about 


23,000  ban 


still 


•els  of  potatoes  and  IS.OOO  bo: 


V".Nv   took  out  41,000  package 


H'cater  shipping  d 


xes  0 


f  b 


!iy.     'J'he  steamer  Kno/a  took  out  2  X] 


cans.     Saturday  was  a 


and  U,c.  ,,ulr<,.,.Vl,ad,  l,j.  fift,:  p„  ^^Mh.r^^ul 


package;- 


nul  m  one  day  since  the  truckinrr  1 


s 


wmm. 


ip'iient  it  has  ever 


^'•;<;c"  milroa.l  connecti.m  has  been'establisbed  between  W 


and  the  main  stem  of  the  Coast  Lii 


has  b 
tl 


ecu 


given  to  the  trucking  interests  of  thiit  t 


shington 
le  system,  an  astonishing  impetu 


lis;  season  of  potatoes,  cabbnge,  etc,  have  be 


own,  and  the  shipments 


en  very  lai'ge, 


Elizabeth  Citv  has  1 

"  :;;r  j^iro^i  v'^-'"  g-emi  trucking  ;^m;,;;;t( 


)U8iness  so  new  and  already  so  extent 


tw 

crops  and  methods'in  i 

A  1 
found 
men 
com 
try  and  enerixv  will 


ong  been  a  heavy  grower  of  potatoes,  mak 


m 


iivor  around  Norfolk. 


ojitnig  the 


a  value  for  lands  hitherto  uii 


sive,  a  busniess  which  has 


recognized,  whieh  h 


t  where  enlbrce<l  idleness  prevailedTwliicli  has  brouoj' 
petcncy  where  di, stress  had  long  existe<l,  which  1 


fis-.  given  employ- 
'it  comfort  a  lid 


las  rewarded  indus- 


simple  returns,  which  has  vivified  and  enriched 


sluggish  and  almost  hopeless  .section,  which   1 

tions  to  fall  into  tl 

tl 


®  same  footsteps,  whieh  has  nifitcri..!  inH,, 


las  encouraged  other  se( 
uence  upon 


space  here  given  to  its  ri.se 


progress  and  happy  results. 


on  for  the 


1:   ! 


Xorl'-JIc.and 
if  (.'liark'Hton. 
llouiny  horn 

1  the  country 
carried  about 
packages — 
unlay  was  a 
'5'')  packages, 
t  it  has  ever 

W'asliingtoii 
ing  impetus 
le  shipments 

oes,  making 
lopting  the 

wiiioh  has 
^en  employ- 
jom fort  and 
rded  indus- 

enriehed  a 
1  other  sec- 
lence  upon 
tion  for  the 


«'f'K.  233 


SILK. 

This  valuable  article,  either  in  its  culture  or  mtinufacture,  caiiiuH  be 
regarded  as  a  product  or  industry  of  this  Htate.  Whv  it  is  not  either  the 
one  or  the  other,  is  a  question  that  has  not  been  satisfactorily  answered. 
Ihere  is  a  sdent  repmach,  in  the  absence  of  a  silk  industry  among  us, 
to  the  intelligence,  the  industry,  the  patience  of  the  people  of  North 
(V/.-olma.  For  many  hundred  years  the  vine,  the  olive  and  the  silk- 
worm have  been  inextricably  associated  as  the  industrial  types  of  high Iv 
refined  people— the  adornments,  the  luxuries,  the  fountains  of  wealth 
to  the  nations  who  had  lifted  themselves  up  above  the  pursuit  of  those 
coarser  industrial  avocations  common  alike  to  man  just  emerged  from 
barbarism  to  man  attaining  the  upper  stratum  of  culture  amfciviliza- 
tion.  Wine,  oil,  silk— the  jewels  in  that  diadem  with  which  society  has 
crowned  itself  as  sj)lendid  testimony  to  its  highest  achievements  "in  its 
long  conflict  with  the  coarse  habits  and  grosser  gratifications  of  the 
appetites  or  the  tastes  which  have  impeded  man  in  his  aim  at  refine- 
ment. 

Why  North  Carolina  bus  been  so  slow  to  adopt  what  nature  had 
thrown  in   her  way,  and  what  practice  h-id  so  long  .'^ince  proved  to  be 
feasible,  is  one  of  tho.se  questions  which  oftentimes  mav  be  asked  with 
curiosity  and  surprise.     It  will  be  asked,  for  the  time  is  coming,  though 
it  cannot  be  said  to  be  at  hand,  when  wine  and  silk,  if  not  the  olive  oil 
(it  may  be  our  peanut  oil),  shall  give  to  North  Carolina  the  fame  that 
now  attaches  to  France  and  Italy.     Nature  planted  the  vine  among  us, 
from  the  very  edges  of  the  ocean  beach  to  the  valleys  among  our  high' 
mountain  ;,  with  liberal  and  generous  hand.     She  planted  the  mulberrv 
with  the  .same  i)rofusion,  and  slie  accompanied  it  with  a  robust  native 
silkworm.     But  .she  gave  both  of  them  on  the  condition  that  the  intel- 
ligence and  the  skill  of  man  should,  as  in  evervthing  else  adapted  to 
human  uses,  be  applied  to  their  improvement."   That  the  wild  grape 
has  been  refined  into  the  delicate  Delaware,  so  should  the  rough,  coarse 
native  silkworm,  with  a  more  t-nder  diet  and  a  gentler  care,  be  subdued 
to  the  refinement  of  the  long-housed,  long-coddled  French  and  Italian 
worm,. so  long  pampered  as  to  have  lapsed  into  infirmity  and  unable  to 
perpetuate  Ins  kind.     Recourse  is  annually  had  to  China  and  Japan  for 
eggs  for  every  new  crop,  and  France  and  Italy  are  no  longer  indepen- 
dent silk  growers.     And  this  is  America's  opportunitv.     As  American 
grapes  are  free  from  di.seasp,  so  are  American  silkworims,  even  those  of 
European  origin;  and  the  United  States  might  put  herself  in  position 
to  supply  the  necessities  of  Furope  with  healthy  silkworm  eggs  if  it 
were  not  her  wi.ser  policy  to  avail  itself  of  the  opportunity  to  establish 
her  own  ;-iilk  indu.stry  and  throw  off  a  dependence  which  annuallv  costs 
her  more  than  fifty  millions  of  dollars. 

Silk  and  wine  have  proved  the  mainsprings  of  transatlantic  national 
wealth;  have  been  powerful  agents  in  the  spread  of  commerce,  therebv 
adding  largely  to  geographical  knowledge.     Both  of  these,  or  rather 


■I 

■I 

■i 

^  i 


2;{  i 


»IANI.-lK)OK    OK    NOUTH    rAltOMNA 


tll(>     HOII 

<-'ar()liim  as  to  ciititlo  U 


r<;c  of  their  ,siif)|)|, 


»"•('  s.)  cinpliaticallv  at    I 


n 


hciT 


"'"I    l<>  In*  claSHcl 


tl 


■orni   IS  tilt.  n'|Mvs,.Mtativoor  its  l„,vi 
—y  ("V.Twvl.ore  (.|mlh.„;r„s  (,,  a  trial 


as  iii({ 


""110   III    N'ditli 


"'K'-iiiiitlct  was  tak- 


<"'  lip,  and  that 


i«<'noiiH,  A  wil.l  .silk. 
«:"  ••oiisiii,  aiHl  ih(.  native  mul- 
^''  <ln'Hiik   in.histrv.     In  (,,,(1, 

war,  an.l   tnnlilion   t  •  Is^  /,:  "  ^^  '"'"'T  ^'V  '^-'Vuiutionarv 

Cowiis  „,a.i,.  I>v  tli.sovoneral,^^^^     n^^^^^  /""    •^l''"'"'''":'  .•ol„r,;i 

tl.o  envy  or  their  1.  mu^un'^^^^^^^  ^''."  households  ami 

ntw.8ilk  and   varnsand'    i  ,  ,  t  :.' ,    'I  ""'"' "*  ^^''"^''^^-''-'^-'ts  of 

■•'■^I';n-I  in   Kn.h.nd  that/tu'  mis    u  1    h*'V'''r'T' ''''''.  "'^' '"M>^ 
nvaryofherh.Mvdilarveneinv   IW^^^  '•'";"'  ^'  ^''^^'"t  tl'<> 

to  the  h'evolufion,  ami  wliei    ('le,   V' ,.;  V  ''''''•"    '""^' ■^"l'^'"iu.mt 
'•IsdinI,  there   was  a   prom    od   rev  vl  7"       ''"''V''''''''''   '''■'•I   ''•-'. 
l«o<'-.-J  thenMvas  aetive  rei  ewal  6f    n      '  V  ""•."'-    "'^'  y<'"-H 

worm  was  in  <.verv  hon-e     Id     .    .       i     r^  '"  ""^'  ^"'^'"•^'•'  ""■"  >^ill<- 
Hiil<  was  on  every  U,i  I'      •     ,    i,    ^^ ''  '•"•',"."^' ^7«  i"  *''vnT  hand. 
<-"V.M'vsltepinu,hva.n      if         ''""'' ;'^\'7  ^^'''<"'^'  thoni^dil  and  .j-iUUu 
t'--'   the  l)uu.h     u     ;  n'  of'two    '  ^  '"'•"  ^'""i— "^  lover,;.i  ,  e 

for  it  was  not  only  .li  as  t    ,.        ,    r'"/'""'  'P'  .'^'"'  '"^"-^  '•"i>'<"'S 

'•"tm.o  years  ll-o  vi^oio  to  ...  h  do  .'''''  ^'^  ''  '^''•'•^^^"'  '""'' ""^"y 
^•:".lis  buds  hocan.e^he  ,4  S  le  •  f'"-  ;>'^''''"tion  in  n.ultr- 
nuH-e  were  n.ined;  lor  mnlti'eauii     „;  h     li     "l     '  '''■^""''•'-  ^'"'"^  ""Ls 

lapsed  more  rapi.llv  than  it  w  s  hi'm?,'  .     ^''^'^"''''  <:  '>'>'-^t,  and  col- 
slk-wor.n  went' down   toVthe.    i,,  ,     '; ''"'^'""^^  "■'<!  H'e 

thousands  of  deceived  e.uh   s  ,sfs    ''T-''""'.  "'!'"     ^''^  execrations  of 
tinis,  an.l  the  innocent  n     1       r v    1 1    ^^T/'"'  •'  ^'^"  '"'"''«  ^^^  the  vie 
Ailunthus,  was  so  nlud  ^U^^     n    "il^,  rT''""  ""  "^'  '"'  ^''•'  '"'^^• 
e  fort  was  ma.le,  in  r,,njunct  oi    wi      'e       i;!'"'  T''  ^'""^'' '  ^^■''^^"  '^» 

lishe.1  nonr  Knieiffli  a  silk  form  .^nH  „  i     ■■""'  "■'"^■-     "<•  fsl'l" 

cloned  his  ciitcr'nrise  becaus"       J„    <>    ™coons  to  J'rniico.    Jle  a'  -,. 
nnd  applied  a  ■^emedv  to   he  d  ieaTs'  olT'T  "'  ^"■'''■'"  '""'  '-'-' 

J^:l^v:t!,lr.i-™:;tj::;;S'"'-^^- 


MILK. 


236 


III     N'.MtU 

wiM  .silk- 
tivo  mill. 
Ill  tnith 
l'<ii'<!  was 
liifioimi'v 
'  •'•)l()rt>(l 
K'Msiuul  . 
inentsof 

i\w  il()|)t» 

^vait  tlio 
'■S('(|U('lit 
<l(l  \)cr\t 
IC  VCifH 
1  Ik.'"  si  Ik. 

y  Itiiiid, 

I  wilder] 
i",  wilder 
I'liiiioiis, 
•r  iniiiiy 
1  niulti. 
>iisiii(1hi 
1)Ih  use, 
ikI  col- 
ikI  llio 
ions  of 
lio  vie- 
'  liatefi' 
lion  an 
revive 
found 
in  the 

it  iuul 
tiveof 
1  that 
estil). 
luivo 
a'  iMi' 
round 
)  and 
>rtain 
ies  of 


Tli«  only  snjrjrcstion  of  the  silk  industry  at  prosent  k 


aiown'iii  North 


rnrolina  is  the  Hilkinill  at  Wadeshoro,  ot.eraud  hv  a  linn  IVoin  N 
Jersey,  and  a  hraneh  of  one  of  tl 


evv 


lu  ^leat  silk-vv('avin>!;  eHtahlishnients 


ju  that  Sl/ito.    A  larjro  huildin^r  in  VVadesboro  is  occupied  for  that  pur- 

mse,an(la|)propriateinaehiiUMT,  operated  l)v.steatn-p()\vtu^  is  eniployed 
Ihere  are  :;ii()  spindles  and  winders,  210  spindles  and  douhler.s  "idO 
Npmdles  lor  spmnitig  and  00  for  unveiling.     The  produel  is  trams'  till, 
m^'  lor  silk-weavin^,  orfran/.me  and  trams.     The  material  used  f 


version  u 


ilu  threads  and  material  used  in  makin^rsilk  fahries'is  (Jl 


rmcl  .Ja[>anese  yarns.     The  output  is  about  l.oiVo  pound 
which  is  forwarded  to  the  parent  mills  in  New  J 


(»r  con- 
linese 
is  per  month 


has  been  so  .satisfactory  as  to  have  resulted  this  ^ 


the  1 


uacliinery, 


ersey.     'I'lu'  enter|»iise 
car  ill  the  doubling  of 


Tho  following  suggestions  and  intormati 
Pwo  hundred  mulberry  trees  will 


land.     \  (rood  mcdiui 


oil  tnay  bo  of  value: 
I'ow   very  well  on  two  acres  of 


will 


n-sizetl  tree  will  yiild  loO  pounds  of  leaves,  whiel 


give  :;(),000  pounds  of  leaves  on  two  acres.     As  it  tak 


es  sevi'Utten 


pounds  ot  leaves  to  make  one  pound  of  fr(>sh  cocoons,  .'50,000  pounds 
will  give  l,7(io  pounds  of  frehh  cocoons.  'J'he  IJO")  pounds  of  fresh 
cocoons  will  make  r,,S8  pounds  of  dried  cocoons,  A  ready  market  for 
these  cocoons  can  be  found  in  riiiladelphia,  through  tho  medium  of 
the  Department  ot  Agriculture  The  expenses  of  cultivating  two  acres 
Hi  trees,  lee<ling  the  worms,  etc.,  may  be  stated  as  follows; 


^qowii  iKTson,  flrHt  ten  <lnv8. 


'■i  Ik)v 


Kii'Im,  (irsf  ti'ii  (jjivs..,,. 


:i  Ki-ovvii  iicrsoiis,  sccotid  tcii  (lays, 
r»  Ixiys  (tr  ;,qris,  second  ten  diivs.,. 
liKruwii  persons,  third  (en  davs.. 
10  l)ov8  or  girlH,  tliird  ten  Ua 


•  *•••■  ■«••«■«) 


•■••■••••••a 


so 


-VM- 


m 

$129 


Tf  a  few  dollars  for  food  is  added,  n  few  days'  work  for  pruning  and 
cultivating  the  tree^,  and  a  few  sundries,  it  would  cover  a'!  the  expenses, 
which  would  not  exceed  SI  GO 


once. 
Juin- 

r  the 


II  < 


236 


HAND-HOOK    CF    NOJ{Tll    CAROLINA. 


■     If 


MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

frdn  t:  pi^c^nsi:  t:  ti::;  ell,::;  r'  ^^-'^  rf^'^^^^^  ^---t 

fested  in  the  question  of   u.l  h  Z     1     '  "'' ''''''  ^^"'^  '""'^'^^^  "^'^ni- 
If  such  were  to  be    bund  Tl  ev  ^  n^^^^^^  ""^  '^^^^^'•«- 

Wit  Ulie  established  fame  of  Saato'no",    v'"^-''-  ^^^^^ by  to  compare 
had  set  hei  stamp  on  these  and  Hu'v  «  ^''^""/^  ^P''"^^-     ^^^'^^^ion 

the  recovery  of  heaUh  as  to  co,m  K?  v?7!/''"'"'' -^  *"'  "°^  «°  '""^'h  for 
of  fashionable  society  V  visTt  u  9.  *  ^'"  re.iu.s.tions  of  the  usages 
as  much  ..  r/.y.o  0  ^the&S.^-,f.'^"f  °'  *^/'  ^^''^^^«  '^^^P'^^r  vL 
grand  tour  was  In  fo  iner  da"  '  'n  hp^f '  y"'  the  performance  of  the 
^/rbere  were  two  nXble  excention  rf  "Tv"^'"' "^  ^"^'^'^^^ 
Madison  ^'^^^oun^y,  were  once  cSu-i.  ^  ^'^  ^^  ™  ^P^ngs.  now  in 
"latic  old  gentlemen  arnLly^^^^^^  ^'"eu- 

jolting  ride  of  hundreds  of  m  Lf  nXtL"  II,  '""'T^'''!'''  '^'^  ^^"g 
their  old-fashioned  gigs  with  tbp  hnnl  J  '^""^IJe^iable  discomforts  of 
make  them  hthe  and^biirhe  Uain  vs^!, '  ?'  the  thermal  baths  would 
Uixuriance  of  the  fable  and  nol  4cv  of  t '''■^''"  assurance  that  no 
counteract  the  good  effects  of  tbeSrs  T  en'Tfr^^lF'^'^^^^^^^'^ 
State,  were  good  old  Sbocco  Snrhrcrfnnf  V  1  '  ^''^  ?'''^''^"d  "^  the 
vvaters  were  ever  of  any  S)^seilt^^^^  ''''??^  ^«^^^"se  their 

pleasure  they  brought'as^?he  resar  of  n'.o     '""''T'^^'  ^°^  ^^'^  g«""hie 
and  fashion,  empbfsizedb    gay  equipnVe'nJ^    ""sophisticated  style 
;-'rant   of    plainness  only  exact.T  o^"^       J^    ''""^'^  ^''^'^^^^^ 
behavior,  inn.indful  of    he  rC  ^of  etifudt/^'T^''''-  ""^^   ^^««^°"« 
HI  contempt  of  letters  or  forms  of  in trt,^^^^^^^^  ^^^'^  other 

of  trustful  good  luature  arumler  th^\.  V°"';"/'"  *^^^  exuberance 
to  find  the^-eward  of  the  r  y^  in  th'  F,!"  l''  ''  '^''  ^°"''"°'^  P"^P"«« 
h'larity  and  the  inspiriting  c  of  d  of  sociability, 

spun  band  Shooco  is  n4u  known  It?  '^''*'"'°"  ^"^  ''^^  l^ome- 
travel  and  of  fashion  has'  ms  ed  bv  V  i'?  T-''^'^^^^"'  ^^'^^  tide  of 
memento  of  unsubst.n  fa^l  ?fai'm  totme  "  \vf  '^^'^'^  ''^"^  '^'y-  '  '^^ 
hand,  has  expanded  into  Hot  Snrin       «r  1       T-^^''"^'' ^'"  ^''^  ^ 

equipments  tie  ^avoredlb  ^t^o?^       ;",;!; N^^^^  '"'.'t^f  ^"^^ 
of  fashion  for  Northern  and  North  wSfi^nT'^^ '^''P'^^'' the  seat 

them  for  its  present  brilC^  rep  i^Tof  h  ""''Z  '""'"  ^'"^^^^t^^  to 
but  giving  tJ  North  Caro   na  ab  rn  H  ,  i:^!-  *°  ^^^'"^  appreciation, 

pleasure  resorts,  long  withheld  becXp  of  n"  ""^^"^  ^'''''^^'  ^"^ 
sible  seclusion  in  the  narroreSraerof  f  h/tr  ^  ff/'  °  ^'''"°«t  inacces- 
shrunk  into  insignificance  Sin  "^  lln  'T^'  ^/"^^^  ^^'''^'-  «hocco 
but  Permanentlfbecau  e  t  was     n  o^^^^  '''  'f'^^\''^^^  of  war, 

here  was  no  recuperation  ^V^Jrm  Sm  in  ,  m  ''\'!"°^^'  ''''^''""t  which 
;nto  Hot  Springs  by  virtue  oF^^'sy  S  ility  'rmn  111'  ^^"'''.^^P--^-' 
by  railroad  facilities,  which  embrioprl  H..  i  i  ^".<^i'-€"ctions  given 
the  marvellous  and  exceptL  a      Je^e^^  «»d'then 

ennial  stream  from  the  depths  of  he  o-th  the  fin    /'''""•  ^''^'  '"  ^''''■ 

t        ^i  uiei.  It  en,  tliehnjmountaui  surround- 


MINERAL   .SPRINGS   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


237 


3LINA. 

ible  transit 
?rest  mani- 
ir  borders. 
3  com  pa  ^-e 
Fa&hion 
'  much  for 
tbe  usage,s 
Iphur  was 
lice  of  the 
land. 

s,  now  in 
iind  riieu- 
the  long 
Jip  forts  of 
hs  would 
:e  that  no 
its  would 
nd  of  the 
use  their 
'genuine 
ited  style 
',  but  tol- 
decorous 
3ii  other 
iberance 
purpose 
liability, 
is  lionie- 
e  tide  of 
■y^  a  sad 
lie  otlier 
igs  and 
the  .seat 
bted  to 
iciation, 
th  and 
inacces- 
Hhoceo 
of  war, 
'  which 
sanded 
s given 
d  then 
in  per- 
ron nd- 


ings,  the  broad  boisterous  river,  and  (he  new  juxtaposition  of  the  choicest 
achievements  of  luxury  and  comfort  to  the  simplest  forms  and  methods 
of  the  unsophisticated  wilderness— all  these,  rather  than  the  superior 
virtues  of  its  waters,  have  established  for  Hot  Springs,  almost  alone 
among  the  mineral  springs  of  North  Carolina,  a  notoriety  extended  far 
beyond  its  territorial  limits. 

The  railroad  development  has  been  the  chief  agent  in  bringing  to 
general  knowledge  and  use  the  many  valuable  springs  and  pleasant 
resorts,  which  now  make  altogether  needless  those  tedious  and  costly 
visits  to  the  resorts  of  other  States.  Some  few,  indeed,  like  the  Buffalo 
Springs,  in  Mecklenburg  County,  Virginia,  retain  their  hold  upon  habit 
and  confidence,  near  our  borders,  with  the  simple  usages  to  which  we 
are  habituated  and  with  i-Urinsic  virtues  to  which  willing  tribute  is 
annually  paid  by  hundreds  of  tru.stful  devotees.  There  were  found  all 
over  North  Carolina,  in  localities  widely  separated  from  each  other, 
springs  of  local  fame,  and  even  more  than  that;  for  far-away  invalids 
painfully  made  their  way  to  them,  and  manv  there  were  who  might 
say,  when  they  quaffed  the  healing  waters,  that  they  "took  up  their 
beds  and  walked."  It  is  not  therefore  surprising  that,  when  our  con- 
stantly expanding  railroad  sy.stem  reached  places  once  difficult  of 
approach,  their  solid  yet  once  half-concealed  virtues  were  recalled, 
brought  now  into  prominence,  and  make  them  the  trusted,  favored  and 
fashionable  places  some  of  them  now  are. 

It  is  proposed  to  speak  of  some  of  them,  necessarily  somewhat  briefly, 
but  fully  enough  to  give  a  general  conception  of  the  character  of  the 
waters  «nd  the  nature  of  the  surrounding  country.  The  selection  of 
examples  is  made  M'ithout  reference  to  the  superiority  of  one  over 
another,  but  with  the  purpose  of  showing  how  profusely  nature  has 
distributed  her  curative  waters,  and  how  impartially  she  has  made  the 
east  to  show  with  the  west,  and  how  bountifully  the  Middle  Section, 
equally  with  the  others,  has  been  provided. 

Among  the  early  well-known  springs  in  the  west  were  the  Wilson 
Springs,  once  in  I^incoln  County  before  its  division,  now  in  Cleveland, 
near  Shelbv,  and  known  now  as  the 


CLEVELAND  SPRINGS. 


These  are  about  two  miles  from  Shelbv,  which  place  is  reached  both 
by  the  Carolina  Central  and  the  Three  C's  roads,  and  are  situated  in  a 
region  of  grandly  rolling  hills,  cut  with  deep  broad  vales,  and  largely 
covered  with  native  forest.  The  general  elevation  of  the  country  is 
about  1,000  feet  above  sea-level,  near  enough  to  tlie  mountains  to  give 
commanding  views  of  the  P>luo  Ridge,  the  South  Mountains,  King's, 
Crowder's  and  other  ranges  — a  country  altogether  picturesque  and 
beautiful,  and  blessed  with  healthful  elastic  air.  The  hotel  accommo- 
dations are  ample  and  agreeable  in  all  particulars,  and  the  resort  to 
these  springs  is  very  large.  The  springs  are  many  and  of  varied  char- 
acter, (he  waters  ilowing  in  large  volume.  In  the  midst  of  its  verdant 
hills  and  shady  groves  flow  waters  from  a  dozen  springs,  each  one  con- 


r     Si    r 

'!  ¥  f. 


Ill 


ill  -ii 


238 


HAND-BOOK   OF   NOUTH   CAROLINA. 


sueh?de;;;^^,L;r^t,  tS^  -^<^  e«eets  to 

reqmrod;  for  others  the  Chalyboateyts/ri  'j'^'V'','  ^'"^  '«'^"^«  «''e 
be.t  results  are  obtai.ied  by  (ii  Sk  tl^t  t.  '  'f""'"'''  ^  ""^""^^'-'^  *'>^' 
llie  aihnents  which  .secni  to  be  nios  Tv    fi        n     °^  ''''T''''  alternately. 

are  dyspepsia,  rheunm.iJ^Zuru^\Zl:il  "  '""'''"'  ''*"  ^'"'^^'^  ^^''^^^^^ 
i  he  t )  lowiiiir  is  tho  nn..K  1;      •      ^'^^^.^^'es,  insomnia,  etc. 

pw„..  s..H.^::.  ::!o^^:;'  '7  ^^  ^^'^  ^^'-^"^^  ^'^  ---^-^  -rit: 

sutes  '^^^^-::^- ^;;^;--r' Y  .....  T 

THE  SPARKLING  CATAWBA  SPRINGS 

^^^^^?^ulli::^i::^\S^^^^         --•-  -rth  of  niekoiy,  on  the 

remarkably  sniooth  and    J  .'  ftV  "^n'r^'"^^''  '';'•'"  ^'^^'^-'^^  '- '^ 
beant.ful  one,  partly  vvooded    r  ■  ml v  in       f"'™"»^^'"S  country  is  a 
surroundings  of  great  beauty  wi        ho  k'" \''"\\'""'  '"^"^  ^^'i^b  iconic 
ground  on  tho  north,  and  fine\^fw.  if ,   ^m  ^'  Mountains  in  the  foro- 
'he  hotel  accommodations  are  ve^;"  ,    '",    "^  ^^l^^^  "'  the  distance, 
tamed  good  repute  for  excellence  of  f " le     Til     ^/"'"^^  ^^''^^^  '»*^"^- 
embrace  blue  and  white  sulnbn,   .,nV  i    'i   ,    ''®  ^'"^^I's  of  the  Hprinjrs 
benefit  derived  by  yvT^^^ou^  ^balybeate,  and,  from  the  knowM 
tonic  influence  ov^r  the  lym  ,h-U       m/"  ^^Z'  ""'"l '''  ^^"  '^'^^^^'^ive  an 
passed,  and  never  iail  to^S  ^hey  are  unsur' 

and  increase  the  ap,)e(ite  ^ss  st  f bt V;      ^      ''^  J!"^^^^'^  ^^  ^he  stomach 
ation  of  food,  theitJby   n^paJ   UH    onf  m  1 ",  "u,  ^''^'"^^^  ^'"^  «««i  "i' 
tbo  use  of  these  mineral  wate.'^isea    s  of  f  b/T^''^  '  i  '^''  ^'''''''-     ^'^ 
"euralgia.  ophthalmia  or  sore ' eves  mr^Ki    ^'^'«''''^^'''^P^n'«'"a,  vertigo, 
mat.sm,  scrofula,  gravel    di-iLhi    i  P'/''^'^'^"'"'  fP'^^l   affections,  rheu 
greatly  relieved.     ^         '  "'^'^'-  ^■'^^"^>'  '-^"'J   "rinary  diseases,  are 

CONNELLY  SPRINGS, 
Midway  between  Monranton  -nu]  ir;  i 

lina  Huilroad,  iuive  be  o  "e  a       jn^^^^  the  Western  Xorth  Caro- 

tl^e  curative  virtues  of  tl  e  suln  u  u.t<  .-'"'"T  T''^'  ^'^''^y  ^^^•''■^g  to 
andlreadines.  of  access  to  tl  Ice  1^  .''V^  '  '"  ^"  '''°  g"«^^  ^'^tel 
summer  temperature,  and  the  pnfximi  ffT*"m  '"""''"^  ^''^'^^'^'^''t 
north  and  the  South  Mountains  oTfleouthw!l  ^^^"'^  ^^'^^^^^  ""  ^be 
fine  though  somewhat  remote  mountain  "ccm^         """''''  '^''  ^''''^'•'"  ^^' 

BARIUM  SPRING, 


MI  NEKS  I,  SI'KINfiS   «)F   NORTH   CAROLINA. 


230 


find  ofFects  to 
e  Wliite  Siil- 
ifl  Iodine  are 
or  others  the 
I  alteriiiitely. 
tliese  waters 
c. 

u-ked  merit: 

H"Ktll|.}Mln'ttc(l 

Til  ills  sulpliuto 
i>f  lime,  17.40 


('ly,  on  the 
ickory  liy  a 
)untry  is  a 
vith  scenic 
in  the  fore- 
le  distance, 
lave  main- 
50  ^firings 
tiie  known 
rative  and 
areunsur- 
'  stomach, 
lie  assimi- 
rson.     ]ly 
a,  vertigo, 
oils,  riieu- 
eascs,  are 


Tth  Caro- 
owing  to 
)od  Jiotel 
pleasant 
D  on  the 
"liarm  of 


■  become 
lit  1775. 
1'  a  mis- 


taken idea  of  the  early  settlors,  who,  hecause  cattle  refused  to  drink  tfie 
watervvore  led  to  believe  that  it  was  injurious.     Experience  and  chem- 
istry, however,  have  disproved  anrl  entirely  revt-rsed  this  supposition 
and  the  water  is  known  now  to  be  a  valuable  remedy  for  manv  dis- 
eases.    The  analy.scs  of  Professors  (Chandler,  i.edoux  and  I'hillitis'show 
that  It  contains,  m  varying  |iroportions,  barium,  chloiido  and  sulphate 
iron,  .soiia,  sulphur,  magnesia  and  phosphoric  acid,  in  such  combina- 
tions us  to  render  u  a  curative  and  tonic  agent,  the  equal  of  any  min- 
eral water  known      It  has  no  visible  outllow,  and  the  water  remains  at 
a  constant  level,  never  freezes,  never  stagnates,  and  it  will  keep  j)ure 
and  retain  its  curaMve  efMciency  indelinitely.   Th.-se  remarkable Sprinos 
were  well  known  to  the  Indians,  and  their  waters  were  so  highly  esteemed 
by  them  for  their  jwtent  curative  properties  that  they  made  the  localiiy 
a  regular  rendezvous,  as  is  [iroveii  by  tradition  and'  by  numerous  evi- 
dences of  their  lormer  occupation.     The  other  sjirings  all  contain  varv- 
ing  mineral  ingredients,  sulphur  and  iron  being  the  most  prominent 
elements  m  them.  * 

THE  MOORE  SPRING, 

]n  Stokes  County,  not  far  from  Danbury,  remarkable  for  its  control 
over  cutaneous  atlections  and  impurity  of  the  blood,  is  worthy  of  note, 
though  not  a  resort,  from  the  unusual  presence  of  many  mineral  ingre- 
dients, to  such  extent  as  to  have  astonished  the  State  Chemist  who 
makes  the  following  analysis;  ' 


lb 

rotasHhini  siilpliat...  0.210. nn.ins:  s.xlinni  (•Mori.l.-.  -  iir.T  Kraiiis:  sodium  sulnliat-v 
0. ,  ,S  Kraiiis.  sodiimi  piiospliatc.  0  .iV2  -rains:  calciiim  carhoiiat-,  »)1.4;}(i  orains'  nia- 

r*"''*'wrr';''T7*'i'  \ll^,^^'''r'  ."'."'■"•  '••"'^^'••"i-^:  v„latil.-aiid„rKaMic matt.'-r  ami 
loss,'*  40.  l.id;  total,  10H.4a...     (Jxidc  of  iron  aluiiiiiia.  tiatv. 


Creensboro  has  within  its  limits  valuable  mineral  springs. 

The  Winston  Marienbad  waters  are  drawing  much  intelligent  atten- 
tion. The  following  is  a  brief  extract  from  a  newspaper  account  of 
them:  * 

''In  the  spring  discovered  by  Mr.  S.  A.  Mauser  on  his  place,  two  and 
a  half  miles  north-west  of  Winston,  our  communitv  has  gained  one  of 
the  most  valuable  acquisitions  conceivable.     Acc-ording  to  Dr.  Uattle's 
analysis,  this  water  contains  calcium  carbonate,  mngnesium  carbonate 
iron  oxide,  sodium  chlori-le,  and  potassium  siiljihate.     The  water  is 
very  similar  t)  that  of  Marienbad,  the  famous  IJohemian  Spa.     The 
Marienbad  waters  contain  calcium  carbonate,  magnesium  carbonate 
ferrous  carbonate,  sodium  chloride,  lithium   carbonate,  and  trace-  of 
strontium,  manganese,  silica,  etc.     The  analogy  between  the  Marienbad 
waters  and  ours  is  very  clo.se,  for,  while  ours  has  no  lithium,  vet  it  has 
potassium,  which  is  even  a  better  ingredient  and  possesses  allUie  other 
eltective  elements  of  the  Marienbad." 

THE   PIEDMONT  SPRINGS. 

In  Stokes  County,  not  far  from  Danbury,  have  high  rej>ute,  and  tlicre 
being  a  largo  and  good  hotel  on  the  premises,  JtTs  largely 'reported  to. 

*  Iiicluaing  undeterniln.'tl  nmttof. 


240 


lIAND-noOK    OK    NORTH    CAROrjNA. 


t   0 


'   H 


h  i.s  twolvo  inilo.s  from  oithor  tlio  Capo  Vmr  and  Yadkin  Valley  road 
or  tho  ilnuiioko  and  Suutliurn  branch  of  the  Norfolk  and  Western. 

ELLERBEE  SPRINGS. 

Anion^j;  the  best  locally  valued  sprinjjjs  in  this  Stale  is  one  above 
named,  situated  about  twelve  miles  norlli  of  Itoekinj2;bam,  Richmond 
County,  Miroujj;h  which  passes  tho  Carolina  Central  llailroad,  The 
S[)rin,ns  are  in  a  dry,  healthy,  sand-hill  region.  The  waters  have  a 
remarkably  abundant  Mow,  the  f)re(lominant  elements  being  iron  and 
sulphur.  No  i'.nalysis  is  attainable,  but  the  Springs  are  worthy  of  men- 
tion, because  in  them  is  found  a  remedy  for  that  .stubborn,  distressing 
malady,  bay  fever.  Over  that  its  inlm(>diate  control  .seems  to  be 
supreme,  no  instance  of  failure  to  cure  being  known,  though  so  far* 
patients  und»>r  that  ailment  are  few. 

.Jackson  Springs,  Mount  X'ernon  Springs  and  others  have  line  local 
character,  and  worthily  attract  larg(>  annual  resort;  but  it  is  impossible 
to  give  the  charactisristics  of  all  in  detail.  The  Lincoln  i.ithia,  at  J.in- 
colnton,  is  among  those  whoso  waters  arc  valm>d  abroad  and  largely 
distributed. 

In  the  eastern  part  of  the  Middle  Section  of  the  State  arc 

THE  PANACEA  SPRINGS, 

Near  Littleton,  N.  C,,  on  the  Haleigh  and  (iaston  branch  of  the  Sen  board 
systcMu,  anil  about  seventy  miles  north  of  Haleigh.  These  Springs  are 
in  !i  pn^tty  valley  among  the  rolling  hills  of  an  unexpectedly  pic- 
turesipic  country,  its  rocks  and  its  Ibit-k  forests  of  oak,  hickory  and 
other  line  timber  trees  giving  token  of  healthy  airs  and  life-giving 
waters.  The  waters  have  oidy  become  widely  known  within  the  pas^t 
few  yeai.s,  but  have  already  ac(]uired  lame  at  home  and  .abroad.  The 
claims  for  etlicacy  in  many  maladies  are  V(M'y  extensive,  but  appear  to 
be  well  sustaini'd.  l''or  dyspepsia  they  an*  said  to  be  very  bcn(>licial; 
also  for  chronic  diarrbo'.-i,  scrofula,  kidney  troubles  and  other  diseases. 
The  waters  lo.>-c  none  of  their  virtues  l>,v  trans[)ortation,  and  are  sold 
by  the  drugstores  throughout  the  State.  There  is  a  good  hotel  on  tlu^ 
premises. 

One  of  the  most  remarkable  .series  of  s{)rings  in  the  State  are  known  as 

THE  SEVEN  SPRINGS. 

They  are  as  remarkable  for  their  locality  and  the  miture  of  their 
.surroinidings  as  for  their  gemiine  virtues.  They  are  in  the  south-(>ast 
corner  of  Wayne  County,  eighteen  miles  from  both  Kinston  and  Colds- 
boro,  but  nio«t  readily  and  quickly  reached  from  La(irange,  on  tho 
Atlantic  and  North  Carolina  Railroad,  seven  miles  north  of  the  springs. 
The  springs  lie  almost  immediately  on  the  banks  of  the  Neuse  River, 
in  a  region  of  hil's  and  bluffs,  and  amid  forests  of  hard-wood  trees, 
giving  a  vimt  marked  up-country  feature  by  their  intrusion  into  tho 


— ?af 


ill  V'ulU'y  road 
\  Wosloni. 


I  18  one  nhovo 
iiti,  Kiclunoiul 
'iiilroiid.  The 
waters  liavu  a 
w\u^  iron  ami 
surlily  of  iiH!ii- 
>rn,  distressing 
socniH  to  be 
though  so  far- 

liave  line  local 
t  is  inipossilile 
liittiia,  at  l.in- 
il  and   largelv 

are 


f  theSojihoani 
se  Springs  are 
xpectedly  [)ie- 
:,  hickory  aii(l 
nd  life-giving 
ithin  (he  past 
abroad.  The 
but  appear  to 
cry  benelicial ; 
other  diseases. 
,  and  are  sold 
d  iiotel  on  the 

-are  known  as 


ature  of  their 
the  south-(>ast 
on  and  (iolds- 
range,  t>ii  the 
of  the  springs. 
!  Neuse  River, 
rd-wood  trees, 
ision  into  the 


1 

ll 

J 

KISIIERIES. 


241 


iat  lam  s  and  monotonous  f..rest  of  the  l.,w  country.  The  si„in<rs  as 
their  title  implies,  are  seven  in  number,  all  bubbling  up  in  clear,  s'rontr 
volume,  in  cose  contiguity  and  enclosed  and  encased  in  a  sprin^-l  mist 
of  remarkably  limited  though  absolutely  convenient  dimensions  T 1  e 
r.rnrnv!  'I'^f ''''''  '"  '^^"^^  ^"'^lities  as  they  are  in  their  numbe  !■ 
and  prove  effective  in  malarial  diseases,  indigestion,  insomnia,  kidney 

roub  es,  including  Bright's  disease,  weakness  and  inflammation  o  he 
eyes,  loss  of  ar,pet.te,  etc.  These  springs  have  been  known  for  many 
yeara  and  have  been  the  resort  of  the  surrounding  country,  but  o  ?y 
o^mparatively  recently  have  they  become  known  to  the  niore  distant 
f..lh,  t  n^-^r  V!'^  fa^acious  hotel  now  makes  it  practicable  to  dis- 
tiibute  their  benehts  among  a  much  larger  circle  of  health-seekers 

Uiere  are  many  other  springs  of  value  throughout  North  Carolina 
than  those  above  named      All  of  them  are  now  accessible  by  raiCd 
1  he  efore    here  is  no  need  for  a  North  Carolinian  to  go  abroad  to  repair 
hs  injured  health,  and  there  is  good  reason  why  the  invalid  of  o  her 
fetates  should  seek  our  health-giving  waters 

Thtse  arelhe"^  '^'°"'  """""'"^ '"  '^'  ^''°^'''  P^'^''''  """'^  "°^  ^'"^  neglected. 

GLEN  ALPINE   SPRINGS, 

Eleven  miles  from  ATorganton,  and  reached  from  Glen  Alpine  station, 
on  he  Western  North  (Jarolina  Railroad.  They  are  beautifully  i?.' 
atel  among  the  bouth  Mountains,  a  range,  if  not  so  loftv,  quite  as  bold 
and  picturesque  as  the  Blue  Ridge-a  delightful  resort,  with  woods,  and 

nT^l    ''T'  V  .  '^''^'^^''i- f  r^  PT''  ^"^^  ^"inbling  waterfalls,  and  a  good 
hotel,  and  what  is  sought  for  by  the  invalid-invaluable  mineral  sprfngs 
ihese  are  chiefly  lithia  waters.     The  following  is  an  analysis  of  (Hen 
Alpine  bprings  water  by  II.  B.  Battle,  State  Chemist : 

ml^rSm-  tUl^nSS^I^'f^"'  Potassinin  sulplmte,  SlSffrains;  sodium  sulphate, 

3,nn.f       •■■*•,    ••*'''  ^'™'"*^=  i^^.'tleiuiu  carbonate,  x>.l)4«t?i-ains:  maenesiuni 

;  .     "^    i;         «'''l"r.-  «'l'^'''  -"'^y  K'-iins:  oxide  of  alumina,  .74?  grains    %viXS 

iron, .  ..^1  gza.ns:  volatile  and  orKan.e  matter  and  loss,  l.TTDgrkins;  total,  8.083  grains. 


•     FISHERIES. 

^  The  fisheries  of  North  Carolina  are  of  vastly  more  importance  than 
IS  attached  to  them  by  the  people  of  the  interior,  and  by  Zse  "d'o  leg 
slate  for  the  interests  of  the  whole  State,  else  there  would  not  have 
Fi!h  '  n  P':"'"^'^"^^,  extinguishment  of  that  enlightened  measure,  the 
Hsh  Commission,  which  was  doing  .so  much  to  restore  to  the  waters  of 
Noith  Carolina,  inland  as  well  as  exterior,  that  amazing  store  of  food 
s,  InT  li'nf  Tr'  ""  bountifully  and  so  gratefully  contributed  to  the  table 
supplies  of  the  people  from  the  coast  up  to  the  very  foot  of  the  moun- 
wnl^;.  nfir'  ^b^^'°'""^<^•^t  o*"  tl^^  early  explorers  and  settlers  that  the 
watei-s  ofjho  country  now  forming  the  State  of  xNorth  Carolina  were  so 

♦Eiiulvalent  to  c-aiboiinto  of  iron   l.a'C 

16 


242 


HAND-ilOOK    Ol-   NOUTll    (AHOI.INA. 


8tocke(l  with  (isl.  US  to  nlousaiitly  solve,  without  an  Hrguinent.  Iho  ques-' 
tioii  ot  Hubsistonce,  ami  thjit  in  the  season  of  niifrration  the  rivers  were 
80  thronged  with  the  erowd-.g  swarms  strugfrling  for  pass-way  up  to 
their  hemls  as  to  suflocate  each  other  by  their  pressure.  This  is  prob- 
ably exuberant  exaggeration;  but  it  is  certain  that  at  a  period  even 
now  remembered  by  the  living  the  visitations  of  the  shnd  in  bountiful 


runs  was  annually  awaited  along  th 
Yadkin  and  the  0 
in  large  quantities  in  the  Yadkin  far  above  Salisl)urv' 


,,      ,,         ,      ,,    .,    ^'i^ited  along  the  Ca{)e  Fear,  the  Neuse,  the  Tar, 
the  koanoke,  the  \adkni  and  the  Catawba,  up  to  their  very  sources'    ^ 


shad  being  taken 


individuals  or  even  diminished  schools,  sometimes  essav  the  pathway 
oJ  ancestral  swarms,  the  fact  remains  that  the  fish  resource  is  on  the 
coast  or  m  the  estuaries  or  mouths  of  the  rivers  which  once  opened  to 
to  mvite  to  far  interior  exploration. 

On  the  coast,  however,  there  yet  exists  an  imf.ortant  industrv  in  tho 
hshencs,  the  most  important  on  the  South  Atlantic  coast,  the  lish 
witli  tlie  greatest  commercial  value  are  shad,  herring,  mullet,  bluefish. 
ineniiaden,  sturgeon,  rock-bass,  Spanish  mackerel  and  others  of  inferior 
importance. 

The  following  table  of  statistics,  though  not  of  very  recent  date  wil! 
give  jHi  approximate  idea  of  the  importance  of  the  North  Carolina 
hshencs.  Owing  to  the  very  great  recent  development  in  the  practice 
ot  sending  tresh  lish  on  ice  to  the  Northern  cities  and  through  the 
interior  ot  this  State,  there  is  unquestionably  a  large  increase,  both  iii 
tiie  quantity  and  value  of  fish  taken:  •  ^ 

Persons  (Miiplovrd ^  O'^A 

Fislii n,-;-  vessels .'.""].' ''*,'? 

I'Msliinj;  l)()jits o  "I  J 

<'.i|>i(;il  ilepeiKleiit  on  llio  flsherv  iiwliisVries" ' «!r)(l(i'l(;i 

I'omi.ls  of  sea  products  laUeii  (iiieliidiiij;  oysterw)...        1 1"";).-)? ".'!(»(» 

value  ol  same, '  "'   "      ^;.,j^||Vp 

l\)iiii(lsoC  river  pnxlucts  talien ................     2()  H<)>"lss 

^  alu(>  of  same ^  s!'"'ir't)'(V 

Total  value  oC  prodnets  to  the  fislierin(>iKi. ..".'!'.".'."."."  ^  [.'' ."'"     IsiiToilri 

There  is  a  distribution  of  tiie  business  of  the  Hsheries  very  clearly 
<Iehned  by  localities  and  also  larg(dy  by  the  character  an<l  value  of  the 
•subjects  of  the  catch.  These  localities  will  be  considered  brieflv.  as 
loilows;  '  ' 

THE  CAPE  FEAR  FISHERIES, 

Which  include  ail  from  l<'ederal  I'oint  at  the  mouth  of  tlie  (\ipe  Fear 
Juver  to_  New  Kiver,  the  proceeds  of  which  nearlv  all  find  a  market 
m  W  ilmington.  The  most  important  fish,  in  quantity,  is  the  nuillet 
in'An\!^''"",'^  '■''^'*''''  '^'"'  Itarivled  to  the  amount  of  from  8,000  to 
U),(  00  barrels  annually.  The  season  for  mullels  is  during  tho  months 
of  August,  September,  October  and  November.  The  fish  are  caught 
in  seines,  at  some  points,  a9  atZeke's  island,  outside  the  bars;  and  most 


FISH  KR  IRS. 


243 


gononilly,  whore  the  conditiun  of  tlio  sea  admits,  in  tiie  otx.ii  outHJde 
Wiitors.  ' 

Tlic  soaHoii  for'shud  is  in  Kobniary,  Miin;h  and  April.  Thoy  are 
caught  in  !st>in(3s,  drift  nets  and  dip  nets.  They  are  hirgely  nent  fresli 
on  ice  to  the  Northern  markets,  and  are  in  great  demand,  both  on  account 
ot  intrinHic  merit  and  ol  their  early  anpearance  in  the  marl<et. 

1  he  sturgeon,  of  recent  years,  has  bocome  vahiabh),  not  for  home 
consumption,  but  to  meet  a  Northern  demand  which  is  steadily  increas- 
',n?;anV"'^  lire  caught  in  the  (.'ape  Fear  Jiiver  to  the  amount  of  about 
]()(),()()()  pounds  annually,  and  are  at  once  sliippi-d  by  rail,  on  ice. 

in  this  connection  it  may  be  interesting  to  give  IIk^  list  made  by  that 
very  elose  observer  and  early  historian  of  North  Carolina,  Lawson",  who 
in  1714,  tells  us  what  kind  of  lish  frequent  our  coastg,  as  follows: 

yVhiilcH,  ,s.>v..nil  s..rts:  Uinislwrs,  d.-villiHli,  Hwonilisl,,  ,Tim.|.(,iK,  bottlo  ik.hch,  i.„r- 

.Hfk,  confer  yrlslarni.n.y   ,.<.|s.  s.u.Msh,  toa-Kish.  l,..nrli,  ,sa,l|,-vv„t..r   tnml.  rn.i.k.Ts 
.orni.K.    Hi.icl  H     bivams.  tjiilois;  .-iinl  im  ii.linity  of  Irrsh-vviil,.,-   lish.  an.l  also  all 
tlio  vuricticH  ol  sIkIKihIi. 

The  same  (ish  are  still  found,  and  there  are  very  few  changes  in  the 
nanujs. 

BEAUFORT  AND  MOREHEAD  FISHERIES 

Kinbrace  an  area  of  more  than  eighty  miles  in  length,  extending  from 
rorUsmouth  near  Orraoke  Inlet  on  the  north-east  to  Hogue  Sound  on 
the  south-west,  einbracung  the  inside  waters  of  the  souiiTls  and   bays 
and  the  outside  waters  under  (,'ape   Lookout.     The    varietiiss    include 
many  of  tho.se  named  in  Lawson's  enumeration,  excluding  the  shad 
which  scu'ks  the  sources  of  fresii-water  rivers.    Tlw  bluedsh,  one  of  the 
most  numerous,  make  their  appearance  in  large  schools   twice  in   the 
year.     They  come  in  from  thesea  between  the  loth  of  April  and  the  1st 
of  May  and  are  caught  unlil  .June.     Thev  are  then  migratimr  north- 
wardly.    They  are  caught  olf  Lookout   through   the   whole  .s"immer 
J  hey  are  caught  again  m  the  fall,  beginning  aboutthe  1st  of  Au^nist 
VV  ith  (hem  are  caught  the  s^a  trout,  Si.anish  mackerel,  spots,  croakers 
and  other  migrating  (ish.     This  migration  beginning  early  in  August' 
continues  until  abi)ut  the  middle  of  N(»veml)er.     The  nuillet  appears 
m  immense  schools  about  the  middle  of  August  and  runs  until  about 
the  middle  of  November,  during  wliicii  time  thev  are  very  fat  and  in 
good  demand.     About  one-half  are  .shipped  fresh  on  ice,  and  the  other 
hall  IS  salted  to  the  extent  of  from  8,000  to  10,000  barrels  annually.     In 
lieaufort  I  larbor  and  other  protected  wiitcrs  they  are  caught  with  gi'll  nets- 
(Hitside  they  are  caught  with  seines.     RccPiitly  the  practice  of  7leep-sea 
fHhmg  has  been  resorted  to  with  remarkable  siiecess,  nets  being  dropped 
properly  weighted,  to  the  depth  of  eightv  to  one  hundred  feet,  and 
(  rawn  up  tilled  to  bursting  with  varieties  of  marketable  lish.     Among 
the  marketable  lish  caught  are  pompano,  trout,  Spanish  mackerel  erouk- 


ers,  spot>-',  and  others,  and  all  in   i 


nimen.se  and  unfailing  quantities. 


244 


About  l.OOO  m 


IIAND-IIOOK    OK    NOKTll 


CAHOLINA. 


en  HH'  hiTo  (Mil ployed, 


are  (Miij.Ioycl  outsi.lo  tlio  hnr,  (isl 


VVorkin^rJOOl,,,,,,,,       I,;j    1,,^.  i^^^^jj^ 


Iiii(>.     All  tli(>  Cnsh  llsl 


I  >in>   sill 


mi/j;  with  M'ii 


1)0111 


}»P<m1 


»  >t'e  by  mil;  by 


H'f,  or  Willi   book  and 


L>ni,  Iron,  wbjd,  pla.v  IIm^v  u<    (-it  ht  Iv    r  I  I        'i   T- ''■''^'  *"   ^^7 
i'mner   to    lOlizalUj,   (-jk.^    T L     1     .     "  '"  <l<'.s(inalion,  or  b 

l;^0,,,,in,Vn,b^.n;,:!:^lV.i!l,:te,^ 
Homiloit  I  larbo,.  lias  ,o,-  many  y.ars  il...,,  Mm.  cvn,,.,.  ..f  a  wlinl.  fi.b 


s;:;r'vii-r;t;f';;;!;;-^^ 


NEWBERN, 
At  tlio  bead  of  Ibc  luuad   ostiiarv  <W  *!.,>  V«,.-     i.- 

roncbod  in  about  a  n.ontl       Abo u      al  '         t   7f  ■' 1  """  T'""^   '^ 
sinned  bvsb,  and  the  rest  is.       dil     ,"'"'''' t''-''^' "^ 
increase  in  nnnibcs  <h    in .  ^Vb    ,  rv  a   d  .n'TTl  ""''•'  '"  •'""•,""■•^'• 

btameli  ^'i  J  ::rs.  ^!:;iitt:;nn^';;  r  ";;;:;r^  ■;.^';si;^'- 1;:,:;;!';- 

hve  principal  dea  ers  in  Newbern   nnd  flw.i,.         •  '         ••'  *   *^" 

;vi<';  .i.«t  „'f  M„,,.i,o.„).  ox,.;;;,';,;;;,/;;",!,     7  is,:;.  ';";.:•!;.""•.','.;;:, 

Tbe  wbole  of  tbe  eastern  water  section  is  on^nffcl  in  tins  indnstrv 


I'll^llKHIKS. 


245 


iniimlVst  hy  tlio  iiicrcasiii;,^  uiimlH'rs  nnd  (|nalilv  of  the  ciiltiviitcd  luid 
protcctiMl  li-li,aiHl  tlicii  broiitjlit  to  an  mitimc'Iy  cikI.  tlio  act,  lor  tlio 
creation  ul  lli(-  ImmIi  ('()miiii>si(»ii  liavin/,r  Ixvii  rcpcalcil  pn^n 'Mjnfly. 
()ili(«r  States  who  a(l(»|.t('(l  Mm  sy.slciii  (.f  lish  ciilturc  Ihivm  Ih-ch  wiwr 
tliiin  \v(>,  and  persevere.  It,  is  to  he  hojicd  that  wishan  will  n^tiini  to 
our  liC^islatiire  and  the  act,  lie  renewed. 

'I'he  ni(»st  extensive  and  prolitahh^  of  the  lisheries  lie  alon^  .\li)e- 
niarl(!  Sound  and  its  trihulary  waters. 

The  lollowinj^Mn  relation  to'theni,  an<l  wliicli  ^rjves ample  infortnation, 
IS  (piotc'l  Imin  ''riie  .Mheiiiarle  Section,"  a  pamphlet,  compiled  hy 
Messrs.  !•'.  i;.  and  I'Vunk  \'au;;lian,  (tf  Klizaheth  < 'ity  : 

Tlu'  (iMlu'riesoC  North  (inoliim  ,in.  Ihr  tnusi  iinpurltuil  r>ii  tlieSoiidi  Atliinlir  .•.,j,h( 
lliesliMil  iokI  li.Tiiii;;  tisli.Tirs  iov  Hii- iiiosl,  cxlriisiv  r  nnd  iiii|i(irlMiil  of  .•inv  S(iil<'  iuiil 
lll.-llsllrn.'snl  ll...  All...mMlle  se.'l  i..lM.C  Nerl  li  (  iin.M,,;,  jMv  hilKeiilll.l  III,.  l.tMi'llK'N 
more  viiliiiililc  lliiiii  tliosr,,!'  ||||.  lijilniice  (iC  {\u-  Sliil..  roniliirii'il.  KHi.ceijillv  is  this 
true  ,>{■  llie  »r\\U'  lish.Ti.'.H.  ||  js  rsliinilleil  lligil  ;{(I().(M)()  viuilH  ,.('  seine  iOV  olx^iili'il  in 
llie  ,\ll»-ni;nl,'  SumimIm.     In  .'iddiliun.  Ihrre  arc  llioiisiinds  «.r  Htiike.  diill    iii.nnd  iind 

nlli.T  lvinds<.|  ne|Ho|.ci!ilcd  in  tlKKiviil  s, Isiind  livcrsin  lliiHsrctidn    '  Tli.^  InrK.'sl 

.-I  the  scnws  iiiv  soinr  :.•.:.(»()  viods  in  lennili  iil.on(  ii  nijli'  nnd  ii  liitir.  rn.iM  end  to' 
.■nd  el  llie  luniinin-  n.prs.  when  llii'scine  is  ma.  Hie  distiince  Ih  nemlv  r,nir  riiilcH  The 
seines  fire  "mIi.iI"— lliiit  is,  <.iiiri<.d  eiil  nnd  dc|i()si(i'd  in  the  wnler  -  )>>•  slcnni  lints  nnd 
stenni-|)(.wer  is  nlso  used   in   l.iiiiKiiiK  them  t,.  sIkmv  with   their  ^^rl^nt   lends  of 'tish 

'''"' 'ly  "'"'  "shnntinK     wns  nil  d I.y  mis  uf  l.onis  nmniK'd  hy  In.in  sixteen  to 

tweiily  tour  sturdy  onrsnieii.  hut   the  iiivcntivi.  Renins  of  n  citi/.n  of  the  Ali.eniirle 
section  opened  the  wny  to  Letter  nnd  more  rnpid  nielhods.     'ro('n|)t    I'etcr  Wnrrcii 
ol   Kdcnlon,  IS  due  nil  the  credit  for  thni  KlenI    modern  eoiiveliience  of  the  1,1  iLfe  lish- 
eries, known  ns  the  stcnm  lint.     The  viirietiesof  vnhinhle  tishes  lre.|iientinK  the  wnti^rs 
ol  the  Alliemnile  section  in  ;;rent  mimliers  nie  numerous      ( 'hief  nnioiiK  l7iccomnier 
cinl  lishes  nre  herring,  sli.id.  rock  (striped   hnssi.  mullet.  I.luetish,  Spniiisli   niiickercl 
cliiih  (hinck  hnss),  perch,  stiiiKeon,  mi'iilinden.  ti.iiit,  spots,  lio;;lish,  cronkers   nnd  oi' 
the   shelllish,  oysters  mid  cinms.     'I'he  crnh.  so  niMindmit  in  mmiv  pl.ices,  is  the  mvli 
•■nemy  ol   the  Kill-n''ll«.r.  Iinviii^;  no  resp.ct  for  either  llie  nets  (U- its  tinny  enptivcH 
iinddestroyiiu;  holli  with  npp;irciitl\  ,.,|unl  relish.     Kyen  fhis  Ishmnelite  ofthe  wnters 
IK  sought  lor  proht,  hem,;  prep,irei|  f,,r  mnrket  nt  llnmptoii,  Vii  ,  mid  other  pinces  on 

t" >i'^<      '•''"'  lierrmj;,  ns  he  is  iiniycrsnlly  cnllcd,  ill  renlifymi  nie-wife    is  entitled 

to  the  distinction  of  kiii-of  our  commercial  lishes  not  that  "his  llnyor  is  si.  tine  as  of 
dozens  ol  other  yarictics,  or  that  he  l.riii-seyen  Ji  hiindrcdtli  pari  of  what  other  lisli 
sometimes  liriiin',  liul  because  lii>  neyer  fails  to  come,  he  (he  season  uood  or  had       From 

(il'ty  ton  hundred  I hoiis I  herrinns,  nnd  often  twice  Hint  mimher.  are  fre,Mi..nllv 

taken  at  a  sint;le  h:iiil  ol  a  lar^e  seme  in  ;i  t;,,,,,!  seusoii       It  is  reliably  stated   that  -in 

uimiy  as  'KHI.OOD  herrings  haye  I siived  from  a  single  haul  of  a  seine  in  AlhemnHe 

Sound,  thousandsof  lish  c.s-a  pin;.;  and  heim;-  thrown  .away  for  wantof  handliiiK  facili- 
ties. llerriuKarecure.l  m  saltan<l  stored  in  hands  andkens  Three  j^rades  of  Ihem 
ureprciiarcd  tor  ni;irkef -cut,  roe  and  ^ross.     They  are  also  cured  I.y  smokiiiL'  thoied. 

on  a  much  smaller  sc.ile      Tlie  other  st  yiiliial.le  species  of  f<.(.ii  tish  taken  in  the 

All.cmarlc  waters  nre  shad  and   rock.  cnuKhl  in  Kivnl   numl.ers  in  Alhi'iiinrlc  Sound 
and  Its  tnlmtary  St  reams, iiiid  toa  Icssextent  in  the  I'amlicc.  Sound  and  its  tributaries 
These  hsh  (and  others,  .as  licrch,  chubs,  etc.)  arc  packed  in  ice  and  shipped  fresh      The 

North  Carolina,  .shad  < imaiid  the  highest   pricvs,  because  they  bcMn  to  ••run'"  tirHt 

and  arc  early  on  the  inarket.  Thus,  while  the  St.'ite  of  iMaryland  is  credited  by  the 
census  with  a  sliKhtly  lar^t^r  catch  of  shad,  the  pri.^c  realizci'l  for  the  N,.rtli  Caroliu'i 
shad  IS  s(.  much  greater  that  the  ynlue  of  the  cntch  is  more  :hnii  double  that  of  the 
Maryland  lishery.  because  the  shad  are  marketed  before  lishiiiK  begins  there  The 
(pinntity  of  slind  taken  in  (he  waters  of  this  ..Hection  in  a  Kood  year  is  between  three 
ami  (our  million  ot  ponnds.  The  shad  is  a  much  more  (imid  fish  (lijin  (he  licrrintr 
and  not  so  easily  entrapped  At  the  head  df  the  Albemarle  Sound,  made  fresh  bv 
the  volume  o(  water  from  (lie  Jtoanoke,  Cashie.  Chowan  and  odier  riyers  is  the 
favorite  spawnuif;  grounds  of  the  shad,  and  it  is  in  (heir  pa.ssa-e  hither  that  d'M'V  are 
ensnarcil  m  the  semes  nnd  nets  all  thn.iiKli  (he  sounds  and  rivers.  At  Avoca  'it  the 
lu-ad  of  Albemarle  Sound,  was  a  liutchcry  for  shad,  furuisiicd  with  the  most  approvtMl 


2  (ft 


H.^NIt    liunu    or    NOKIII 


'    VIUMINA, 


ii 


i'f 
.  I 


n;;!;t:rM,:v;,r;;r:':ii,:rr'^i:;::,:!:  ;]'t:;i:.  t;:;  ;;;;;';:,"•■■  -.)- 


I'IhIhmI 


Mill 


ixiiMoI'Mliml  In  |,„,|  I 


tMWl>   ill    Ih..   JIlliMI.I    «,|(,.|M,,C   t) 


'iMMld.  (iill\  lull,  )„m|  III  II 


to  III,.   Ml...iniiil..  N.iiiii.l  r,,,iii  IN 
li<'<<  N,iiiii,l,  ;l,N|il,(iii(i 
Till'  hIi..||i|h||  ,,r  il, 

ImmU  ,ir  I'lii 

imiiiiImim. 

Ml 


•'•Nliil..       III.,  imiiil 


"••      |l|ll<   ,.<|    III    ||„.   Mil 


"III  111'  I'ImIi  iiikI 
ii«h|iiII,iii  nil, I  liiiiinl 


,  ,  I,.  |NNO\>,,.,  |0.llll;I.IIIHI,    11,  Ml 


IIIIIM    lllllllllll  V 


•I   IIIIIH   lllhllllll^     I,,    |"„,„ 


•'Nl>   «ll((.|f«,    |„,U,.\,,, 


•  •H  nil  Ilit>  IhiiiKh,  1111,1   (I 


im-ill  M,iini.  nil. nil, 


ri 


I'll,., I 


Nlll|l||l,>lllH  1,1  N,.«    \,„|,         i-i 


•  •iimii,liM|,iij.,.|v  |,„,il.l.iii  II,.,  X., I 


"•'^  III..  Ink.. II  II,.!,,  (|„,j,  |„,,|;,  ,„  ,, 


Mil'  nil'  i'xli.|iHivi> 


•'  Mlllllj     ill    ).t|.„|. 


•'MIHHIII|I|.|„IH..    |.| MliLIlM,    I,,    ,|l..„i,| 


i[iti,.,.|  ..\|„,i|  iHiii,r..„„|„o  II 


I'll,'  I 


',''";, V"'.'"'"'^"*  """"'-ii.m  1,1,1  r„i 


iiiiili,'.,  Niiiiii,!  iiikI   iIh  Ihl 


•  ll»|l|,l\,.,|      |||,.|h,„lH    ,,|      ,    ,,|| 


<'>>\l'lill|.      I|||I|,|,,.,|m   ,,| 


H,l||ll)| 

«»m|,.|     ||,,|,|4  j 

(111,1  ,i\hI..|m  ,  hi,  I 


l>llltl|li,.M     1,111,1 

XMJI 


•ll'    lll\,l|„|,|,.    |,.yJM|„|| 


K  llll,>ii»>|, 
I  111  nil  iiiilv  ,|„v 


"11  1111,1   hx    |,|,,|„.,   ,.,,)| 


lllt< 


Mi'<(   iiiiliinil  ,.>M|..|    ||,.|,|.  ,|,„(    ,^„, 


"IM;"<  II  liitu,.  ,l,.|,i„i„|.     •||„,  „|„,| 


"I "'  lllil<'<,  <.||||    |,.,|,|||x    I 


lIlMll     ,!{      ||„ 


Miiiiiii>  |.i,i,..Mii„.„„,„,„|,,;^, 


in<'il.',|  ml,.  |ii,.,|,i,  ii 


ltii.<li,.l. 


Iiiix ..  I 


.Siii„>  ,,f  III 


UMlll.'l.'.l    II,  .jllMlllill.H  1,1 


I'l  i,„k  ii,>«  .,u,.iHii„.i„,ii,,„; I 


i>  h|. 


It  IiimI   ,,r  ;|li,i|||    IxMiil 


"I    IlKl.H. 


"'«'ll  inlJII,  Killx    |l||||||,.,|  Il 


<>r  III,.  (■|i,.mi|i.>,il,,.  II.M 


'•    ""l"'li..|-  Hi/,.  , 111,1  |||,„|,h  I 

!<'>  "'<»iti|.iiri«fiH,„,il,|x  Willi  ||„.i 


ill  II 


III  iiihIiIx  |.ii7,.,i  ,iiii,.iii.H,,r  tiiiii 


>     '■'■MIh    Mil, I    I, .MM    |l|.|' 

"    I'll '  W  lll'l,.  I|„.v 

"'"''■iilliMil,.,!  I |,„.|„ 


'"'"•'''''•^."l  <l...    Ml ..,ll..M.,.|| 


•'I  (Ik'iii  fill.  mI.,>i,,„|   ,„  ,,| 

'I'lic  lullowiiij^   iiirnniiiil 
liui  nl'iiM-ll 


''1111,1  l,.|in|>iii  III,.  I,.  I.,.  I,,,,, 1,1 


IK'I'N.  IIIKJ  III,.  Iiilu.l 


'•II.        iMllllKlllll    lull   I,     I 


ill  •|iiMnlilii.H 


mill  .4|i,|,|i,.,|  I, 


;'""l''"":  ••"■  I I  Miliiiilil 


I  '  i'll.'i>lill,l)|,.  .jllHlllll 


i"ii  w.'iH  t'diimniiii.'jiiril  |iv  |i|     W     I 


l"'''''''''"Ul  iuji((,.||„„|  I, ,  „,.„(  ,,,  ,1 


*      i  I 
V      (ill 


ll'H. 


M'- 


"''"'••"I  I-  iinlli.Milv  on  I'ml,  „,,.|  li^i 
.l«'<'l  t.i  11.1,1  his  iHCoiiiiiidoii 


It'l'll'S. 


il  iv 


'"'  I'l' "^       As  lliis>',.||^ 


I'l^l    <"    llllll    Mini     III,,   sill 


IVi.if    1,.    ISOllf.ill    ,„.|: 


.■iflt'l    lll;,(   i|,',| 
« 'nil,. II    (  ';,.„, I 


'  «.'l,>  1 1, 


''  I'lllX     ,||.\  I 


'•«'  I'M    .III.  till, ^  ..|,„,|  ,,,|,|  „| 


:iHrv\ir'::':*^;"'":"'-i-'''.i  Mr  .i.;. v. ;;;;;; 


iii»',i'.'ii. 


iMil.  r|iriv,...     (ii..,.,|si 


I"';'"  "'"I   M'v   M.Hl..-    \ii.i,;.|,.,,.|.  I 


(In-  shviiiiw  111     Ml 
III,'  11- 


loll 


"inn  llio  IliHl   I, 


"•mini,!  s 


"''1.  .111.1  iiipiiMx  H.iin,.  I,,.,,,! 


I  'li;iii.'MNl,,i 
'iiiliiii  I. 


Mil' 


III  II 


r,i|>.'i 


ilMMtll)..    1. 1    ||„,    XV 


"Mil. I  .|.i\\  I,    I,,    I 


|"'l\!lll    III   .11,..  s.'.ls.ll,  IVlliiy,.,] 


•I      iiimmiimI   h,li..r  nil, I   I 


'•oniioK,'  Im|j,ii,I.  mill 


'"'  XM'i,'  ,'l,.ni,.,|  1,11  ni 


Mr. 

II'    lli'W 


InlM,. 


OIIK 
«i'l,'..|,..,,.,|,',|    ,11,111 


Ni'M'ivil   Imin.U  I, I    I 


l"olll.i|':*|,s,(l(lo  ,„  siMx  .InvH     I 


I'on.'i  li.'iiin  i,s,.,|.      ,M,.   ,.,,11 


I'll 


<;nj.^sill..ilnni|slu|,|...,||,,|i„'||,.n'.,|| 
w.'  ...iiiiM.Mi.'.'.l  p.i.Kiiij:  sli.nl 


:;;i ::!?;". :";v...^<  <•""..'''-<••.  inh.  nmiMi 


i,K">(» 


IIIIOI,. 


ICi,  Il 


I  .11' 


•'•».'"I0  . '.llllll.  I., .Hi.l 
'••I'll    Mllj.'ly    XVl'l-i 


In.! 


•  'It  >x  till  i.'.i  li 


"'"•"-•■"'•«il."l';l|'lii.iniiil\,.„.  V,;,.K     I 


o»    llio  Inii;.'   lisl 


('''I'  HI  lli.liiij;  in;i,.| 


tit  «.s'..'|h  nii.l  '.lii|.|.i,,,.   \,„( 
111  .1      ■ 


Mil     X  .'MM. 


I    I 


wns  In.l.'ii  \xiili  h|,,.,.|  j.n.lv.'.l 


'r:;::.: '■:^.!v;'":':;' -^^ --.■.;;  r;..v.;; 


'■ii.-s,  iHM.'lins.'.l  ||,„  Mli,,.|.sin'ii.'.|  il 


kN     H.1.1II     t\H     >Vl' 


lit  r.t.'iiii.l  I..,.,  x\  I 


I  111,1, 


nil, I 


n 

M'in^!: 

otic 

"OOII     llll>    Xl.NHI'l 


I'oiittiu'ii.',-,!.  Hlin.l.  I 


';"'"""'" I  ll-<liiiiu  nil. 'I- 111..,  I 


"'II  It  xx.hiI.Im.'I  Mnil  r.,|.  Noxv  y,,,.), 


<)MX    MJIM.I   nil. I    lil|,.||    XMll,    I 


>"'"'|>V..  Mri|...||  I.Ms-^nii.l  ii.'i 


IMiiIn.l.'l|.lMn  nii.l  N..«   >  oiK,  ;,,„'| 


"'   III''   Will',   n   II, 
I  *V' r.'  pn.'K.'.l  ill  1,,,^, 


11. 1. 1 


"     XXIlH 


!'  .■ . ■v:;''"'i  *'"• "'"' ^'"1' •  ''^  '"-<  r-'iMi 


vniii'sxcix  iiiii.lis.ii. 


litis  1 


Mill  lo  llnlli 


'iilniiiiiiu 


Itx 


v  'In.XN.  nii.l  I  li.ix..  I, 


t.'  '^.'nsnli-. 


I  11 


l>*''ollllllll...|  I.,  ||„.  ,„-,.M,.ii|    ,|,.,|,,         I'l 

inx.' iMi.ixx  11,1,1..  |„,,„.|,  I,,,,,, ,,,|,  1,1,1  ,„i,)^|, 


i'\|>.'ii'i.'xxnsriniii>;s.(»(iii(,,,'jsnt,0(i( 


V":::,v.:;::^""""'"'"'v<"""<-i«o..ivii 


i>.'ii.'.i 


'X    ll'll    l.lllj;  ,,ni 


III 


^.    X*  .'ft'  lis 


l>i'is,'nMiii,   l''.iiiiii.,|x 


IKKI  I 


III. II.. 
'iil.'li 
iiiHi\ix 


I.. 


"  .1  '-.'nMiii 


^llll.l.'ll   ;,    |1;,1    I,,, II, 


nliii.wi  ;m\  xxnl.T.      Il.>ni 


si'i  lo  I'.nix.ix  II 
"It  sli'niii.'i-,     'ri 


IC  HI'IIH'M. 


ll'NI' 


1 1,  ml 


"■""lil  l'^."^  lnir,"l...nl 
lliil  Cnpl     |'..|,.,.  yi    w 


>  llinl.  Hoiii  IJml.lnl.'i.i  || 
nii.l  .linxxn  (,i  ||„.  .slimi'  I 


il'^opitl«'iil'''lns|,.niii  K'-nr  l.ir  .| 


■<  ni.>  x.'ix  N.'nxx.nd 


'I'll.. 

,  I  Ml  I 

M  r.'ii 


pi. 


tnxxMiK  111, 


'^'■itl.  lit.' Iiii!;,.s..iii.'snf.' pill  ;,ni  ,„,  I 


•>  .   K"MUV  111 
lll.'M  I.I  III,.  hIi.11.. 


pirn 


.'n.li  .'Mivmily  „f  ,|„.  I,,,.,,,, 


v  Nli'niti  .'iii;m 


K's,  nil  I'limii.'  Il 


iltiiil 


'■'''I  111  our  xxnl.'is,  I 


t         .M1..111   Ihjs  .|;,t 


I    tl.'l,  l.,>,-nilS('   ;\    Ti'iHIsxl 


Ixiioxxii  ns  111,.  |ii„m.|  ,1,    Hinl 


■IIS..  XX  nil  s| 
.1 


11",.'  Nt.'niii 

'''lltl    'Itllllls  I 


lll'l    '''•OM.lllM..i,|     i|..\| 


i.inl.s 
"•iiiv- 


^•■iitin    Diili'hi 


loii.if.x   II. .|,  nil. I 


'o   xxnw 


of     IMil 


our  siivniiis  niv  liii..,|'  vxjn,   n 


n 


'f    11 


lisl 


toxx.tn  K'lxi'f      T|„,x  I 


lis   iH'llMiju    in    1,11111,1    mI. 


tintt   Ills!   pill   II,,,,,,  ,„    yii 
■rii.nisnii.ls  .if  xnr.lh 


''"llllll, nilv  <'nlli.i| 


11. 'I... 


"'iiinil 


■'"1111,1 


It.' 


1  ''.'ttiMii;   llllll  niir  \x;,|,., 


IV,'  pii>v,.il  n  x,.rx  mii 


i'"iiK    lit.'   Nli-,.niiis 


\''N     lllMllll. 


s  ;!..SiO  \nnls  .i|'  n.'lt 


A  \x 


lit.'    I.ip    111,,.;     Il 

Kf'Ml   tuMiili.'rs.  Inn 


l.'X   .'osl    S   lo  Id 


11,1;.  'Ii'pdi  1,1  .siiii'i 


I'll  rir,i...(',l  s,i,i,,,| 


Uii-oiiclt   11 


ill  11 


''•'Ills  <'n.!i 


n'  MMiiiii.'r  .11-  spnxx  Hill 


K'  |'n^^l   r.'xx-  xi-nit 


,.    ,  ,  "•'    Ml'i'itintl''   ,S.„m.|    ,,,„'| 

::'::;'! ■"■•"«'|innniixnn.'i ,..;;; 

^''tn.'^is^xxiiiil,  ..,|„,|,|  s:,,(m      II 

••''""'I  ■'^.<Ii>(>,..„Kh.i„ 

f"  ''.MIVJll    Sllllj;..,,,,    j„ 


o«  nliiii,  Ijwj,,.,}       Il  1,,,^  ,|| 


W 


'•    Ml    r.ll|,!(.i-    v,.„| 


"<;•«  I'v  111.,  mil,;  nil  Alhrmmr 


u  s.ns.iii-  III,.  .i)i|,.,.|   I 


''    S'ltlllll    Jill 

'niK   1"  'npli,,..  Ill,,  r.,„|,,|,, 


•  •VHTICHM    ANft   TIIK   (tVMII'U    MI'HVKV. 


247 


II'  inm|il)  I'H  III 
il  "I  I'IhIi  mill 

II  mill  liitiii'il 
itiH  IriliniiH  V 
liii\  III  rum 

III'   I'Xil'llHiVll 

"••il  III  y,\ri\\. 
<illK  IlllnlU'.ll 
til  rillh  iliiv 
'I'll  I  llllllii'. 
I.  Illlll,  Willi 
lliinl  III'  III,. 
>  pliilhli'lH  l> 

III  r.ii  IllllrH, 
mill  li'HM  |H'i' 

«  lli'li-  llli.y 
'il  |iIim|i||.|m 

II  iinmililirH 

>^t    MllllilllUi 

•liimiliiicH. 


ii|ii> 


lIllS  JN'll 
lIlC    Sllll 


I'lill       Simil 
>IIIM('I,  Ml 
11    fill'    Iii.« 
I    .'ill  illiMlf- 
lli'il    lllllil 

Mr  I'njlo,, 
ml.  lii'HJilrH 
lii'lv  xvi'iii 
><'il(  III 
•MHi'l  liriii^v 
I'll!  Ill'  iiiio 

llll<    M'HHI'I 

Vi.iK 

llmli'  \\(IM 
"iKilinilln- 
t.lllllllnir. 
I'll''    .'llli'li 

I  iiiHJNiv  - 
•"II  'I'lin 
"•'iH,  jiiii. 
■  Will  I  I'll 
UoiliK  III 
III'  hIiiiiii. 

'Mlllllililfs 

liiH  lii'iii^ 
\ii'i«   wiiH 

ll.V  I'll  III <ii 

•  NoiiihI. 

IMIIllli'ils 

mill  Mini 
I'ii'lii'M  III' 
.<il>0  ||. 
i'oiKm  oil 

i'K<'i>ii  ill 
111111,1  „ll 

'  lt'iiijiU> 


hIiiih<'(iii  III  liiUi    Ihr  nil   (m  i m/i  linm    m  Im  |i   i  hviiIii'  In  iikhIc,  iiimI  wi'  llini  hIiI|i  ||  lit 

IfiiMHiii   mill  lli'iiiimiv.     'I'liJM  liiiM  iIi'hIiiivi'iI  III)' iiiiilliir  It'll Ill  Ihn  i  itli  h   U  linnllv 

ri<nitiii*'iiill\i>      I  hiHi Ill  liiiiiilii'ilMiir  HltM>'.i  Mil  III!  tl  i'ihIi.  Hint  fill  will  III  III'  I  It  villi  (< 

niiilil  liiiM'  I II  iiiiiilo  rn  III,      Till'  tiiK  Illlll  nil  viiliiK  iil  llml  iliili> 

Till'  iiijii'  iiHi'il  JH  lllllil  '.'I  III  l|i|  liH'liiH  III  I  ill  iiiiili'ii'hri'mnl  i  uhIm  (ilmiil  '.'II  i  ihIh  |m|- 

llllllllll  Alllllll    r^O  I'IiiIh   'MMI    \IIIiIu    lllllil    lllillu    ill luill  1    III  >  lllllil  ii.iiil   III. III.,      mill    lu  1.1... I. 


Allii'iiiiiili' I'fili'li  iif  hIiihI.   ill  iiIiiiiiI 
lli'l  liii|>,  I  iilrli 

Hljll'll    lltIMM 
I'i'llll 

Sliir^i'iiii 


Ti. Mill, III  III 

|,''ill.lMMI.Illlll 

riH.IMMI  II.. I 

yiMI, (1(1(1 

111.0(10  IIhIi. 


"linHi'till  10,000  IIhIi. 

I  '^ I   \>>ii  II  Illlll  vvliii'ti  I  I  iijiii'il  riiiiii  llii' mill  >i  liiMili  III   MiHiHiii    l,iiii|i|ii'm-  A    Hull, 

l''iil(i»ii    IVlmlu'l,  Ni'w  Viiili.iii  IHSM,  mIimw  inc.  Imw  liliml  iiii<  iilnriil.  IhiihIIi'iI,  mimI  Imw 
Nnilli  I  miiliiiii  riitn|imi'il  \\  illi  uIImt  MIiiIi'm  nil  ih'mi   Niw  N'm  li ,  Mm  nln  i'm  i<|i|i.|| 

Nnllll  I  'linilillil  i.'iO  Illlll 


Nnilli  I  'iiniliiiii 
I'liiililn 
Vini.iiiiii 
Ni'w  Niiili 
I  'iilllli'riirllt 
MllllH' 


■.0,(10(1 

I'.il.lKt 
VII,  17) 

'.'.riMM 


OYSTERS  AND  THE  OYSTER  SURVEY. 

'I'll!'  iiliiiiiilulM'if  III  W I  lie  1 1  ny.slcls  w  (•!■('  lull  ml  iiluii^;  I  lie  A  I  In  lit  ic  (■(ki.mI, 
(if  IJmi  I  liiil.t'il  iSlulcH,  atid  l.lirir  Hiipcri  r  (ixccIImiicc,  luiiiln  I.Im'Iii  iit.  (uicc, 
ll|iiill  llm  Hi'lllciiM'lll  III'  IImi  cuiiiilry  lllllil^  llin'woti'is  wlijcli  |iiovnl(!(| 
llu'iii,  till  iiiliric  Imtli  (if  ,milisisl('iii'M  1111)1  lii,\iiry,  Willi  llw  iiicicirsM  tif 
itili'iiiir  |iii|iiilii,li(iii  Illlll  tlii>  |ii'iivi.siiiti  III  i|uii'l<  timl  ii'iiily  iiu'iiih  hI' 
lriin,'^|ini'lnlii)ii,  Um  iihh  of  llicm  \vii,h  ciKiinKiiiMly  I'lilnr^iil,  iumI  Uic  iIjh- 
Iriliulimi  III'  lln'iii,  ill  iijl  llir  Idnn.'j  of  iisp,  licciinic  en  cxlcirsivd  vvil.li 
lli(>  Aiui'iic'in  coiiliiiciil,  mill  wim  iml,  ('(niliiiiil  In  Ihnl.  lu'u/iil  nri'ii,  lor 
l']iii'ii|ii'.  ill  llic  ijiiiiiiinliiiii  (if  iis  iivvii  .sii|i|ilii's,  nnil  nlsn  in  il,4  t'ccn^iii 
lion  (»r  IJM'  ,'-n|ii'iini'ily  nl'  liii-  Aiiii'iictiii  oyHlor,  Im.s  Kccii  lor  ii,  iiiimiImt 
of  ycniH  II  liii^o  f'liii.'^iiiiKif.  'I'lid  ('(insi'iiiicnci'  \h  tlii«  ili  iilclinii  ol'  iiidiiy 
j^roiimlH  (iiicp  r('j.f!ir<l(Ml  iih  iiK'xImii.slililc,  llic  iliiiiiniilinn  in  oilier  vmiIi'i.s 
wlicri"  (liiiiinnlioii  .sccincd  iiii|»(i,'-wil)l(',  I'ollowi'il  liy  llm  ii,ss<'il,ion  oT  locnl 
ri^lils,  titli'iii|ilM  lit  |Im>  cxcln.sioii  of  iiiviKliii).^^  li('^|iii,'^s('r,M,  coiilciilion, 
lilooilslicil ;  lintiily  li'^isjiitivc  iiction  Mini  tlic  i  ll'mt  to  dcfiiK'  i  i)4lit,s  hy 
liiw,  willi  [Miwcr  to  tisscil,  Illlll  si'cnrc  lliciii  hy  lorcc;  ninl  nil  tiny  iiiihIo 
iit'ccs.'^Mry  li('(';ms('  liiiiiinn  iinhirc  kiidvv.s  no  inoilcriil  ion  in  llif  ii'i'  ol'  |,|io 
tihimiliint  rriMvi^'il'ls  of  I'lovidcncr,  nr  in  llic  nltnintni'iit nl'  tluit  wliicli 
I(>iiiIh  to  ciiinpcti'iicy  or  wciillli. 

Tlic  ntt<'ni|i|.  lo  rcliiicd  llin  ,slc|n  ol"  |insl,  wnsto  iind  iic^lci't,  i,sv\li(it, 
invtiriiilily  I'tillow.'^  in  lockitijLJi;  tlin  sinliji'  dnor  iil'lcr  IIk!  Iinr.sc  Ims  ^rr,ii,..__ 
Viiin  i('/;ict.'^t  iiiid  Irnillcss  hcH' r('|iioii(li.    All  llic  deep  rcHciircli  id  Hcicnco, 


':?*  '.i       'I! 


\\  ■ 


218 


■I     .  ' 


J  ^ 


HAND-BOOK    OF    XOKTU    CAROMXA. 


all  the  costly  experiments  of 


lork,  Maryland  and  \" 


I'fifieial  breeding,  all  the  labor  of 


tb 


>rng  back  to  Connecticut  N 


ey  so  uni versa 


::;t;;;]?s''^^'"-''''5--'-'"^^=^iK' 


plant- 

ew 

a  nee 


North  Carolina,  overlookod?"?!"  ' '^  ''?*  ^^'^'^  thrown  wide  open 
peake,  novv,  wh  n  t  fg  W^^  ^"  the  Eldorado  of  ,he  ClL  : 

what,  with  prudence,  I^t'e^e    eifsl  f,    J\;'^^"^^^         ^'"^'"'^  ^^  P°««e«« 
may  be  ^«onverted  in  o  a  ffe  d  ouhe   t      'l W^  '''''^  ^°"^'  self-control, 

waters  of  Maryland  and  Vi  J"  f '",  ^        f  ^  ''  .""^'"  *^^'"i"S  oystei^ 
extending  along  th,>  consf  fm-^.  i        /'^«^""d*^  its  bays  and  its  creeks 

of  natur^condUi^'lsS^  U  ^e  in  tin'  ""!'^'  "''^^'^^^  P-'^^ 
existed  in  other  waters.     So  „e  of  the     ^'"i;''^'^^^  f^oduct  as  ever 

much  freshened  by  the  uZ'ol  f  tsh  w.T      ^^'"'"^"  T''^*^^'^  «''^  ^oo 
Aay/./ofthenativtovster.or'Uen'l '^^^^  '?  ''^^  ^'^'^''^  ^'^^ 

culture;  but  in  all  the  other  waters    vlfphf^^^^'  "  ■  ^T^"  ^^'  ^''^''i^'^al 
tion,  to  which  the  salt  waters    fi.f'ni  "^'"'^  '"  ^'"^  ^^'^est  propor- 
ojHter  has  always  b^en        nl  "nd  of  .7^'!  ^'^ve  ready  acces^s,  the!  na  i  vc 
of  the  oyster  /rounds  l^Z  ?'  Ll?  ke  ^fT''     ^"  '^''  ^''^P'^^tion 
pr.se  of  .he  oystermen  of  tlm^  Sitts  «t       ""^l]''  Y"'"'  ^^'''  «"tor- 
mdustries  from  ruin,  and  tl^  in,^  ^   '0^   .'\'^!/^'?:' ^ 
was  rewarded  with  the  disco ver^ofrrl   *^'^/^^f^^  Carolina  waters 
check  what  threa-ened  to  efSieL  J  nfbad  I    ''^^'  ""^'^"^  ''''■    ^^^^ 
to  secure  the  people  of  North  Carol i not!  ''"  '^^""^  elsewhere,  and 

''one^c^  th:^'f  ?"  -^^^^  eanl^II^'il^Vok^d!^  ^""^^^'"'^  ^'  *'-^  -^^^^^• 

fie^  M.:^^T.^^l^ssnh:^;ari^^;^TT"^"  r^  ^  ^-'- -^^ 

;.rdl-^,h-rnc^^-,;^-^^^ 

Governor  was  rcjuested  to  sk  t  e  F^d  , f  r  ^'^^^  ^'"''^^''the  act  the 
person  m  the  public  servic-e  exrert  in  nn  ^^^^  T''""^^»t  to  detail  some 
sary  surveys.  Jn  conir.li,,  ^o t  w^/l  '"'^'  ^^^^\^ers,  to  make  the  neces- 
U.  8.  N.,  w.,s  detai  e  1  ^  H  e'l;  \t  ^/;:^l"^«f'  ^^'^'"t.  Francis  Winslow, 
are  here  made.  '  '"^''^^  ^""  ^'^1'"^'^.  extracts  from  which 

Xc^^ht^lJSsi^^S,^'--^-  -niect  ^«  ^^- jurisdiction  of 

coast  and  connected  with""l;  1  ^^^  m^  V^iJn^r?'"^- '^V"^  ^''^ 
3..  \V.  to  the  C.pe  F.ar  River  in  La  ^  53MV^  V'"'"  '"  ^^''V'"  ^'"° 
Currituck,  Albemarle  lUnnokp  rVr..7  o  v^'  -^'^^'^e  sounds  are 
Topsail,  Afiddle,  Ma:orZ^"anhS:^^'^:r^^  ''^^  ^^^>«-'  «tump, 
i^ogue,  liear,  Hrown  and  New  I   I    «      Ti         '^?"'  ^^^"-^'-les  known  as 

mouth  of  tf,e  ( 'ape  Fear  iW  for  foth^  inle't    "s  ^'  ''T^'''  ^'"^  *''« 
such  as  Albemarle  and  Cun-i m  >K    1    •  '•  .  ^^^'^'^  of  these  sounds 

excluded  fron.  the^rlde;^  n  o?  oS  ^uIu^'^'L^'^  T^^^'"'  ^- 
receives  the  waters  of  several  lar^o  Hvp,^  c"  t»>'^'  Albemarle  Sound 
lim-ts  5,(>31 ,400,000  tons  of  f  e^  ^vvate  T  T^''''  ^^''^^^'"  "«  "^^n 
able  to  the  grow-h  of  the  ovs  e^  n  ifn.fiv  ^  f'''  7'^'''  ^''^^  ^''^  «"**- 
l>y  planting,     l.ieutenant  \  ^[s  ow  sVys  "'  "'  ^"''  '^'  '"'^^I'^^Sation 


\\  ■ 


OYSTERS   AND   THE    OY.STER   SLRVKV. 


2-lU 


Oysters  will  iind  (]<i  live  on  bottoms  of  all 


it  the  fii'oiitiil  has  hfi-ii  tVIt  over  wicii  a.  pnU: 


111  ano;lier  report  Lietiteiuint  Win.slow  oivfs  the  fullovvii 


ig  infonna- 


coiisKU  i.iDU'  cNt.-nt.     h(|ual  it  not  Kmiter  ignorance  as  to  tlit-  t.ossihiHties  of  ciilHv- 

the  .h>st,-uc'tion  or  the  natural ..::,;  throlit^vi^i^dh!;  'a  /  ^  i^i  i;!-;"  hn";::;?:];?;^ 

e     ImUie'!"."!  '  "■'"      ^  '""I''"i'^t  was  ^vneral.  both  fronl  thole  who\^  ,  he    e   -' 

n-t!.  r,..nmon  property  a.ul  from  those  who  were  .m.leav,.rin..-  tV.,  ultivVte 

jnvate  grounds      The  oysfrs  of  the  State  w.-re  unkn.nvn.  exeep    loea    v        .    H  ,  ,'   v 
the  business  paul  little  to  the  owners  an.l  nothin-  to  the  S^ate  •  '  ' 

n„Vl'"f'Hl  """•"'''"'  \'"^  ',"'''"  '"  I'l''>S'-«'^«.  knowledge  of  the  pos>  ibilities  of  the  ioe-.litv 
H        1,       f  ";.'""''«  '"^^  beeunie  ditlused  a.non^-  the  citizens,  not  onlv  o    \  rt     ('■  ro^ 
hna.  but  ot  other  States,  and  tlie  elfect  has  been  to  induce  a  hir..e  i'  i,.„l,..     ,V  .        i 
o  enter  ^.rounds.     In  Dare  County  forty-three'  ^^il^l'tv;'  l'.;^e^  i        e   co    ,;•;;',':: 
,i/r  e    I^?"r''"''-^  thousand  acres.     In  Hyde  Countv  tbree  hundre.i      .1        r     -n     e 
entius  have  been  made,  comprising-  fully  twenty-six  thousand  acres-   ,  ,d       rlrt  ,  'f 
County,  mnet.v  entries   comprisiiiK  nine  hundred  acres.     Of  th  'seV^itries  s  vtv  ci.  1, 
are  by  reside nt.s  ot  other  States,  and  four  hundred  and  four  bv^es  i  lUs  o f  \or 
C.m,h,m.     Kutries  are  stiU  beinj,  ma.Ie  and  warrants  for  surveys  a  e  ^i     co  nin- 
Bn       sir'  "^  """i''"''-,>it;.'>-  it  is  quite  possible  that  the  territorv  in.a  v  1  e       ui7le   ' 
But.  as  1    IS.  an  a-gnwite  ot  fifty-thre<.  thousand  a.'ies  entered  is  a\ut!i^i,Mitl        '  t i 

nnl  1,  ,,  .       r         '      tins  immense  tract  will  require  a  «reat  deal  of  tTme.   money 
do  i.,  -    i  e,,/  n  ?""'■'  "^I'':"I''*'  '""^t  be  employed  and  hundre.ls  of  thousands  of 

t!!  Sr'\-'H""'V"f  '"  '"^  "•'■'-,"""  ""^'">'  ="^"'»  "'">"t  o.,ual  tl!  the  t       la^^^^^^^^^ 
to  IWd.  ot  tlie  whole  oyst.'r  industry  of  the  State  "  ' 

..,..  r  "V  ■•V'"'  '?'''  '"i^*' •"•t  -nly  been  detin.-d  and  lo.-ated.  but  iimler  the  rec-nt  liw 
much  addit.ona    area  adja.'ent  to  them  has  been  set  apart  and  excer  te     fi,  n  en  'rv 
The.se  areas  are  the  public  grounds,  and  by  law  they  iiudmle  the  natun    be  Is    nd  s  it' 


Tl 


)e  provision  for  allowatirc  fi;r  natural 


will  be  seen  by  the  followirifj;  sununary  of  tl 
grounds: 


ai  expansion  has  been  liberally  construed. 


areas  of  the  natural  beds  and  publ 


ic 


2U) 


IIAND-IJOOK    OV    Noirni 


•AKoi.rNA. 


f     ! 


I! 


'^iilrllp. 


ire 


hi 

liv.lc 
iVttnIi 


r.iiiiMci 


A  tea 
I'lihlir  (;n)uvrfj. 

<i.MM,)»l 
■1,1  !•.").  (SI 

■i,rm.4o 


Or  ll 


Tul;,| 


;nr;i  (.(    Ill, 


.1  red 
Xiitiini/  /Icls. 

'vMIHlT, 

I.tll'J.lM) 

'(:<?  Ill) 

1.0 1  a.  no 


•^0.55:),  1 1 


.').::' 10,  (m 


'I'l 


<<'iM|insi>  ;i.;!si  ;i,.| 


K'  natiiijii  hcds  ol   Hint  , 


l'll'ili<'f;Tollllils('.\,vr(Is(li;,(  (.r   II 


,""''•'","'    flicStalcii..!  im.lcrll 


n'  natiiiai  lic.ls  In-  \')M:\ 


Til 
tl 


ii'f'a  rcsi' 


"•  I  lie  lnlal  acica;; 


IN  lllCSC  III 


't'as 


\<'il  tnmi  (li(.  coiiii 


ion  lisl 


"I    iialiiial  licils  is  8.5111 


ii;  ('i)cra(inii  of  th,.  , 


icri's 

>t'W   JJIW 


an 


Ilea 


llv 


t'litiy  or  a|i|)i-..|)iia(ion  ,,1' 


Mt'|)l(Ml  iVom  cull  V,  and  .I'stl 


y  isllmsampi,.  for  all  linio  (, 


f'lit 


a   M, 


'•■y  incliiilc  till'  natural  I 


•  idrnc,  aiKl 


•  'till   Msliciy 
iniiicr  jiiiisf  ol'  II 


•X'.iia  naliiial  l.cd.      .\1  (l„ 
"■"'<l<'liii<'.l  and   known,  th,. 


ilnial  hcd  iiivvfiitcd.  lull 


same  tiin,..  .|s  Hi, 


no 


|)CI 


X'os.  ii(i|.  ,in| 


>^on  can,  piac- 


pl.iint  of  all  cli 


U'  ('\C 


I'livatc  cultivator  is  ( 


Ki'oiiiids  op,. II  to  tl 


<'i.s(>or  the. '01,1111011  n-l,  of  lis! 


tl 


Ti 


isscs  in|,.r,.s|cd  :^  rci 


lo  area   cn|(.r,.,|  \x  j||  |„.j, 


IIOVC( 


r\ 


Ills  III,,  sour 


l(>  j;cii- 

I'oni  <i('|>n.datioii 
''I'  of  coni- 


ic  t'litin 


•'Npcnscs  ol'    o\| 


into  tilt'  ,S|;it,'  T 


•  •oiiiiiM's  ,111(1  ,Siai 
ifilit.OUO  per  ;iniiiiin. 


.(Kill. 


"'  may  aiiioiini  in  Hi 


and  the  |; 


rt'asiiiy  over  $!'.>. 000 
tl 


•'  course  ol    ;i 


ixj'n  that  willeventll 


!•    iK'f    K'lin   ov( 


•"inpiira lively  lew   \ 


I'liiie   to  th 
<  to   lull' 


OV: 


>t'f.;isliitii)n   is  n 
T  iiitcrcsfs  of  111,.  suiii\  '  It 


;;\v  2;"|'1*N  if  .'nlonvil.  (o  ,.rol(.,(  an.l 


IlillKi-lOIlOS      lo      till.; 


Kt'  oystci's  Irolu  Stat( 


1'^  llllliiwl'ul  to  u 


|>i'')m()to  (lie 
.^0  ;my  iiislnimcnt  hut 


uulicfnhloiisii  iiiisdciiiraiiDr 

lo   IV 


() 


romiils,  violntidii  of  \v|ii,.| 


0  instfuiiuiKs  or  Imals  upoii"S(,,( 


Illy  iVHilcufsortluuStat 


1    IS 


U[)()ii  ('ouviclion  ol"  viol;it 
tliiiii  $:){){),  or  [ 


('  .Uioiind.s;    ami  i 


♦^arc  |H'rmi(((.(| 


lou-rcsiiloiilH. 


!'^!;;'    <'">^  P''VVri-''.=n-.toholi,u(lnoM 


(  0111  111 issi(tii(M\s  of  (I 


;;;  r  ;:;:,!:'.'■'■:•■'"'''>■  .i-i-'"  I in-i..;ui 


C'SK 


HM'uuiity  Cora  term  imt  i,..ss  (| 


)V 


(lents  iiuist  i)l)(aiii  a  I 

iito;  (o  (■;i(,.j,  oysler.s.  wlietl 

imist   lake  out  iVoiii  tlie  Clorlc  offi 

("rtlio  sanu.  ,>?•_>.-,()  and  a  CkM'ks  fee  of 


liiii  one  y(>ar.      lU 


U'onso,or(lu.us,M.f  lu,a(..,aiidiMdivid 


lio 
si- 


H'l'oii  tlu'ir  own 


'\Vi 


ii.'tls  dcsir- 


omit  or  thai ol'cniplovon 


'<'  ^  »'nrt  an  aiiimal  I 


oath  that  ho  has  hvvu  a  A 


lOIII 


I  Hi  I 


twentv-liv 


K'oiisc,  payinii: 


(Hvnts,  and  nmsL  liiaj. 


next  piroo.lino.  thoapplicatiiin  for  I 


'•residoid  ol'lhoStatoCortwd 


vo  niontl 


the  puhhc  orouiid 


rolunu'd  to  (ll 
t;il. 


wnoii  t;ikon,and  ovs((.rs  o( 


H'o.iso.     OystPrsarotohocull,.,! 


IS 


0  waters  on  (he  puhh 


on 


liivt 


<on  Iroin  (ho  puhlio  orounds  hot 


;i'ound 


>  spooifiod  sizo  aro  to  h 


Ovst 


ay  o(  Ootohor.     'PI 


weoii  the  Hrst  dav  of  M 


ers  must  not  hi 


c'haro-o  of  oiio  Cliiof  ( 


and  (o  hold  ollic 


'^"<'^'"folof(hooys(orin(on-stisplamlun 
'minnss.onor,  to  he  appoin(.d   hv  tl.o  ( 


>y  and  (ho 


(T 


dut 


les  ot  vKsitino-  d, 


<'\  and,  to  enahlo  (ho  ( 


<'  .U'rounds 


iuid 


ommissionor  (o  disohann>  I 


patrol  hoat  is  provided,  with  autl 


repelling  or  oiiptui-iiifr  jutorl 


'ov(>nior, 


lis 


Tl 


e  oysters  taken  at  (he  dilleront 


lonty  (o  (ISO  arms  wl 


)pers,  a 


KMi  necessary 


vary  mneli  m  si/e,  sha 


points  in  the  sounds  and  est 


il 


lor  si/e  am 


pii/e 
But  t 

aresiipplied  from  (iieirvurim 
not  inforior  to  those  taken  at  Xeivl 
d  tl 


poand  (lavor.     The  Now  ] 

>vor,  and   prohahly  are  the  h("st'"'k 


uaries 


10  marketsof  Wilnii.ioton,  Xowhern,  Wa.sl 


IS  oyster  grounds  witli'shelllisl 


vivor  oysters  are  much 

nown  ahroad. 

iing(on  and  other  points 


^iver.     With  tl 


■ill  Ot  a  (jualitv 
oiueuhivati 


NI'HSKIMICS,  KfV, 


251 


.1  rril 
liiiiil  Hills. 

l.lil'J.lMI 

'<:<?  Ill) 
.01  a,  no 

tile  new  Ijiw 

10  iniiic,  iilKl 

t'lls,  ll(l|.  only 

11  Cilll,  piiK'- 
II  to  (li(>  f;cii- 

<I<'|»l''<l.lli(ill 
ii'i'i'  "('  corii- 

<  H'liii  ()\(>r 
<'iii(>  to  tli<^ 
ills   Id   liilly 


>niot(i  (ho 
itnont  hiit 

wliicli  is 
[xM-miUt'd 
I't'siilonls, 
1  not,  less 
It  by  (lio 

!•.     K'csi- 
.'t's  dcsii'. 
iiploycir. 
',  piiyin^r 
ii^t  nijilu! 
:'  niondis 
■tilled  on 
(ire  (()  I),, 
t  not.  b(! 
;ind  (ho 
'<!  tiiidor 
'<V(>riior, 
'irn(>  his 
lopers,  a 
siiry. 
'.'binaries 
•0  iniK'h 
abroad. 
I'  points 
•  j'lality 
ivatioii, 
lu'n  tho 
«  of  the 
'riority. 


Tho  diamond-back  terrapin  is  found  in  all  llie  cohhI  country,  a  doli- 
cacy  in  such  demand  and  of  such  vahu;  as  to  have  become  tho  subject 
of  lcjj;islativo  protection  and  of  artilicin!  cultivation. 

(!lanis  abound,  and  aro  now  rcc(»^Mii/,ed  as  valuable'  moiid)ers  of  tlm 
family  of  shellfish.  They  an^  now  ship|)ed  in  hu<;e  (juantilies  fiom 
Newbern  nnd  Mondiead  (lily. 


NURSERIES,  Etc. 

I'he  happy  inlcrmedialo  position  of  North  Caroliiiji,  between  the 
extremes  (.f  semi-ar<;tic  and  s(imi-tro|)iciil  temi)erMtur(!,  the  needed 
defj;roe  of  cold  to  check  continuous  exid)crance  of  f,n-owth,  but  the 
abs(>nce  of  that  de«rree  of  cold  fatal  to  arrested  and  dormant  vitality— 
on  the  other  hand,  early  awaki^niii};  to  tlu!  vivifyinjr  inllueiices  of  sprinji 
and  subsecpu'ut  continuous  but  not  excessive  heals— early  sufj;f.,Ms(e(l  it 
as  possessiufr  the  i)roper  medium  of  climate  for  the  propaoatiou  of  the 
fruits  of  the  temperate  /one,  and  also  tlic  locality  frotn  which  they 
niifrht  be  disseminated  over  a  wide  area,  not  only  in  this  but  in  adjoin- 
ing' States.  Therefore  it  was  that  a  lon^'  time  ago  tlu!  I^inrileys  of  (':iiat- 
ham  County,  the  Westbrooks  of  (luilford,  and  other  initiative  pomolo- 
f2;is(s,  befran  the  cultivation  of  nursery  fruit  trees  and  tho  business  of 
distributiui;  them  throunjh  the  country,  d(^liverin|,M,hem  most  frequently 
(rom  th(«ir  own  wa,<jjons  in  the  cour't-houso  towns  durinj^  court  weeks. 
Th(!  excelhsnce  of  th(!  fruits  obtained  in  this  wav  Wiis  so  decided  as  to 
induc(^  the  entry  into  (he  business  of  o(li(>rs  in  oilier  [larts  of  the  State, 
and  also  the  distribution  of  -.nusery  trees  throughout  other  Stales.  As 
the  facilities  for  transporlaliou  liy  railroad  were  given,  so  was  the 
business  enlarged;  so  (hat  now  the  young  irees  from  North  (;ar()lina 
nurHories  find  favor  everywhere  in  the  South  and  \V(st,  and  to  some 
extent  in  the  N(U"th.     '1  he  larg(>st  of  (li(>si"  now  is  unquestionably  (he 

POMONA   HILL   NURSERY, 

Two  miles  west  of  (In'onsboro,  on  the  railroad  at  (Ik-  point  when;  tho 
Salem  branch  Ieav(\s  the  North  Carolina  division  of  the  ifJehmond  and 
iMnville  system,  and  its  broad  acres  of  young  plants  or  of  bearing 
orehards  are  plainly  seen  from  the  (rains  as  they  pass  through  them. 
Mr.  J.  \'an  Lindley  is  the  proprietor.  It  is  a  business  of  such  magni- 
tude as  to  exact  the  best  business  skill  and  capacity  in  its  management, 
in  culture,  in  sagacious  selection  of  sorts,  in  packing,  in  shi|»ping,  in' 
correspondence,  in  keeping  of  accounts— in  oiher  words,  in  eflicient 
oflice  work,  and  this  is  largely  entrusted  to  Mr.  W.  C.  iJoreii  and  his 
brother,  Mr.  (}.  S.  lUjiiti. 

The  I'omona  Hill  Nurseries  originated  in  1871,  Mr.  Van  Lindley 
becoming  the  successor  of  Mr.  Joshua  Lindley,  who  might  claim  to  be 
the  pioneer  in  the  nursery  business  in  the  Stat(>,  tliough  contiguous  to 
tho  Jjindley  nurseries  were  the  large  and  once  succe.'sful  nurseries  of 


252 


IIAM^IJOOK    (IK    NuKTM 


<"AH<>I,INA. 


(I'^iH)   an.„„n(e.l    (o\s7oOU(l      ' n u    fV     ,''"""■      ^ '"-^  ^^'''^'^  '^'styear 

tl'e  c-arli.st  to  (he  hUes  )    Z-^     An     "    T^ 

«-,K.;  small  n.n(s-s(rL'i::     ;.'•':[;;:;':;•'-)  ;'i;-''>'^  "'H-t.rn.es. 

jjoosoberries  ai.<l  others      Mudi  .>H    ,.  '  '.*"' 1^ •"''•'•' ^^^  e.un.nts, 

vah.e  of  neu-  forei^.n    'arie'    s  of    nT(s        ''•  '"'"'  f'"'  **'  '^''^''''^  ""' 
f>.-os,shruhl,erva.ul  plants  '' ^'^'^  »>en 'es  .,,.1  nuts,  on.anuntal 

c.te..saninns..uionofwhat,\..y^;i;;;:\,^!;r.^^^^^ 

BULBS  AND   FLOWERS. 

bur,  ,v,n  ,te  points.     Ashev    |e     'l  n     ,       l'"'''''-' ''^^^^^^ 

ei^l.,  Wilnnn^ton,  \v£onl;l'^^  J-^'- 

ot  their  (Prists      Of  hul   1  .  i'  '"^T  '""■^'  '"""''t^^''  ^''  '!'<"  skill 

AtM..noiia,onth  fe  r^r:;;;  W^^ 

is  phnned  to  the  extent  of  •  Pv  r.n  .  -^V"  /^'"'''""•l.  <Ik>  tnherose 
'"^^■'.v  ''un<]red  harrds  f  ,'  ,  *''  '  "  '[^  ^^"  '/'"'  ''^"•''^  th.t  annually 
European  .len.an.l.  Tl  m  1  ,  ot*  t  li  i  '1'"'  '"  •^"l''''^'  '^''"•"-'•"  "'"'l 
an<i  tlK>  adaptability  of  :,;:o,j^^:;^l^'^^^^^^ 

quote,!  for  the  ene(,urao-e.uent  ::(  Z  iL  'u  T'"-  i''^''"'"^^'"--'-  i-^ 
tl'e  euliure  of  the  tuberose  """''^  '""''  '"  '"'"'>'"1<  '" 

jN^o  all  the  u.bero4;;;!r;v;.^;r;iw;;'y:7;':  v'^'''^'^?"*  ''u^^'v-^ 

largest  output  woul.l  not  exceed  -in  •,..,,  .  i  r  "^              ,          '^^  first  his 

sold  at  from  six  to  (-i-d  t  Xll   rs  ner    '  'T '',7'''''  jears  the  bulbs 

othe..on  Lon,  Islandlmo  ul  t,     ^^  '  1  [^l;  ,  „    l^^T^  ^-"P'-l 

tl>at  the  impor.s  of  Kalian  bulbs  fell  oil  '      ''     '^^''^  ;■- |cli  repu(a(,on 

.cent,,  long ,.  ,„„  .„„,.  ,o  Ai^rui^M-  gli^^;;  ::;r™-c.  t 


TIIK    (iUAI'K    IN    NOKTH    CAKOMNA. 


253 


sots,  which  they  will  not  do  at  the  North  in  less  than  two.  'j'ho  cliiDate 
on  thd  const  is  most  liivorable  to  the  (lovclopnient  of  tho  bulb,  and  the 
hoil  in  all  r(^s|)('(;(s  well  adapted  to  its  |)ci-feetion.  This  enter{)ris('  has 
(•(MMpletely  ivvojutionizc'd  the  tuberose  industry.  The  .South,  able  to 
produce  as  good  or  better  bulbs  in  one  year  than  the  North  can  in  two, 
has  it  all  her  own  way.  .Southern  growers  are  able  to  sell  tuberose 
bulbs  at  the  .same  price  per  thousand  as  tlu;  growers  at  th(!  North  mu.st 
have  per  hundred,  the  diflerence  being  cau.scsd  by  the  expen.se  of  pro- 
t(>cti()n  and  loss  i)y  waste  in  carrying  tiie  bulbs  tlli-ough  tlu;  winter.'' 

HERBS. 

'J'o  North  ( 'aroiina  belongs  the  peculiar  honor  of  providing  the  largest 
suppli(!S  and  tlu;  greatest  variety  of  herbs  in  use  lor  botanic  medicines 
gatiiered  in  the  I'nifcd  States.  In  this  State  the  business  of  gathering 
them  is  in  the  hands  of  one  lirm — the  Messrs.  Wallace,  of  Stat(!sville. 
The  niembers  of  the  lirm  are  specially  trained  for  the  business,  having 
receivd  a  thorough  botanical  education.  They  employ  three  hundred 
agents  in  contracting  for  supplies  of  licrl»s,  barks,  etc;.,  and  the  number 
of  collectors,  tnost  of  them  living  among  tlu;  mountains,  is  innumer- 
able; and  tli(;c;i|iital  invested  amounts  to  several  hundred  thousand 
dollars.  The  collections,  as  Ihfycome  in,  are  stored  in  a  .series  of  lai 
warehouses,  and  sorted  and   prepared  for  shipment  to  all   parts  of  th 

iPi'o  are 


•ge 
e 


ciyili/,(!d   world.     On  the  Atlantic  slope  of  the  Hlue  Pudge  tl. 

said  to  grow  no  less  than  2 ',{){}  varieties  of  [yjants  u.sed  in  the  Miihria, 

Mill' 


ii'd.  A  large  number  of  these  come  into  the  hands  of  the  Messr's. 
Wallace.  The  yearly  business  of  their  house  nearly  r-eac.hes  two  mil- 
lion |K)unds  in  leavivs,  barks  and  i-oots.  .Some  of  the  collections  include 
many  of  tlie  mo.st  familiar  weeds  and  the  bark  and  roots  of  the  most 
common  tr-ees  and  slirul)s.  This  will  be  illustrated  by  the  following 
exti'act  from  the  oi-der-book  of  the  lirm,  covering  one  month's  business: 

"  I'Mfty  thousand  pounds  of  mandrake,  ."),()()()  [lounds  back  cohosh 
root,  1-_',00()  pounds  of  wild-cherry  bark,  2'I,0(M)  of  sa.ssalras  bark,  (;,()()() 
of  birch  bark,  (S,(J(J()  of  red  clover  blos.soms,  r2,()()()  of  i)ennyr'oval  leaves, 
0,000  of  catnip  leaves,  S,000  of  stramonium  leaves,  ,S,000  of  w'itch-hazei 
leaves,  h,000  of  yellow  dock,  (;,r)0(»  of  '<|Ueen's  delight'  root,  8,000  of 
unicorn  r'oot,"  etc. 

(iin.seng,  snaker-oot,  lobelia,  blood-r'oot,  mandrake  and  many  others 
iind  a  ready  market  with  tli(>  Wallaces.  The  ginseng  is  the  rarest,  the 
most  valuable  and  pi'actically  the  most  usfdess,  aiid  linding  sale  onlv 
to  the  Clrinese,  who  .set  n[)on  it  a  fabulous  value.  The  collectors  are 
paid  from  82  to  $.'5  a  pound,  and  in  China  it  is  worth  its  weight  in  silver. 


THE  GRAPE   IN  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

The  glowing  accounts  given  by  the  adventur-ers  who  fir-st  landed  upon 
the  North  Carolina  coast,  and  the  subsetpient  contirmation  of  these 
reports  by  the  settlers,  extending  in  the  course  of  lime  their  observa- 


li 


4ii 


lit 


'*'f  1 1 


m  i 


ii 


254 


HAND-BOOK   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA. 


tions  from  the  sea-coast  to  th 


be  whole  territorrwouldVvt;u:rv'a  ^^^S^sied  that 

!»e  fruitful  source  of  wil  Ih  .    3^  ^e  and  of  the  vine  and 


th 
tl 
lencc  th 


ines  that  would  equal  in  abundi 


ICO  tJie  inichtv  ftnw  nf  iU,V~ii  """'"*  ^4""i  "i  aoundance  and  evppl 

reality,  and  It  fs  onTyIn'  L  rfTa^^^^  Z?'''''  'f '^  ^^  "  ""- 
mak.ne:  have  been  tLufr|Tworthv  nf  h  ^/.'^f^^-^^'ture  and  wine- 
seemed  to  have  relied  upon  hrron  nnl  ^^^T'^'"'"-  '^'^'«  inhabitants 
store  of  grapes,  and,  in  tC  processes  o^'^^^  ^T'^  "^."''^^"'•^  ^«^-  ^'^eir 
snnphcity  applicable  to  thlZTkt"^^^^^^^  ^^^^^^  '^''  ^"^^ 

wme,  but  grape-juice  developed  inK^^^^^^^  ^"t^'^'^e  was  not 

without  delicacy,  without  aromn   omI  '   "  ''         ''^'Get  beverage 

cultivated  palates.     Fnt^^^^^^^^^  "  «d  tastes  and 

"ative  gra/>es,  not  to  the  n  e  lX>fmar;  ;r"'  "  '    ,^^'"^"*^'^  t^>  ^'^^ 
were  not  a  few,  and  connoisseurs  of  whmH'"'  ^'"'^  ^'^gnerons,  who 

unanimously  and  en.phaticrira.^i     1 1 "  a  ml''''"'  '"'"^'  ^^^^^"°""^«^ 
abd.ty,  both  of  .soil  and  climate  htVn''^'"  ^^''^f'^-   '^'headapt- 
vvas  so.apparent  that  pol^t 'efforts' wTrt^^^^^^^^^ 
to  achieve  success  in  botli      Adlml    ,-.!  (f^    ,''-^®   ''^^^HS'^  "'^ny  years 


The  name  of  their  towir Marengo TJIl'.o   ""^i  ^''"^  ^^'"^^'''ca"  wilderness, 
a  scheme  whic-h  met  with  i-fnomini  >  /.  f  T^  suggestion  remaining  of 
who  att^npted  the  cuUilS  o '^  • 'rde^V'T%^^ 
depended  upon  the  foreign  o-rape  "  ^   '  '''"'^•'"^^  ^^'«  "ative  and 

onr:ter^::^!:;!;jlf- t  ^^  ^l.  vameofatleast 

investigation  into  the  character  oo  '"'T  ''1^^'  *''^^*  ^"^^^^d 

astrous  failures  in  the  atten  pt^d  Ic^  e    1  ^T''  •^^""•j'^^ted  by  the  dis- 
pean  grapes,  and  in  late  >e    fi   -ule  imi  o  -'''^i"  'V^  ""'^  "^  ^''^^  ^'^"ro- 
ters  to  the  European  vim^  rd  1  L  "^  ^        ^^' ^'^'  ""'^'^''■^^'^  ^^i^as- 
and  infirmities  if  centu  ie    o    a    iHc         '  •  ^-""^^'U^^^nces  of  disease 
I-:uropean  grape  is  now  di    ar  k^  .     ^  '  ,,  ?!h"^   '"'^   ^''^''''-     '^^'^^ 
dry  climates  of  New  Afexico  an  1  Vriil  •      '       .  ^?^'''  """"'^P^  '''  the 
go:>d  that  the  Atlantic  slope  o     he  LiteS^^         '.  '  opromise  is  no.v 
grape-growing  and  wirie-maki,      .ec   ,  '   :T/^  w,ll  becon.o  the  great 
stock  IS  new,  the  plants  he'ilihvM.wlv  the  world,  m  which  the 

tory,  if  depondenl^e  u^oTI    e U"t^  the  product  satisfoc- 

should  not  be  forgotten  tl  i  thi  ^  [''"^'^^ ''^  <a«!e  is  cast  off;  for  it 
and  relined,  has  .i^S L  er  a^  it^v^r'S"  ,^"'"'  '^'T^T^^  ^'"  ---' 
imitate  the  European  winLi  /;]?.;  L;^' "''"' f"^'  the  attempt  to 
iniitatons,  in  failure  or  impcUction    '  '""  "'^'^^'  ^'^'""'^•^'  ^'^^'  all 

haie  be:;'S:^r;:t^^::;;:;;:'"if''  ^'-  — s  sub-vaneties 

common  summer  grape  ( f  7//..  J'Mivalis), 


THK   (iKAl'K    IN    NdRTH    CAROLINA. 


255 


gested  tliat 
le  vine  and 

and  excel- 
^as  not  the 

and  wine- 
nhabitantg 
re  for  their 
id  the  rude 
le  vas  not 
t  beverage, 
tastes  and 
iite'i  to  the 
erons,  wlio 
ronounced 
riieadapt- 
e-niaking, 
any  years 
erbeniont 

the  most 
em.     Nor 
)wnfall  of 
3  soldiers, 
-M-ica,and 
A  hi  bam  a 
id  refine- 
ilderness. 
uining  of 
ill  otiiers 
tive  and 

f  at  least 
induced 
the  di.s- 
le  Kuro- 
al  disas- 
dis?ase 
s.     The 
■  in  tile 
is  now 
le  great 
ich  the 
*atisfac- 
';  for  it 
J)  roved 
'mpt  to 
ike  all 

irieties 
Hvalu), 


from  which  come  the  Warren,  Herbemont,  Lenoir,  the  Lincoln  and 
others— periiaps,  also,  the  Delaware,  but  this  is  not  well  identified.  The 
Lincoln  is  a  distinctively  North  Carolina  grape,  originating,  it  is 
believed,  on  the  South  Fork  of  the  (  atawba  River,  in  Lincoln  C'junty. 

The  fox  grape  (  V.  Lahrmca)  is  found  in  the  Middle  and  Western 
Sections  of  ihe  State.  From  this  many  valuable  culiivated  varieties 
have  been  produced.  The  earliest  of  these  is  perhaps  the  Lsabella 
grape,  first  cultivated  near  Wilmington  as  far  back  as  1805.  But  the 
origin  of  this  grape  as  an  American  grape  has  never  been  accurately 
determined,  and  as  it  is  not  now  in  favor,  controversy  about  it  is  lan- 
guid, mere  is  no  disfiute  about  the  (!atawba  grape  originating  on 
Cane  Creek,  in  Buncombe  County,  and  brought  into  notice  about  1801 
by  Captain  Clayton,  and  attracting  Lon^worth's  attention  in  1820.  As 
a  table  and  wine  grape,  it  is  now  so  universally  known  as  to  need  no 
further  reference,  except  to  the  fact  that  it  is  clearly  of  North  Carolina 
origin.  From  this  graf)e  come  numberless  cultivated  varieties,  among 
which  are  the  Concord,  Hartford  Prolific,  Niagara,  Martha ;  and  the 
number  of  new  forms  increases  with  each  year.  From  this  family 
come  the  choicest  American  table  and  wine  grapes. 

The  mu.scadine  {V.  Vtdpina)  is  of  extensive  diffusion,  from  Maryland 
and  Kentucky  as  far  south  as  the  Gulf  and  Texas,  and  known  by 
various  names,  such  as  muscadine,  bullace,  fox  grape,  mustang,  etc. 
In  North  Carolina  it  a{)pears  on  the  coast  to  the  very  edge  of  the  surf, 
and  up  among  the  valieys  of  the  mountains.  In  this  State  alone  have 
any  varieties  originated  that  commend  them  to  introduction  into  the 
vineyard,  and  ihese  varieties  are  the  sports  of  nature,  not  the  outcome 
of  art;  for  no  grape  is  so  intractable  and  imi)atient  of  artificial  treat- 
ment as  the  muscadine.  It  must  ramble  and  clamber  at  will,  and  it 
submits  to  no  trimming  and  pruning.  A  vineyard  of  this  grape  is 
therefore  unlike  any  other— the  vines  trained  on  broad  flat  scaffolds, 
enlarged  to  accommodate  each  season's  growth  until  they  spi'ead  over 
an  area  of  from  a  quarter  to  half  an  acre.  Indulged  in  its  freedom,  it 
am[>ly  rewards  the  care  given  to  it.  It  is  never  sick,  it  never  fails  in 
its  crop,  and  it  is  mo«t  profuse  in  its  yield,  the  product  of  a  single  vine 
in  wine  being  often  from  one  to  live  barrels. 

It  is  remarkable  that  the  valuable  varieties  of  the  ]'.  Vulpina  have, 
so  far,  originated  only  in  North  Carolina,  and  a  still  more  remarkable 
fact  that  these  sports  are  of  comparative  recent  discovery.  The  best 
known  and  the  most  widely  diffused  of  them — the  Sfuppernong— does 
not  appear  to  have  been  known  anterior  to  1774,  when  the  Rev.  Charles 
Pettegrew  discovered  it  in  the  lowgrounds  of  the  Seuppernong  River, 
in  Tyrrell  County,  and  trans{)lanted  several  of  the  wild  vines,  and  from 
these  the  present  al)undant  vineyards  have  originated.  Another  account 
assigns  the  discovery  to  two  brothers  named  Alexander,  of  the  same 
county,  at  about  the  same  period.  Within  the  past  half-century  other 
varieties  have  been  discovered  growing  wild,  among  which  are  the 
Meish,  the -Flowers,  and  later  still,  the  James.  The  Seuppernong  is  an 
amber-colored  berry,  growing  in  loose  clusters  of  from  six  to  ten.  The 
other  varieties  have  the  .same  habit,  but  are  dark-skinned.     None  of 


2r)(; 


ll.\Mi-l!()(.K    <.K    NOIJTII   fARoMSA. 


iW 


■  m ;  ij 


in  U..SI  tli.ni   1 1  n\  Kivcimi.  Aliu.ii.ncc  Coiintv,  tli.mnh  siiml,.  vines 


VINEYARDS. 


obtam  >t.  It  n,u..t  .suMice  to  ^ivr  son..>  exan.pl.s  ,.f  what  is  C..  ,  (^ 
and  thoscMHustsorv.  as  illustrations.  SonuM.Hl.e  oM.st  a  1  nV,  7  t  'l 
v.noyanls  .n  Xor.h  Carolina  arc  worthy  of  note.     Anu.n^  th' ;;!  !s  U,, 

MEDOC  VINEYARD, 

In  Halifax  County,  long  ag„  known  an  the  nrinklcvviije  \infvinls 
..wn.  by  the  vonorablo  Sidney  Well,.,  a  respected  Metho,  s  ^i  I  ' 
(  ^;nn,lly  tho-o  vnu>yards  w-ro  planted  with  the  Senppernon.  v  J 
only,  an.l  the  plaee  was  a  favorite  .•esort  lor  the  whole  e(u  ntrv  fo  ^n'  v 
n.,les  around.  Much  Scuppernono-  wine  was  nia.le  here,  an  i  w.;s 
sa.<l  that  Ironi  one  vn>e  alone  live  barrels  of  wine  were  annua  y  na  le 
Ihe  vineyar.  became  the  property  of  the  Messrs.  Oarrett  w  s  eh" 
enlarged,  an.l  additions  nmde  to  the  variety  of  grape>^.  The  J  e  .^ 
ot  the  vineyard  ,.s  about  _....  acres,  and   th',.  produit  is  almost  ex   Ti- 

u;ey  api)  UHl  to  the  manulheture  of  wine.     I.;  lavornbleseaso.L'dH    t 
lV>.000  gallons  are  made,  the  product  being  hoth  still  and  sparkl  , 
wines.     A  good  brandy  ks  also  ma<Ie.     The  equipment  for  wine'  m         T. 
IS  In  1  and  of  the  inost^  pe,  feet  character,  and  Ihc!  wine  is  in  1   Jd   r e  ,  tT^ 
and  Imds  ready  sale  throughout  the  I'nited  Slates.  ^        ' 

THE  TOKAY  VINEYARD 


rive  iDucIi  far- 
li  sm^lc  viiH'rt 


1  given  to  (ho 
l.so,  to  greater 
1    (lie   IVeshly- 
uhiled  hy  the 
)\ver.s  to  phic'o 
il   the  ahility 
1  <»r  them,  anil 
otitli  of  them, 
vineyards  in 
ation  without 
erahh'  eo.-t  to 
s  heing  (h)ne, 
id  most  noted 
i;  tlioM!  is  tho 


0  \ineyards, 
list  [(reachiT. 
lernong  vine; 
try  t'oi-  many 
\  fnid  it  was 
mally  ma(U>. 
y  was  much 
Tlic  acreage 
Imost  exeUi- 
^'^sons  ahout 
d  si)arI<hiiL;- 
nne-mal<iiig 
Iiigh  re|iuto 


v'ille,  and  is 
tlie  largest 
ne  lumdred 
ioties  of  the 
t,  tlie  Seup- 
ntiiia,  II(>r- 
containing 
I'ling  object 
iits  of  fruit, 
of  the  wine 
.     A  recent 


VICTORIA    REGIA     GRO//N    IN    OPEN    AIR    AT    WINSTON. 


I'i 


M  I 


fjiji 


■ini'.   UUAI'L    IN    NORTH    CAUOLINA, 


AOi 


order  for  i^n.OOO  jrall 


twonty-tl 


f^tuions  was  iruiue  oy  a  x^iemptns  (icnn  )  inorcliaiit  I 

ntM    H     irilllrin     lllDt'l>     tllfin      \v•^a     ixii/l      Tok     •>     /..v>.i.<.. ,,i; 


wumy-iiiruH  cuni.s  H  frauon  more  tiian  was  paid  lor  a  corrcspoiKling 
California  wine.  The  annual  |)ro.liict  is  from  !'),{){)()  to  1(;0,(J()()  jrallons. 
A  writer  in  u  Nortliern  journal  of  inllucnee  speaks  of  the  wines  of  the 
Tokay  Vineyard  as  follows: 

"  In  general  eharacteristies  tliey  n^semhle  the  Spanisli  and  Madeira 
wines,  and  the  .Sweet  H'hito  is  not  unlike  the  California  Mission,  though 
mueh  more  delicate  in  hon(|uet, and,  when  given  pioper  age,  a[)proaehes 
the  closest  to  a  fine  old  Madeira  of  any  wine  yet  produced  in  this  country. 
This  wine  wil'  constitute  a  good  basis  for  a  sherry  wine  wlu^n  made  with 
that  view,  and  wo  have  seen  some  samples  of  such  from  these  vineyards 
which  strongly  resemble  Old  Brown  Sherry,  and  would  do  credit  to  any 
gentleman's  sideboard  and  private  cellar.  "^  Other  .samples,  again,  made 
Irom  the  Flowers,  a  black  Scuppernong. seedling— a  dry  wine— rcscMiiblo 
certain  red  wines  of  Hungary  already  highly  esteemed  in  this  country, 
and,  as  a  sweet  win(>,  bears  a  elo^e  relation  in  character  to  Spiinish  l{ed.'' 

Thk  P)()Ki)K.vi;x  ViNKVAKi),  tlirte  or  four  miles  west  of  Fayelleville, 
the  property  of  Mr.  James  M.  Pearce,  is  planted  largely  with  the  Scup- 
pernong, of  which  there  are  oOO  vines  in  bearing— a  very  large  num- 
ber, when  the  s[)ace  occu|)ied  by  each  vine  is  considered. "  The  grapes, 
in  their  season,  are  shifiped  largely,  ))rincipally  to  western  points  in 
this  State.     The  vineyard  also  contains  other  grapes. 

Large  and  valuable  vineyar.ls  tlourish  near  Wilmington,  the  most 
important  of  which  is  that  of  Captain  Xobles. 

Southern  Pines,  in  the  south-west  corner  of  Moore  County,  is  the 
location  of  many  hundred  acres  of  vineyards,  destined  in  time  to  bo 
probably  the  most  extensive  in  the  State.  The  vines  now  coming  into 
bearing  are  all  of  the  choicest  American  grapes,  and  are  cultivated 
with  care  and  .skill.  These,  together  with  the  extensive  orchards  of 
peach  trees  and  the  large  plantings  of  small  fruits,  are  destined  to  give 
great  prominence  to  a  section  only  recently  valued  for  its  pines  and 
their  i)rodncts. 

West  of  the  Blue  Kidge  there  is  as  yet  no  large  culture  of  vineyards. 
Capt.  J.  K.  Ho}t,  at  JOngadine,  fifteen  miles  west  of  A,sheville,  has  a 
vineyard  of  several  acres,  from  which  he  makes  a  wine  of  very  high, 
repute.  At  the  foot  of  the  I'.lue  Kidge,  at  Old  Fort,  Mr.  Colay,  a  Swiss 
gentleman,  has  a  large  and  productive  vineyard,  noticeable  "from  the^ 
circumstance  that,  with  European  contempt  of  American  grapes,  he' 
stocked  his  vineyard,  at  great  cost,  with  European  grapes,  and^'lost  them 
all,  as  they  brought  with  them  the  seeds  of  European  disease.  He  has 
rei)laced  them  with  the  native  grape. 

Through  many  other  counties  in  tlie  State— Davie,  Forsvth,  Guilford 
Alamance,  Warren,  Vance,  and  in  nearly  all  the  eastern  counties,  where 
the  Scuppernong  family  best  thrives  — the  interest  in  viticulture  is 
annually  increasing  and  the  industry  is  becoming  a  very  general  one 

Wake  County  is  much  interested  in  the  subject,  and,  as  it  is  the  only 
one  that  has  a  grape-growers'  association,  it  is  the  only  one  from  which 
approximately  full  returns  are  obtainable.     The  following  information 
has  been  furnished : 
17 


ii 


! 


25H 


llAND-nOOK    ol'    Noinil    (  AHtM.INA. 


15.  I*.  Williiiinsoii  1ms  ton  acres  in  vincynnl.  His  vines  an;  elii(>l!y 
Coneonl  and  Ives,  'Tin'  grapes  aro  shipped  to  Nortlusni  markets  lotlie 
<'.\tent  ot  2,000  baskets  (luriiijf  the  season.  The  season  hej^ins  about  the 
Jntii  of  July,  and  eontinuis  until  the  middle  of  Au^^ust;  bej^innin^' when 
the  Klorida  season  ends,  and  a  lortni^ht  before  that  of  \'ii'«;inia  Ix'^^ins. 

J.  M  Ih'ck  has  Ihirlyiive  acres  in  Ives,  Concord  and  (  iiampioii,  (he 
latter  not  very  Huccessful.     lit*  ships  about  S,000  baskets  of  ton  pound 


each  annuallv 


Us  vmevan 


as  \vi 


II  as  most  of  the  Wake  Countv 


vineyards,  is  in  the  vicinity  of  IJalei^h.  lli;  has  also  a  vineyard  of 
twenty  acres  near  Kid^eway,  in  Warren  County,  from  whii-h  he  ships 
about  0,000  baskets.  .About  l'.'»0  baski>ls  lo  the  acn*  is  appai'''nlly  the 
averajj;e  yii-ld,  and  the  net  sales  amount  lo  from  !<')0  to  .^UK)  per  acre, 
accordinji'  to  season  anti  condition  of  m:ii'ket.  This  explanation  will 
apjily  lo  th(;  vineyards  hereaficr  mentioned. 

11.  Mahler  has'  about  twenty  aei'es,  the  product  of  which  is  larj2:ely 
«'onverled  into  wine,  (u'oriic  Shellem,  twenty  acres;  wine  ami  ship- 
pinu.  HatchelorA'  Won)ble,  twelve  iicres;  .'-hippin.ij;.  1 1.  Uilyeu,  fifteen 
acres  of  Ives, Concord  and  hclaware;  shipjiin^-.  C.  15.  Mdwanls,  twenty 
acres,  Mount's  l-'arly,  l)elaware,  Nia;j;ara,  Ives  and  ConconI;  shipping. 
\'.  Koys'er,  fifteen  acres,  Ives  and  Concord;  shippiiij;.  15.  <i.  ("owpt^r, 
twonty-live  aciris,  Ives  and  Concord;  shipi>in<j;.  M.  A.  I'arki-r,  Ives  and 
(\tnc()rd;  sbippinij.     ,1.15.  I5urwell,  Ives  and   Coticoi'd ;  shippinir.      Di 


J 


ewis, 


Ives 


aiu 


1  ( 


oncon 


1;    si 


upinn^f 


)avis  ^y    hradsliaw 


mi. 


11. 


Andrew.^,  Dr.  I'"ullei',  Ives  and  i'oncnrd;  shii)pm^.  C.  I  >.  I'pchurch, 
ten  at'ns,  Ivi's.  (it'or;;e  Cole,  ten  acre--',  Ives  and  Concoi'd ;  shipping;'. 
S.  Otlio  Wilson,  twenty  acres,  Ives  and  Concord  :  shipping:,  l-'rcd,  Wat- 
son, twelve  ai-res,  Ives,  Concord  and  Delaware.  Robert  Stronji,  ten  acri's, 
Ives,  Concord,  Delaware  and  Mt)ore's  Ivirly.  NNdiitin*;-  I5r()tliers.  twi'uty- 
-livo  acres,  Ives,  Concord,  Delaware  and  Nia|.;ara.  W.  II.  I'ace,  ei<;lit 
acres,  Ives  and  Concord.  l''ei',<;uson,  lifteen  aci'cs.  Ives,  (\)nc()rd  and 
Martlia.  .le-se  Jones,  live  acres.  Concord.  In  the  vicinity  of  Wake 
forest,  15.  F.  Monla^ne  has  ten  acres,  Ives  and  Concord;  Janus  Moore, 
twelve  acres,  Ives  and  ('oncoril. 

Mr.  John  Ivobinson,  (A)mnussioner  of  Ayricultun',  ba.^-  ttMi  acres  in 


tl 


le  vicinitv  o 


f  1 


valei-'li,  and 


iudire 


W 


liter 


CI; 


irk,  ten  aci'ts  m  llaliiax 


County,  planled  with  Ives. 

The  favorite  grapes  are  Ives  and  Concord;  other  varieties,  though 
cultivated  to  some  extent,  are  mostly  neglected.     Most  of  tle^  vineyanl 
ists  ship  their  crops,  a 


'1 
soon 


as   matured,  to  the  Northern   markets. 


Oidy  a  few  convert  them  into  wine,  e.vce])t  when  thi'  m;irket  is  over- 
stocked. 

In  all,  there  appears  to  be  oo!)  acr(>s  in  cultivation  in  the  vicinity  of 
Raleigh,  with  an  annual  crop  of  .SO.T'iU  baskets. 


HKSOHTS — ItOTKhH. 


25U 


:>  vioinitv  of 


RESORTS-HOTELS. 

^  Siiico  tho  fiicilitioH  of  travel  Imvo  hvv.u  iimltinlifd  lInoii^lK.ut  N.jrtli 
Carolina,  nmkiii«j  tlio  sua-Hido,  l\w  midillo  Hitlioii  iind  tin;  niuiinhiiiis 
(Miiinlly  acccssihU",  uitlM|uickiic.ss  niid  .■uinfurt  to  fill  its  |iro|.l(.,  tlicro 
has  hccii  iviimikubkj  and  rapid  d(;vclo|tni(!nt  tliron^dioiit  tliu  s'lat(!  of 
such  places  as  a.s;su re  rccroatioij,  rest  and  lieallli  to  ail  visitors,  and  to 
Hiicli  dc^M'ce  of  e.\cell('iic(^  as  not  oidy  to  attract  our  (.vvn  people,  lait  to 
inlluenee  the  ehoit-e  of  visitors  from  all  pails  of  the  l^nion.  NOr  is 
alhn'iiition  from  tli<!  heat  of  sunnner  tln'  only  motives  that  f^cncrns  the 
tide  of  travel  or  tlie  search  after  health.  Tho  vvint<'r  airs  an)  relatively 
!S()  balmy  as  to  woy  the  Xorlhern  invalid  to  inhale  them,  and  in  the 
mountain  sretion,  sonnnvhal  coMer,  so  dry  and  invi<>-oratin:r  as  to  com- 
mend themselves  to  (he  scicntitic  Jud^n'mnt  of  tho  most^  inlellin(.|,(, 
NorllH'rn  physi  -ians  as  the  surest  hope  of  thi!  sullcrer  from  pnlmonarv 
or  dehilitalinjr  complaints  'riierefore,  in  winter  ami  in  sinnmer,  tli'e 
wIiol(>  State  is  becoming-  the  health  resort  for  those  beyond  ils  lincs,'and 
for  those  within,  a  pleasant  and  economical  substitute  \\>v  those  c'ostly 
sunnner  jaunts  which  fashion  or  necessity  once  conipellcil  n,  Sarat'>mi 
Cape  May  or  the  \'ir<;inia  Springs.  ^  ' 

THE   SEA-SIDE   RESORTS 

Are  of  comparatively  recent  pnauinence,  because,  until  within  a  few 
years,  they  have  been  practically  more  remote  than  those  of  distaiii, 
.States.  Now  they  are  accessible  (piickly  and  conveniently,  by  either 
steamboat  or  railroad,  and  are  all  made  .so  attractive  by  tlio  comforts, 
the  clearances  and  the  amusements  jirovided  by  hotels  of  (he  first  class 
as  to  attract  to  them  continuous  thrones  of  satislit'd  summer  visitors. 

NAG'S  HEAD, 

At  the  head  of  IJoauoke  Sound,  and  at  the  eastern  end  of  Albemiirlo 
Sound,  is  on  the  strip  of  banks  which  interpose  between  those  inland 
wa(ers  aiid  the  rage  of  (he  outside  ocean.  It  occupies  the  site  of  (he 
iijlet  which  once  lay  open  to  navij,ration,  and  throu^^h  which  (he  first 
discoverers  and  attempte(l  colonists  sou<;ht  the  \or(h  Carolina  shores. 
This  inlet  has  lono;  since  been  closed  by  the  resistless  forces  of  con- 
tinuous storms;  and  where  tho  watei's  once  (lowed, a  satidv  stri[),  inter- 
siKirsed  wilh  hi«rh  billowy  dunes,  drifi,.,!  fn.ni  sjiot  to  spot  by  the'mi<d)t 
of  tho  winds,  uplifts  itself,  enlivt'iied  here  and  there  by  groups'^of 
cedars,  scattered  j>ines  and  ver<iant  patches  of  tho  t)ri,i,ht  over<Teen 
yo|)on.  Amid  these  the  hotel  is  situated,  in  such  position  as  tol-om- 
maiid  a  view  of  tho  oiiter  and  tho  inner  waters,  and  (o  control  all  (he 
varied  amusements  of  bathinjn',  boating,  (ishing  and  other  afpia(ic  sports. 
This  i)lace  is  reached  from  the  mainland  by  steamboats  from  JOlizabetli 
Ci(y  and  other  points  on  the  waters  of  Albemarle  Sound,  and  is  a 
favorite  summer  resort,  sought  most  largely  by  our  own  people  and 
those  from  the  adjacent  jiarts  of  Virginia. 


illr:' 


ii-  ■>  i 


260 


HAND-BOOK   OF    NORTH    CAROLINA. 


BEAUFORT  HARBOR, 

On  the  shores  ol  which  are  the  towns  of  Beaufort  and  Morehead  City, 
lias  become  the  seat  of  much  summer  enjoyment,  made  attractive  by  a 
number  of  line  hotels  and  excellent  boarding-housts,  all  so  situated  as 
to  command  all  the  elements  of  pleasure  or  of  health  to  be  drawn  from 
sea-breezes,  boating,  bathing,  fishing  and  all  tlie  enjoyments  of  a  sea- 
side resort.  l>eautbrt  harbur  is  open  to  the  sea,  yet  protected  from  its 
violence  ;  and  all  the  amusements  and  methods  of  recreation  are  enjoyed 
in  perfect  safety.  IJeaufort  is  on  the  east  sde  of  the  harbor,  about  three 
and  a  half  miles  across  from  Morehead  City.  There  are  several  fine 
boarding-houses  at  this  place,  but  no  large  hotel,  none  having  been 
built  to  replace  the  great  Atlantic  Hotel,  destroyed  in  the  hurricane  of 
1879.  Morehead  Ciiy,  on  the  peninsul'i  between  Calico  Creek  and  the 
waters  of  Newport  Iviver  on  the  north  and  l>ogue  Sound  on  the  south, 
is  the  terminus  of  the  Atlantic  and  North  Carolina  Railroad,  and  at 
the  point  of  the  peninsula  stands  the  new  Atlantic  Hotel,  one  of  tlie 
largest  structures  of  the  kind  in  the  State— a  building  of  six  hundred 
feet  front  and  three  stories  high,  with  outbuildings  and  annexes  to  meet 
every  want.  This  is  the  great  summer  resort  for  the  people  of  the 
interior,  and,  during  the  sea.«on,  is  filled  with  visitors  from  all  parts  of 
the  country.  It  is  here  that  the  annual  meeting  of  tl;e  Teachers'  Assem- 
bly is  held,  the  annual  meeting  of  the  State  Tobacco  Association,  and 
conventions  of  different  kinds  The  surf-bathing  on  the  south  side  of 
the  banks  is  exceptionally  fine  and  safe,  the  boating  facilities  very 
ample  and  good,  the  fishing  unequalled  in  success  and  excitement,  the 
sea-breezes  delightful  and  invigorating,  and  there  is  a  total  absence  of 
sandflies  and  mosquitoes.  With  the  Newbern  Hotel  and  some  superior 
boarding-houses,  Alorehead  City  offers  one  of  the  most  cliarmiug  and 
satisfactory  sea-side  resorts  on  the  whole  Atlantic  coast. 

ISLAND   BEACH   HOTEL, 

On  Wrightsville  Sound,  eight  miles  from  Wilmington,  is  comparatively 
a  new  resort,  though  Wrightsville,  for  more  than  a  hundred  years,  with 
its  line  water-front  and  its  groves  of  live-oaks  and  cosy  cottages,  has 
been  the  annual  summer  home  of  many  ^\'ilnlington  families.  Its 
eligibility  pointed  it  out  as  the  prop^^r  summer  encampment  of  the 
North  Carolina  State  (iuard,  and  it  is  now  so  annually  occupied. 

Island  Beach  Hotel  is  on  an  Island  between  the  ramified  streams  of 
tide-water  which  here  diversify  the  sound,  and  is  a  hotel  of  first  class, 
in  size,  capacity  and  management,  with  line  and  safe  surf-bathing  and 
all  the  other  conveniences  and  pleasures  of  a  sea-side  resort.  It  is 
reached  by  a  railroad  from  Wilmington,  which  makes  trips  ap})ortioned 
to  the  public  convenience. 

CAROLINA  BEACH   HOTEL 

Is  of  similar  character.  It  is  readied  In'  a  steamer  wliich  runs  to  a 
landing-place  fifteen  miles  below  Wilmington,  on  the  Cape  Fear  River, 
and  from  the  landing  a  railroad  crosses  the  narrow  peninsula,  a  mile 


K  KSORTS — HOT  ELS. 


261 


Tie  superior 


and  a  lia^f,  to  llu'  beacli.  Not  far  helow  the  hotel  are  the  remains  of 
the  famous  Fort  Fisher,  the  scene  of  the  heaviest  bombardment  known 
in  warfare. 

The  above  com])rise  the  most  frequented  resorts  on  tiie  coast.  South- 
port,  formerly  iSmithville,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ca])e  Fear  River,  has 
long  been  a  summer  resort,  and  a  very  pleasant  one,  l)ut  not  exclusively 
so,  for  it  is  a  port  of  entry,  a  business  town,  and  also  a  county  seat, 
thereby  creating  a  conflict  between  tlie  leisure  and  pleasure  of  a  sum- 
mer resort  and  the  exactions  of  work  and  business. 

MOUNTAIN   RESORTS. 

Since  railroads  have  made  the  difficult  a.scentof  the  Blue  Ridge,  and 
made  access  to  every  part  of  the  mountain  country  easy  and  speedy, 
the  whole  mountain  region  may  be  regarded  as  one  vast  health  and 
pleasure  resort,  in  winter  as  well  as  in  summer.  Portions  of  the  moun- 
tain region,  indeed,  did  not  wait  for  the  advent  of  the  railroad.  The 
fame  of  its  healthfulness,  tli(^  certain  charms  of  its  summer  climate,  and 
tiie  known  beauty  and  grandeur  of  its  scenery  three-cjuarters  of  a  cen- 
tury ago  drew  annual  summer  ])ilgrimages  to  t'ie  Warm  Springs,  now 
the  Hot  Springs,  Asheville,  Ilendersonville  and  Brevard,  and  these  two 
last,  or  rather  locations  in  their  vicinity,  became  veritable  South  Caro- 
lina colonies,  with  permanent  and  elegant  improvements  of  fine  resi- 
dences, ornamental  grounds  and  highly-improved  farms.  The  charm 
of  scenery  has  never  abated,  the  fame  of  climate  has  never  deceived 
the  trust  [)laced  in  its  healthful,  invigorating  influences,  and  now,  since 
easy  access  is  had  to  it  from  every  part  of  the  United  States,  Western 
North  Carolina  has  become  the  sanitorium  and  the  sanitarium  of  tlie 
whole  country. 

Of  the  localities  become  most  favored  as  resorts  for  all  seasons  of  the 
year,  the  following  are  the  most  prominent: 

HOT  SPRINGS, 

On  the  French  Broad  River,  thirty -seven  miles  below  Asheville,  ha=i 
long  been  known  and  valued  for  the  virtues  of  its  thermal  waters.  It 
was  known  early  in  this  century,  and.  untd  recently,  as  the  Warm 
Springs — the  waters  of  the  springs  bubbling  up  in  profuse  volume  near 
the  river,  with  a  lempei'atute  of  from  OS  to  104,  and  were  of  mai'ked 
efficacy,  used  as  baths,  for  rheumatism,  and  were  visited  by  large  num- 
bers of  invalids,  even  when  to  reach  them  involved  long,  difiicult  and 
])ainful  journeys.  Hotel  succeeded  hotel  in  did'ei'cnt  degrees  of  excel- 
lence— succeeded  each  other  as  successive  conflagrations  made  place  for 
impi'oved  structures,  with  increa'-ed  conveniences  and  luxuries,  culmi- 
nating at  last  in  the  present  magnificent 

MOUNTAIN   PARK  HOTEL, 

In  size,  elegance  and  management,  surpassed  by  few  in  tlie  United 
States.  The  sceni-iy  is  very  fint",  the  h  «tel  being  situated  in  an  open- 
ing, among  the  mountains,  of  a  beautiful  valley,  about  tliree-fourths  of 


f  ? 


ii:  J 


•■\ 


it 

1 !       i 


1I 

n 


262 


HAND-BOOK    OF    NORTH    CAROLINA. 


a  mile  ia  widtli  and  two  or  three  in  length,  around  which  are  towering 
heights.  The  rushing  river  is  on  one  side,  and  the  bold,  impetuous 
Spring  Creek  on  the  other.  Tiie  climate  is  dry  and  exhilarating,  and 
there  is  here  a  remarkable  absence  of  fog  at  all  tiines,  though  they  may 
cloud  the  valley  above  and  below.  The  bathing  in  the  waters  is  made 
attractive  and  also  effective  by  the  provision  of  marble  baths  in  well- 
constructed  bath-houses,  and  also  by  the  addition  of  a  large  swimming- 
l)ool  JJesidcs  its  use  as  hot  baths,  the  water  is  used  for  drinking,  as  an 
etficient  agent  in  removing  dyspepsia,  malarial  troubles,  gout,  rheuma- 
tism and  nervous  prostration.  The  Wtsfern  North  Carolina  Railroad 
(the  Paint  Rock  branch)  runs  through  the  valley,  and  two  daily  pas- 
senger trains  connect  with  all  parts  of  the  country. 

THE   HAYWOOD  WHITE  SULPHUR  SPRINGS 

Are  in  Haywood  County,  near  the  town  of  Waynesville,  and  near  the 
line  of  the  .Murfihy  branch  of  the  Western  North  Carolina  Railroad, 
connecting  by  two  daily  pa.«senger  trains  with  the  railroad  systems  of 
the  whole  country.  Tlie  spring  which  gave  name  to  the  property  is 
found  on  the  southern  slope  of  Mount  Maria  Love,  at  an  elevation  of 
2,845  feet  above  the  sea.  The  spring  itself  is  a  distinct  sulphur  water, 
cool  and  pleasant  to  the  taste,  diuretic  and  diaphoretic  in  effect,  and 
highly  efficient  when  drank  on  the  premises.  It  does  net  bear  trans- 
portation. The  chief  charm  of  the  place  is  the  beauty  of  the  locality, 
embosomed  in  some  of  the  loftiest  summits  of  the  majestic  Balsam 
Mountains,  some  of  the  highest  of  which  confront  the  hotel— one  of 
which,  the  Richland  Balsam,  reaching  the  height  of  6,425  feet,  and  ali 
the  others  reaching  (),()00  feet.  In  front  of  the  hotel,  which  is  in  a  level 
well-shaded  plain  of  tifty  acrts  or  more,  is  the  valley  of  Richland  Creek, 
running  back  in  deep  recesses  into  the  depths  of  "the  mountains,  and 
through  which  runs  the  bold,  clear,  sparkling  Richland  Creek.  Reyond 
tliat  is  the  i)retly  town  of  Waynesville,  itself  a  very  popular  suinmer 
resort,  standing  on  bold  hills  and  backed  and  overtopped  by  grand 
mountain  summits.  It  is  to  be  questioned  if  anywhere  in  the  moun- 
tains there  is  presented  a  more  splendid  or  charnnng  combination  than 
is  presented  by  this  mountain-locked  and  valley-cheered  landscape  of 
the  Richland  A^alley.  There  is  a  large  and  well-arranged  hotel  at  the 
Springs,  filled  during  the  season  with  delighted  guests. 

ASHEVILLE 

Holds  peculiar  |)rominence  as  a  resort,  for  many  reasons.  It  has  been 
longer  recognized  as  the  possessor  of  splendors  of  scenery  and  charac-  ' 
ter  for  health — it  long  ago  attracted  visitors  on  both  accounts— and  it 
was  .sooner  prepared  than  other  towns  for  the  entertainment  of  guests 
and  the  care  of  the  invalid.  Rs  reputation  was  fixed  when  access  wag 
given  to  it  by  the  completion  of  the  railroads,  which  practically  come 
into  it  from  every  point  of  the  compa-js,  and  tlms  there  follow- (1  rapid 
increase  of  population,  of  the  throng  of  visitors,  and  in  amplitude  and 


RE-SORTS — HOTELS. 


2G3 


re  towering 
,  impetuous 
rating,  and 
h  tiiey  ma}'^ 
ers  is  made 
ths  in  well- 
swim  ming- 
king,  as  an 
ut,  rhen ma- 
la Railroad 
3  daily  pas- 


id  near  the 
a  Railroad, 

systems  of 

property  is 

elevation  of 

:)hur  water, 

etf'ect,  and 
bear  trans- 
he  locality, 
tic  Balsam 
tel — one  of 
eet,  and  all 
is  in  a  level 
land  Creek, 
titains,  and 
c.  Beyond 
ir  summer 

by  grand 

the  moun- 

lation  than 

mdscape  of 

lotel  at  the 


ft  has  been 
nd  cliarac- 
its — and  it 
t  of  gue?ts 
access  was 
cally  come 
w  (1  rapid 
litude  and 


completeness  of  hotels  and  other  abodes  for  the  well  and  the  sick.  As 
a  summer  resort,  its  excellence  has  never  been  gi'insaid.  It  took  time 
and  experience  to  establish  faith  in  equal  aptitude  fur  the  winter.  Now 
there  is  little  ditfercnce  between  one  season  and  the  other,  eminent  physi- 
cians everywhere  agreeing  that  in  the  dry  invigorating  air  of  the  moun- 
tains even  the  winter  cold  that  is  sometimes  experienced  is  beneHcial 
ratlier  than  detrimental  even  to  the  pulmonary  invalid,  and  that  the 
winter  climate,  so  much  more  mild  than  that  of  the  North  and  North- 
west, from  which  so  many  of  the  visiting  invalids  come,  is  far  more  desir- 
able than  the  milder  but  damper  and  more  debilitating  air  of  Florida, 
once  the  almost  sole  refuge  for  the  sick  and  sulfering.  And  when  to 
natural  advantages  were  added  the  assurance  of  the  best  medical  skill, 
and  also  all  the  conveniences  of  a  city — electric  street  railway,  electric 
lighting,  pure  water  and  other  indispensables — the  fitness  of  Asheville 
could  not  fail  of  recognition.  To  all  these  have  been  added  a  group  of 
hotels,  in  size,  elegance,  convenience  and  satisfactory  management,  not 
equalled  in  the  South  and  scarcely  surpassed  anywhere.  Of  these,  the 
principal  are: 

THE   BATTERY  PARK  HOTEL, 

On  an  eminence  in  the  very  midst  of  the  city,  overlooking  everything 
around  it,  but  as  i^eclnded  as  if  miles  away  in  the  country — in  the  city, 
but  not  of  it — with  its  own  drives,  its  own  electric  cars,  and  everything  to 
make  the  visitor  feel  tlmt  he  is  as  far  away  from  the  crowd  as  he  wislies, 
as  close  to  it  as  his  business  or  his  convenience  makes  desirable.  The 
hotel  building  is  an  elegant  structure,  in  the  so-called  (iueen  Anne 
style,  three  stories  in  height,  300x175,  and  with  broad  verandas  along 
the  front,  during  the  winter  enclosed  in  glass.  It  is  heated  by  steam 
and  lighted  by  electricity.  Further  mention  of  details  is  needless,  since 
tt  house  of  this  character  is  jn'esumed  to  be  perfect  in  all  its  appliances, 
which  is  just  presumption  in  this  case.  The  views  from  the  building 
from  all  directions  are  superb  and  the  source  of  unending  delight — 
over  town,  over  valley,  over  mountain  ranges— only  closed  by  the  blue 
outlines  of  far-distant  lines  which  blend  far  away  with  the  skies. 

THE  SWANNANOA  HOTEL, 

In  the  very  centre  of  the  city,  is  a  large  well-equipped  and  well-con- 
ducted four-story  brick  building,  now  standing  the  oldest  and  the 
pioneer  of  the  system  of  first-class  hotels. 

THE   KENILWORTH   INN, 

Two  miles  from  Asheville,  is  most  picturesquely  situated  on  a  height 
overlooking  the  Swannatioa  River  and  its  beautiful  valley.  Its  situa- 
tion and  its  architecture,  its  magnitude  and  its  beauty,  combine  so 
many  elements  of  the  romantic  that  the  imagination  is  taken  captive, 
and  is  more  apt  to  associate  it  with  the  visions  of  fancy  than  with  the 
realities  of  everv-dav  life.     Yet  it  is  a  very  substantial  and  a  very 


■ 


t  < 


2(11 


HAN'D-nOOK    OK    NORTH    {^\R()LINA. 


costly  t'lict,  for  it  is  of  fj;reat  caimcity  and  built  with  libonil  (lisroj;arLi  to 
cost.  This  hotel  is  within  a  few  Imiidred  yards  of  the  station  at  the 
junction  of  the  Wostt-rn  North  Carolina  Railroad  and  the  Ashoville  and 
ISjiartaiibur^  road. 

OAKLAND   HEIGHTS  HOTEL, 

A  mile  and  a  half  from  the  court-house,  is  scarcely  loss  hoMutifuI  than 
Kcuiluorlh  Inn,  nor  less  heautifully  situated  than  iJiittery  Park  Hotel; 
lar^e,  capacious,  of  beautiful  desij^n,  surniountinf;  a  hif>h  but  f^eutly 
sloping;  hill,  and  ovfnlookinjj;  a  hindscape  that  thrills  th((  heart  with  the 
enjoyment  of  its  charms  'J'his,  like  tla^  others  named,  is  justly  enti- 
tled to  the  rank  of  a  tirst-c;lass  hotel. 

BELMONT  HOTEL* 

Is  a  tine  and  capacious  hotel,  four  miles  west  from  Asheville,  a  short 
distance  from  the  Murphy  bi'anch  of  the  Western  North  ('arolina  Kail- 
road,  but  reached  more  conveniently  by  a  line  of  (>lectric  railway 
exhMuliuji;  to  the  courtdiouse  sipiaro  in  Asheville.  'This  akso  is  a  hotel 
of  superior  character.  It  is  on  the  site  of  the  old  hotel  nuule  famous 
in  the  days  of  the  Deaver  Sulphur  Spriujis,  lonjj;  since  a  trusted  and 
favorite  health  re.sort,  and  retainin<>-  yet  its  hi(;h  reputation,  'riuire  is 
no  re.sort  in  the  nu)untains  whose  situation  is  so  l)eautil'nl  and  com- 
inandiuji',  or  wh(>re  the  air  is  sweeter  or  purer. 

ARDEN    PARK, 

As  it'^  name  implies,  is  a  liiu^  park  of  several  hundred  acres  extent,  nine 
miles  south  of  Asheville,  on  the  Asheville  and  Spartanburj;-  llailroad. 
In  the  paik  is  a  lar^e  and  excellent  hotel,  and,  in  the  summer  season, 
largely  I'csiU'ted  to  by  visitors,  mostly  from  the  exti'eme  South. 

HENDERSONVILLE, 

TTendei'son  County,  is  a  very  favorite  resort  for  visitors  from  South 
(  arcdina  and  States  fartlu-r  south.  With  its  wide,  level  streets,  its  pui'o 
water,  its  temperate  air  ami  its  charming  scenery,  it  merits,  as  it  has 
always  received,  its  annual  tribute  of  apprec;iatit)n  of  those  who  come 
year  att^r  year  to  renew  the  j)lt>asui'es  and  benelits  of  preceding  ex])eri- 
ence.     Adjoining  Henderson ville,  two  miles  to  th(>  south,  is 

FLAT  ROCK, 

A  [dace  properly  to  be  designat'^d  as  a  South  Carolina  cohuiy,  selected 
more  than  luilf  a  century  ago  as  a  rehige  from  the  deadly  summer 
fevers  of  the  I'oast.  It  was  settled  and  adoi'ui-'d  by  families  of  wealth 
and  relinement,  whose  tast<'s  directed,  and  whose  means  constructed, 
that  which  is  often  conceived  but  rarely  C(nistrucled — a  true  rits  i)i  iirbc; 
elegant  homes,  separa*  -1  from  caids  other  by  grounds  adorned  with 

*Siiu'i'  tli'sli'd.vcil  liy  llro. 


is  regard  to 
ion  at  the 
loville  luul 


itiful  than 
ark  Ilotol; 
i^ut  j^ciitly 
rt  with  the 
iistly  iMiti- 


llc,  a  .short 
oiina  Kail- 
ic  railway 
)  is  a  hotel 
i(]v  famous 
•ust('(l  and 
Tlicre  is 
and  com- 


xtont,  nine 
i;  Kail  road, 
ler  season, 
,h. 


■oni  South 
ts,  its  pui'e 
s,  as  it  has 
who  come 
nii;  oxpcri- 


y,  selected 
y  summer 
of  wealth 
)uslructed, 
'/(.s'  ill  iirbc  ; 
irned  with 


i!t# 


0' 


iin 
■iil' 


u 
o 


'0 


iS;..,  :^''  •■    r 


i!i:s()iMs — iii>'n:i.s. 


uor; 


shrubbery,  l»y   lonu'  winding    'vciiiics  of   (lif  li'iillicry   wliilc-piiic,  by 

<lriv(!H,  iiiid  also  hy  pnisnir  licMs  of  coin  or  ;j,iMiii      It  is  now  ;i  general 

rather  tlian  a  s|tccial  resort,  under  (he  strokes  of  war,  which  ^h^ittered 

fortunes  and  prosli'atcd  sonu!  sucial  harrieis.     'I'here  is  a  ^ood   hotid  iit. 

Mat  iJock,     Tliis  idaee  is  als(»  on  tlu^  Aslievilh^  and  Hiiarianhuru'  Uail- 

III'  • 

roihi.  and  lias  its  own  convenient,  station. 

BLOWING  ROCK, 

In  Watau^niCounty,  is  an  overhiiiij;in;f  precipitous  muss  on  the  veiy 
(mImc  ()!•  crest,  of  the  IMue  Kid^c.on  the  very  divide  sheddiii^j;'  fhe  watois 
tiiat  gather  on  its  lop,  a  part  to  feed  IIk;  si  reams  that  henin  their  courses 
towards  the  M  ississippi,  and  a  purl,  to  trickle  down  into  the  allhients  of 
llu^  ^'adkin.  'I'liis  elevation,  1  ()()()  feet  ahove  sea-Iev(il,  and  hein^  an 
advanced  outpost  of  the  !)iue  K'id^o,  eommiinds  wondei'hilly  extensive 
and  comprehensive  views  in  all  directiiais.  Not  only  is  the  ( Jraiidfather 
Mountain  (the  highest  and  most  majestic  of  all  the  iJlue  I{idjj;e  Moun- 
tains, a  little  le-s  than  <i,()()0  feet  in  lieiuhl)  in  lull  view,  hul  the  endless 
succession  of  the  sumiiiils  of  that  chain,  (»ii  the  Hanks  and  in  the  rear, 
uhile  in  front  si  retches  (he  supcrl)  valley  of  the  ^'adkin  and  its  numer- 
ous li'ihutary  valleys,  heyond  which  risetlu;  Ih'nshy  Mountains  to  lesser 
heij^^iit,  hut  with  pictures(pio  oU'ect,  thus  relievimj  that  uiisatislyin^  llat- 
ness  in  the  landscape  so  olten  experienced  in  leokiiiij;  over  wide  oxpanses 
from  a  supeiior  hei^^ht.  llan^inj;  i{ock  itself  has  a  heij^ht  of  ahout 
•l,()()(>  feet,  hut  when  it  is  sui'inouiited  there  is  louiid  tlu!  often  rep(a(ed 
cxpei'icncc  in  the  IMuc;  i»idi;-e  of  a  j;real  ly  uiidulatin<^  surface  and  (very 
temptation  to  occupy  and  enjoy  it.  'riieiclore,  i(  is  n(i(  s(ian<;(>  (hat  (Ik; 
temptation  has  hceii  yielded  (o,  and  the  sumniilof  ilani^iiij^  Iiock  is 
crested  with  dwellings  and  made  hospitahle  with  restiiii^-places  for  tlio 
wayfarer.  It  has  hccome  one  of  the  favorite  re.sorts  for  the  residents 
of  North  Carolina  towns,  for  it  is  not  far  to  reach,  and  it  has  iMpial 
advanhijf(H  with  all  others  in  (lu'command  of  th(i  j^rande^t  and  most 
hoauliful  of  mountain  scenery,  the  enjoyment  of  (he  puicst  and  mo-t 
invi,u,oratin<;-  air,  and  a  happy  liheration  from  the  feiters  of  fashi  n. 
'{"lie  resort  is  reached  hy  staj^c  ov(>r  a  turnpike  IVom  Lenoir,  twenty-four 
miles  distant,  which  place  is  the  northern  t'  rmiiius  of  the  Che-ter  ami 
I.enoir  Narrow-(  iau<:;t^  Ivailioad,  and  connect  in<i-  Lenoir  with  tla;  West- 
ern North  Carolina  at  llickoi'y,  twenty  miles  distant,  'i'lie  ascent  up 
the  mountain  is  hy  an  easy,  safe  and  well-graded  road.  Not  far  frcan 
the  Lock  a  company  has  i-rected  the 

GREEN   PARK  HOTEL, 

iiarnc  and  commodious,  i's  comforls  and  its  manaji^cment  in  harmony 
wiih  its  magnifKcnt  suiroundinos.  The  air  u])  there  is  remaikahly 
jiuro  and  invigorating,  and  the  water  used  in  the  hotel  and  other  |)ointH 
isd?'a\vn  from  two  springs,  one  of  which  l>ays  its  littU^  trihute  to  the 
"^'adkin.  which  heiiomes  th(^  (Jreat  Lee  l)ee,  and  the  otln  r  intf)  N(nv 
lliver,  which  grows  into  the  (Jreat  Kanawha,  which  passes  into  the  Ohio. 


fl 


2GG 


HAM)-I',()OK    Ol'    NOKTII    (AIM  Ml  N  A. 


LINVILLE 


Is  a  now  msrirt  on  Linville  Kivcr.in  WnUm^a  Couiitv.on  the  ton  of  the 
l.lLio  Ivi.l^re  ami  ainoii^^  its  j-iaiulost  scenerv,  close  to  the  Ch-andCather 
not  lar  tioni  the  still  loftier  Koan.  In  sucira  location,  it  is  suiHilhious 
to  s|)(.ak  ol  the  charms  of  Linville,  for  they  are  the  pns-ession  of  the 
whole  mountain  ivgion,  with  the  exception  that  here  perhaps  tiicv  are 
disposed  and  displayed  to  unusual  advantnne.  A  fine  hotel  is  readv  to 
receive  all  visitors.  Linville  is  reached  bv  wav  of  I'.lowinn-  l{ock\-)U 
tlie  south,  or  by  the  Cranberry  K'ailroad  and  stage  from  the  north. 

CLOUDLAND  HOTEL, 

In  Mitchell  County,  (;,342  ieet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  is  on  the  verv 
top  otthe  Roan  Mountain,  and  is  unquestionablv  the  most  loftily  situ- 
ated hrst  class  hotel  in  the  United  States  east  of^the  Mississippi  ft  is 
kept  open  during  the  summer,  and  its  drv  invigorating  air  is  thoturht 
to  be  serviceable  in  hay-fever.  The  pnlspc cts^  from  ihe  summit  are 
Illimitable.  Ihe  toj)  ot  the  Roan  is,  for  seven  miles  in  length,  a  prairie 
covered  with  grass,  wild  ilowers  and  peculiar  shrubberv,  and  rambles 
over  It  are  much  enjoyed.  Cloudland  is  reached  by  a  narrow  gaucre 
railroad  from  Johnson  City,  T«  nn.,  to  (Cranberry,  N.  0.,  and  thence  by 
stage  by  a  graded  road  to  the  top  of  the  mountains. 

HIGHLANDS, 

In  Macon  County,  another  favorite  resort,  is,  like  ]Uowing  Rock  situated 
near  the  southern  verge  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  at  an  elevation  of  nearlv  4  000 
Ieet,  and  commanding  a  boundle.ss  prosj)ect  to  the  south  and  east^  The 
mountains  break  down  on  their  south  faces  in  almost  sheer  precipices 
that  on  W  hiteside  Mountain  being  1,S00  feet  perpendicular,  the  hiohest 
precipice  ea^t  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  ^I'he  air  of  Highlands  Irom 
Its  great  elevation,  is  dry  and  exhilarating,  and  the  place  is  'much 
resorted  to  by  the  nihabitants  of  the  Southern  States.  Highlands  is  a 
colony  of  Northern  health-seekers,  but  the  population  is  a  blendin<r  of 
tiio  two  sections  of  the  country.  "^ 

SOUTHERN   PINES, 

In  the  south-west  corner  of  Moore  County,  is  also  a  colony  of  Northern 
health-seekers,  but,  m  topography  and.  location,  the  reverse  of  High- 
lands, the  country  being  flat  or  onlv  gently  undulating— amoncr  The 
])ine  lorests,  and  intersected  by  streams  straggling  through  impenetra- 
ble niarshes  ot  cypress,  gum,  bay,  maple  and  other  swamp  trees  but 
entirely  free  fmm  malaria,  the  countrv  being  noted  for  the  healthful- 
ne.ss  oi  ,ts  people  tvod  the  numerous  instances  of  longevity.  This  char- 
acter, and  the  well-known  influence  of  the  odors  \)f  the  pine  forest 
induced  its  selection  as  a  he.ilth  resort,  and  a  considerable  bodv  of 
JNorthern  men,  with  their  famiiie.s,  have  there  made  their  homes     Sev- 


on  the  top  of  the 
the  (JraiidCatlior, 
,  it  is  HUpcilhioLKs 
possession  of  the 
)erhaps  thcv  iire 
hotel  is  ready  to 
blowing  Hock*  on 
111  the  north. 


?a,  is  on  the  very 
most  loftily  sitn- 
lis.sissippi.  It  is 
g  air  is  thought 
the  summit  are 
length,  a  prairie, 
ry,  and  rambles 
a  narrow  gauge 
,  and  thence  by 


g  Rock,  situated 
1  of  nearly  4,U(J0 
I  and  east.  The 
^heer  precipices, 
liar,  the  highest 
ligh lands,  from 
f)lace  is  much 
]Jighlands  is  a 
is  a  blending  of 


•ny  of  Northern 
verse  of  Iligh- 
ig — among  the 
igh  impenetra- 
■anip  trees,  but 
the  healtuful- 
ty.  This  cliar- 
:he  pine  forest, 
erable  bodv  of 
r  homes.     .Sev- 


'1  ' 

:H   '  I  !  I 

IS     .     I     ! 


it- 
Hi 


11 

1 

k.,^'-"' 

•i*' 

MANlFACrUUE!?   IN    NOKTR    rVKOUNA. 


267 


eral  thousand  acms  of  land  are  owned  by  tlieni,  and  very  extensive 
peach  orcliards  have  been  planted,  very  large  vineyards  establialied,  the 
cultivation  of  small  fruits  undertaken,  and  the  barren-looking  pine 
woods  have  been  completely  transformed.  Ahiny  handsome  dwellings 
have  been  erected,  churches,  schoDlhouses  and  hotels  built;  also  woik- 
shops  and  fav;tories.  A  very  large  hotel,  designed  in  size  and  elegance 
to  be  the  e(iual  to  any  in  the  8tate,  has  been  contracted  for.  It  is  hi  com- 
ing a  large  winter  resort  for  Northern  people,  both  for  h(  alth  and  recrea- 
tion. Southern  Pines  is  situated  on  the  line  of  the  Raleigh  and  Augu.sta 
Air-Line  Railroad,  and  is  (piickly  accessible  from  every  (mint. 

Many  towns  in  the  .State  are  becoming  winter  resorts  for  Northern 
visitors,  and  all  of  those  towns  have  provided  suitable  bote's  in  which 
to  entertain  them.  AVinsfon  has  built  the  splendid  Zinzendorll',  th>ia 
which  there  is  no  more  elegant  hotel  in  North  Carolina-  -beautiful  in 
architecture,  complete  in  appointnionts,  capacious  in  accommodation, 
luxurious  in  furniture  and  table,  and  superb  in  location,  (irceiisboro, 
also  the  entertainer  of  many  winter  visitors,  has  the  Renbow  and 
McAdoo  hotels;  Raleigh  bus  the  well-known  Yarborough,  and  will  sooa 
have  completed  the  capacious  Park  Hotel;  Goldsboro  has  the  well- 
known  Iluraphrey  House;  Wilmington,  the  Orton  and  the  Purcell; 
Rockinglmm,  the  Hotel  Richmond;  Fayetteville,  the  Hotel  LaFayette; 
and  Charlotte,  the  Ruford,  and  the  Central,  with  its  superb  annex,  the 
l>elmont,  ])erhaps,  of  its  capacity,  the  mo.st  elegantly  furnished  and  the 
most  luxuriantly  and  conveniently  arranged  of  any  hotel  in  the  South. 

If  some  omissions  of  rcsirtsand  liotels  have  been  inadvertently  made, 
the  above  enumeration  will  yet  prove  the  existence  of  such  a  number 
of  them  as  will  certify  to  the  progress  of  North  Carolina  in  fields  in 
which  she  was  assumed  to  be  deticient,  and  give  assurance  to  the  health- 
and  pleasure-seekers  that  in  every  j)art  of  the  State  provision  has  been 
made  for  them. 


MANUFACTURES  IN    NORTH  CAROLINA. 

The  existence  in  most  parts  of  this  State  of  abundant  water-power, 
the  abundance,  value  and  variety  of  the  raw  material,  and  its  proximity 
to  favorable  .seats  for  its  conversion  into  the  manufactured  fabric,  and 
the  natural  aptitude  of  the  people  for  mechanical  industries,  early  made 
North  Carolina  foremost  among  the  Southern  States  in  the  character  of 
a  manufacturing  State.  In  iron  she  was  usefully  conspicuous  during 
the  revolulionaiT  war.  In  the  manufacture  of  textile  fabrics  she  may 
be  regarded  as  the  pioneer  in  the  South,  her  cotton  factories  antedating 
similar  works  in  both  Virginia  and  South  Carolina— her  factories,  at 
the  beginning  of  the  late  civil  war,  exceeding  those  of  any  State  in  the 
South.  The  War  swept  away  most  of  the  existing  establishments,  the 
invaders  aiming  to  inflict  a  deadly  blow  upon  the  industries  of  the 
State  as  one  of'the  surest  steps  at  subjugation— [)erhaps  with  an  eye 
also  to  the  suppression  of  that  rivalry  which  might  grow  formidable 


is 


I 


'    !'    I 


208 


HAND-IU)()K    OF   NOIlTfl    CAROLINA. 


after  tlio  rostoratioii  of  peace,  with  tliB  a'lvaiituj^n^s  pos-icssed  hy  tlio 
Souili  in  climate,  in  the  cost  of  labor,  in  IIk^  cconi.niy  of  livinj:^,  in  tlio 
•savinjT  of  the  cosis  of  transportation,  and  tlie  more  docitled  advantage 
in  the  proximity  of  the  cotton  li'lds  to  the  fac  orics.  The  almost 
universal  destrnclion  of  the  existing  cotton  factories  was  a  stunning 
blow  to  North  Carolina,  but  not  a  fital  one,  fir  its  force  was  the  same 
as  that  inllictod  upon  all  the  other  indu -tries  of  the  State,  cor[)orate 
and  individual.  In  all  of  them  rccupcr  itiou  began  from  the  same  dead 
level  of  universal  ruin  and  disaster.  The  sime  hopeful  look  into  the 
future,  the  s;ime  undiuinted  courage  in  acc-pMUij  caliMiity,  the  same 
indomitable  energy  in  the  retrieval  of  losses,  the  same  steady  deter- 
mination to  persevere  agaUKst  the  most;  formidable  obstacles  which 
make  up  the  North  Carolina  character,  had  splendid  illustration  when 
the  restorati(»n  of  constitutional  government  and  the  restoration  of  wise 
tinancial  systems  made  it  possible  to  engage  again  in  tlr)se  industrial 
jairsuits  denianding  the  application  of  ca[)ital  and  the  possession  of  the 
necessary  skill.  And  the  increase  of  the  m:inuf!unnre  of  cotton  is  so 
great  as  to  have  become  a  prominent  featurd  in  the  industrial  history 
of  the  State.  One  feature  is  not  to  be  overlooked :  it  indicates  a  change 
in  systems  and  habits  only  to  be  wrought  by  the  stern  lessons  of  adver- 
sity, and  must  be  accepted  as  one  of  the  undreamed-(jf  blessings  which 
sometimes  are  enforced  by  the  teflchings  of  war.  Once  it  was  that  all 
the  skill  of  managers,  superintendents  and  machinists  was  introduced 
from  the  Norihern  factories.  The  instances  were  rare  when  a  young 
Southern  man  a{)plied  himself  to  the  ac(]uisitiou  of  the  necessary  skill 
and  experience  to  take  charge  of  a  factory.  Now  young  men  of  the 
South  make  no  hesitation  in  stepping  on  the  lowest  round  of  the  lad- 
der and  ascending,  by  gradual  but  steady  step,  to  the  to})most  round, 
qualified  to  take  charge  of  all  the  intricate  and  comj)lex  details  of  a 
business  for  which  the  habits  of  tlie  South  once  pronounced  them  inapt 
or  disrpialiiied  by  social  position.  Northern  skill  and  e.\j)eriencc  are 
not  discarded  or  excluded,  but  real  indusirial  independence  is  only 
attained  where  those  who  engage  in  enterprises  involving  the  problems 
of  success  or  failure  are  themselves  capuble  of  conducting  them.  Thus 
it  has  come  to  pass  that,  from  the  seaboard  to  the  mountains,  by  the 
use  of  steam  or  water-power,  cotton  factories  are  established,  created  by 
home  capital,  in  large  measure  conducted  by  home  skill. 

The  motive-poA'er  applied  is  either  water  or  steam.  Of  the  firmer 
the  aggregate  is  about  3,o()0,()0()  horse-powers.  Professor  Kerr  .said  that 
"if  the  whole  of  this  were  employed  in  manufacturing,  it  would  be 
adequate  to  turn  140,01)0,000  spindles.  The  water-power  of  North  Caro- 
lina would  manufacture  three  times  the  entire  cro|)  of  the  country, 
whereas  all  the  mills  on  the  continput  only  spin  one-quarter  of  it.  Put- 
ting the  crop  of  the  State  at  400,000  bales,  she  has  [)()wer  to  manufac- 
ture fifty  times  that  quantity."' 

The  choice  between  water-power  and  steam  is  determined  by  the 
comparative  economy  in  the  US'=*  of  either  the  one  or  the  other.  Jn 
many  cases  there  will  be  no  hesitation  in  the  adoption  of  the  first,  for 
natural  conditions  at  once  um[)haslzB  the  decision.     At  the  falls  of  the 


ft'l  hy  tli(» 
iuiH,  in  tilt) 
advantage) 
he  alniiist 

8tunninj( 
1  the  same 
,  ('or[)or.it() 
.same  dead 
ik  into  the 

the  .same 
udy  detcr- 
les  whitdi 
tion  wlien 
ion  of  wise 
industrial 
■sion  of  the 
)tton  is  so 
111  history 
3  a  clian<i;e 
s  of  adver- 
nfj;s  which 
as  (hat  all 
ntroduced 
I  a  yonnj]^ 
ssary  skill 
len  of  the 
)f  the  lad- 
Dst  I'ound, 
etails  of  a 
hem  inapt 
rienec  are 
fe  is  only 
I  i)roblems 
m.  Thus 
ns,  by  the 
?reattd  by 

he  fcrmor 
r  said  that 

would  be 
orth  Ciiro- 
3  country, 
f  it.     Put- 

manufac- 

id  by  the 
)tht'r.  J 11 
le  first,  for 
alls  of  the 


I;  I 


'  I 


By»»r?i3:  HBWf  t-*'.-.'  ■»t|W'i  %.'.m3 


>r  .•■^^-•, 


^;^-:^;. 


L-»*f!l!:-: 


/^^ 


In  the 


*■  ;  V 


lil 


I 


MANUFACTURES   IN    NORTH   CAROLINA. 


269 


Roanoke,  of  the  Tar  River,  on  the  rapid  dechvities  of  Jlavv  and  Dee}) 
Rivera  on  never-tailing  streams  in  Cumberland  and  Richmond  Coun- 
ties on  the  enormous  forces  of  the  two  Catawbas,  and  perhaps  else- 
where, a'second  thought  would  never  bo  given  to  the  application  of  any 
other  iK)wer  than  that  so  exhaustle.-sly  provided  by  nature  and  so  easi  y 
and  economicallv  controlled.     Elsewhere  steam  oHers  itself  as  the  ready 
and  convenient^igent  in  such  convenient  form  that  the  location  at  a 
new  factory  is  rather  made  subservient  to  the  convenience  of  transpor- 
tation than  to  the  character  of  the  power  to  be  applied ;  and  thus  it  is 
that  cotton  factories  are  found  everywhere  m  operation  in  the  btate,  on 
the  Hat  lands  and  bv  the  sluggish  waters  of  the  eastern  section,  along 
the  bold  streams  and  the  abundant  water-falls  in  the  middle  section,  or 
on  the  more  turbulent  torrents  of  the  mountain  region.  ^ 

In  1870  the  census  reported  thirty-three  establishments,  which  was 
le«s  than  before  the  war.  In  18SU  the  number  had  increased  to  forty- 
nine  At  present  the  number,  as  nearly  as  can  be  ascertained,  is  as 
follows.  Among  these  are  not  included  a  considerable  number  now  m 
course  of  construction: 

(^OTTON  MILLS  IN  NORTH  CAROLINA. 


COUNTY. 


N.VMK   OF   MII.I^. 


OWNER  OR   iIANA(JER. 


POST-OFFICE. 


Alaniiuice 

Alauiiiiice 

Alamant'o 

Alamaneo 

AlaiiKinci' 

Alamance 

Alamaiu'fc' 

Alaiiiaiict'  --- 
Alamance -. - 
Al;lman(•t'-.- 
Alamaiice ... 
.Vlaiiiauce ... 
Alamance ... 
Alamance ... 

.Vlamauoe... 

Alanuuice  ... 

Alamance ... 

Alamance  . .  - 

Alamance ... 

Alexander  .. 

Alexander  .. 

Anson 

Hnncombe  .. 

Hertie 

Bnrke 

Cal>arrus ... 

( 'atiaiTus 

Ciddwell  ... 

Caldwell  ... 

(.'atawha  ... 

Catawba  ..- 

Catawba  ... 

Catawba  ... 

Catawba 


R.  'SI.  Holt  &  Hon -  BnrlinRton. 

L.  S.  Holt Burlington. 

J.  H.  &  W.E.  Holt Burlin-'ton, 

W.  E   &  J.  H.  Holt Burlington. 

W.  A.  Erwin.  :\Ianager..  Burlington. 

W.  L.  &  E.  C.  Holt. Biu-lington. 

J.  H.  &  II.  li.  Holt Burlington. 

Holt,  (irant  &  Holt Eton  College. 

L.  B.  &  L.  S,  Holt (Jrahani. 

.lulius  H.  Hardin.  [Man'grBig  Falls. 
White,  Williamson  &  ( 'o.  Saxapahaw. 
Falls  of  Neuse  .Mfg.  Co  ..  Swepsonvdle. 

Thinnas  SI.  Holt Haw  River. 

J.  W.  Williamson  &  Son.  Fion  College. 

"  siTin.X- '"  Scott.  Domiell  &  Scott . . .  (Jraliam. 

•"  L.B.Holt (Jraham. 

Dixon  &  DLxon Snow  Camp, 

J.  S.  Scott.  Secretary Ciraham. 

\V.  A.  Willard.  President  Clover  OrchavJ. 


. .  Alamance  Mill  . 

. .  Aurora  

. .  {,'arolina 

. .  Clencoe  _.        .  -. 
..  F.M.  Holt  Plaid 

. .  Elmira — 

. .  Windsor 

..  Altamahaw 

.  Belmont 

..Big  Falls. 

..  Saxa]iahaw 

Swc^psonville  _ . . 
..  (Jranite  ililis  ... 
..  Ossipee... 


..  Oneida 

..  Snow  Camp .- 

..  (iraham  Cotton  Mills 

Clover  Orcliard 

..Taylorsville  .Mills  ... 
..  Cotton  Mills. 

Wadesboro  ^lills 

...C.  F.  (iraliam  ^lills. 

. ..  Harden  Mills .---  --■'-'-.■'•  •* 

Dunavant Dunavant  «V  Keid  ... 

."/.  Odell  Mfg.  Co  -- 
...  Camion  illg.  ('>> 


.Vlspaugli  Bros  ......... 

J.  L.  liavis  &  Co., 

\V.  .1.  McLendon 

E.  C.  Barnharilt,  Supt.. 


Taylorsville. 

Stony  Point, 

Wadesboro. 
.  Asheville. 
.  Windsor. 

Morganton. 


.J.  iM.  Odell.  President ...  Concord. 
J.  W.  Cannt)n,  Secretary  Concord. 
Clwvn.  Harper  &  Co.... .  Patterson. 
(Ira'nite  Falls  iSIfg.  Co  ...  Granite. 

C.  I/.  Turner --  Monbo. 

W.  H.  Williams Newton. 

H.  F.  Carpenter  &  Son  ..Maiden, 
ProvidenceCotl.mMillsH.  F.  Ca r. enter  &  Son  ..;Maiden. 
'  Long  Island  Mills James  Brown Alonho. 


Patterson's  -Mills 

(Jranite  Falls. 

.  Moni).)  Mfg.  Co.  --. 
Newton  Cotton  ^Mills. 
:\laiden  Cotton  Mills 


■'.'.i  I 

i 

If  1 

.   .  ji 

1 

1 

270 


rr.WD-llOoK   OK    VOHTIf   TAKoriNA. 
COTTON  MILLS  IN  NOHTH  CAROLINA-C.ntintk.n 


i(>|-NTV, 


Namk   ok   Mll.r,.         I     <.WN|.;n   ,,»    ,M an.ujkh. 


r(>sT-oi.'|.'icj,;, 


<'a(iiwl.a 
<'iil;i\vl.,i 


.-  (ininitc  :\It'tr.  r 


Wil 


Ili((>Mff;'    Co. 


sons  Coiioii  IMills    U'.inkiii  ^v  s 


;;!'■•'• 'I""", <><l''ll  Ml«-    <•.. oilcll  All 


CIcVl'liMK 


d'li'Vt'ljiid  ., 
«1t>V('i;ili(l  .. 
ClcvcLiiiil  .. 


Mel 


iiioiil  Mili^ 
'!•;;. 'Ill   K 


('iiiiivl   Mills 
CI. 


Co.... 


..  MillorHr, 


oil. 

Co. 


M. 


'"'Win,  Cliiu>  cS:  Co 


U.  S.   Mill. 


•  •hiii.l  Mills.  No.  111.  K.  ,scli..ncl. 


«;ii'^''l:"><l CMt'v.'l.iiid  Mills.  No!  2^  ir  I 


n 


.'V.' 


mil 

rolllMllHlH 


..  K'ltiKsM 


OIIMlilMI    ( 


Is 


•  'iimliiTlaiKl . ...  .Mill 


Oiiiith  ..    I.  ij 


Sclll'llciv 

M 


Mll,i;s  .\loiiii(;mi  Co 


idlest. •!•  Mills .).  J.',  CI 


( 'li:i(ll).)iini,  ,|| 


I'llV.'ttrvill..   .Mills 
lloiM'  Mills,  N.I.  I.. 


t'liiiilH'i'laii.l . 
i'liiiili.'rlaiiil . 
«'nml..'rl,iii.l.....  ||,iji,.  Mi||s.  .\,,.  •>' 

»'iiiiili.'rlan.l i  'iiiiih.'riami 

Ciinilicilaiiil 


l)a\  i.ls.iM . 
jMiiliam.. 

iMirliain ( 

I  Mill 


Hliitr  .Mills 

w 

Diiil 


..  A.  A.  McK.'tl 
-  II.  C.  (ia.lsbv.  Tn 
.    II.  C.  (iails 
,-().  A.   U 


cas. 
rcas. 


uiniiiiis. 


.'iiiionali 


Mill 


la 


.-  N'.'.'.lliiiiii  lloh 
W.  K.  1 1, ,11 


IK'S    .  . 


Ill  C.iU.)ii  Mills  _  Oil. 11  iV  C 


rliaiii. 


oiiiiii.ni\v.';illli  Mills  .  (' 


^vth 


Fiaiil 


VVillar.l  .Ml'o-   c 
Tarh.ir.i  Cotton  Mills 
Arista  Cotton   Mills 
Wiiist.iii  Colt. .11  .Mill 


)l|io|;i(|ou  .. 


VV.    II.  Williir.l. 
A,  M.  l''airl..v. 
!•".  cV  II.  Fii.^s 


lllUllll 


«!asloii I 

•'iisloii A.  P.  Iv'l 


.  Lauivl  Cotton  Mills...  (  ol    ,11.'.".") 


Uiiir  Mills I.  A.  Tl 


ones 


I  last. 


..Til 


i.vii.'  Miv.  C 
kas.'.'uvr  Mills  .. 


lolllp.SOIl  \   ( 'o 


■ii-^toii Mhion  .AI|V.  (' 


<!asti)ii 


N 


tiaston ,  -I 


IMS 


tiaston  ., 
iiaston  .. 
fJaslon  .. 
rrastoii ., 
«iasl 


Mr^ 

oniitain 


Isl: 


M 


.-  Stoni'svill,.  Mills 
..  .Mi',\ili'ii  .Mills  .... 

..  Castonia    .Mills 

llanlcn   Ml>.  C 


>.-  A.    1'.    h'llMI 

A.  P.  1,'lisn..  .. 

--.- \v, T.  i.ov,.  .....'.".'."; 

-     .  K.  ( '.  lliit.'liinsoii.  S.M 
ills    \V.  T.  .Ionian 


Tl 


loiiias  (laill 


IIT 


H.  U.  Iv'av.  Son 
it'oi-f;.'  (irav 


.'lar\ 


|>i> Woo.llan.l  Ml>.  C 


lastoii  .. 


«;ast 
«iast 
tiast 


, ..  Lai 


ir.'ii.'.' 


Ml 


() 

L'lish  Siiiit'li.  M 


scar  Car|i.'n(or 


OH  . 

on  ,. 


Cliorrvvill.'  Mr..-,  c 


K'llsll  Slllitll.   .M;i 


iiia.ii-.M 


na-.'r 


alioratorv  Mills 


.11) 


astoii  ., 


Iiastoi 


Dallas  M|V.  ( 


I  >.  I'.  I 


'livn.'  iV-  Co 


lowhrook  M|V.  Co.  HInir  .l.nkins.  S. 


.-  Slaiilv  C 


tiiiiHor.l |-;ni 


fiiiiU'or.l  .,..„.  Mini 


1 11  re 


Ml 
Mi 


.ir.l 


(iiiill 

(Iiiil 

(iiiill'or. 


a  Mf 


.1.  W.  I 
C.1    I'.  L.  I' 

. .-    « ).  S    ( 'i 


rri'tarv 

iii'tl ■ 

'.i;iaiii.  Si'cii'tarv 

1US1'\'  . 


Cak.laloCotton  Mills 


or.l ,  (Jr.'insl 


).ir 


ll.'alli  iV  ( 
aiii.'s  i>a-s(lalo.  S.m' 


o<'..tl..ii  M'lsllal.  M    \V..rth.  s.'i 


tiiiilr.tr.l .Mt.  I'l 


Mt,  I'l.'asant   .Ml-.  ( 


W.  M.  Klin.'.  S.'.'r.'t; 


liiiiir. 


•  iiiiir.ir.l 
llalila.v  , 
Iro.l.'ll  .. 
liv.ldl  .. 
hvl..ll  .. 
Liii.-.)|n  . 


I'l -  Cr.)\vn   Mill 


'•■isani   Ml-    Co.  W.  :\I.  Klin...  S. 


.Ml.  1> 


asant    .\lt-.  C 


U.  K.  ( 
W.  M.  Klii 


ir.v 
irctarv 


S.i.ilaii.l  N.'.'kC.it.M'IsX.  M.  ,1 


;iiis.'\ 


1.' 


Ka-1..  .M 


VV 


riirncislmr-C..t.  .AIJHsM.  st 


illiain  ,1.  ( 


r.'si.|(.nt 


l-iiic.iln  ...    .        L 

] 

I 

I. 

L 


Nioli..l 

i':iiii  (i 


son  s 


Mi 
Mi 


ilioialorv  Mi 


•1. 

T.  A.  Ni, 
K.  S.  I 


holson  iV'  Son. 


iiifoln  ... 
iiii'.ilii  ... 
illC.lIll 1),.] 


.  -  Willow  Hrook  Mi 
;Ma.li|...lali   .Mills 


I).  V.  I 


^liin.'hart.  Sci 


vli\  II..  iV  C 


•Mi 


H.  li    Snnin..r,   M; 
l?..inliar.lt  iV  Son  . 


naii-.'i 


"K'lilii Dry  Sli.Kils  Mill 


Hi('kor\'. 
Maiilon'. 
M\  iinnrs. 

Shrlliy 

Doiihi..  Shoal.     .• 
Sill. II. V. 

Cl(.v..'lan.l  Mills. 
<'lov..lan.l  .Mills. 
Kiii-s  Moiiniiiiii, 
( 'lia.lli.iiini, 

.Maii..|i..st..r, 

ivas..  I<'a.v(.tt..vill.., 

« Ka.vcilt.vill... 

.    Fa.v.'tli.\ill.., 
.-  Ciinili..rlaii.l. 
.-  I''ay..||(.vill... 
■  -  l.i'xin.iit.m. 
.-  Diirli.ini. 

-  Diiiliani. 
..AVill.ar.lsvilU.. 
.-  'I'ailioro, 

-  Sal. .III. 
.  Winston, 

Lain-.. I. 
.  Moinit  llollv. 
.Mount  llollv. 

-  .M.iiint  llollv. 
.  Moiinl  lloll'v. 

•M.'iint  ll..lly. 

-  -Mountain  lslan«l. 
^  H.'lin.Hit. 

.Mf.\ilins\  ilk», 
.  ( 'asloiiiji, 
.  I  lar.l..|i. 
,  L..W..11. 
.  L..\v..ll. 
.  ( 'li(.rrv\il!t>. 
.  rAi\v..||. 
L.)\v..|l. 
Dall.as. 

siaiih  ('r....k. 

lli,^li  Point. 

(iilis.iin  ill.'. 

.laiiioslown, 

( "r...'iisl).>ro 

Hii.'k  ( 'liiiro 

Liiicrty. 

( Jr.'.'iislioro, 

Klin.. \  ill... 

S.'.ii  1,111.1  N. ..■?;. 

La-1..  Mills. 

TniiU'i'sliiir-, 

Ni.li.ils.iirs  .Mills, 

I  .iii.'.ilnioii. 

I  .in.'oliit.in. 

Liii.'.ilnloiL 

K'.'iiiliar.ll. 
IJiH'olnt.in. 
T.iii.  iilhloii. 


h. 


MANri'A<"iri;Ks  in  noutii  vakouna. 


271 


COTTON  MlLl-S  IN  NOUTII  CAKOIJN A— Continukh. 


COfNTV. 


NAMK   OK    MIM, 


OWNKIt   olC    MANAUr.K. 


POST  orncio 


Mcclclcrilmrj; 
■Mccklciihiirt;- 


Victor  ('(.tloii  Mills 
A(l,i  ('i>tlnn  Mills     . 


U.  M.  Oiits.  I'rcsiilcnt. 


(;iiiirl<.tl( 


.1.  L.  Hrowii,   I'lcsicJciil.-iCliiirldttr 


MrcklnilmrK    --  Al|)li;i  ('(iKmi  Mills 


[•].  r.  K.  Oshoriic,  I 'res 


IChiirloltc 


Mcrklciilniin 
1\I 


Cliiirlnltc  Colluii  MillH    Outs 


Hi-os i(  liiirldttc 


1^1 
.M 


(•(•Uliiihiif;.;-  .. 

(■(•UlciilturK  .. 

Iciilmr;;  .. 

(■(■Ulriil)iirK  -- 

!M^kll'lll)lllK 


lie  ('(.Itidi  Mills    .loliri  !•;.  'i'oiiiil,  I'ifsidciit  I'iiicvill 


I'iiii'vi 

( ';in)liiiii  ( 'oltuii 


Mil 


K. 


Slini; 


rh 


.  _;!  )il\  idsoll  (  'cill( 


irniiii; 


('niton  Mills  .A.  .1.  Dcrr,  I'icsidciit...- illinitcrsv  ilk 


<  'olliclllis 


Mill 


s 


( '.  \V.  .1 


oliiisloii,  rri's. 


I)i 


\  KiSO 


I  Co 


l,i  IK  It'll  MI'v,'.  *'<>■ 


MoiitjA'i'i'K'i'v  .--  N'jKlkiii  Fiills  . 
Moht-oiiiciV  .-.  Swilt  Isliiiul  Mil 


S.  U.  Nctil... 
T.  ('.  liiL;riim 


!l)jl\  iibioll  (  'olli'K' 


Alii 


ilk 


C.  A.  Armstront;.  M.'in    ..Swilt  Iskiiid. 


.M( 

Kiish 

New  lliinovcr 
r:isi|iiot:iMk  ,. 
L';iiidoi|ili   .... 


I  OIK'S 


l.oio  Cotton  Mills!-.  Acrct'.  I'l-csidcnl 


loiK'sooro. 


U 


Mount  Mills 


Thos.  II.  Hiittlc.  I'ics. 


New    I  111  novel' 


Cot,  M'ls  VV.  A.  Fn'ii 


'ri'sKlcnt 


L'lii 


KlollHI    .. 


Kowlcr  Cotton  Mills...  S  S    I'owh'r   

.    St;ilv  Cotton  Mills Tlioiiiiis  I  linsliiiw. 'A''    •\', 

..  h'an'dk'miin  Cotton  M'ls.lohii  11.  Imtic.' 


jlfockv  Mount. 
\\'ilmin;;ton. 
Kli/id.rtli  Cilv. 


iiKlolph 


illlKlOIII 


1." 
1 

]; 

I\anilol|ili 
1\\iikIo1| 


X; 


li  Kails  Miv.  C 


.1.  M    Worth  Ml^;-.  (' 


iiKlol|>h 


Worlli   SW'A-  <'«>. 


John  II    I'cirn 
Dr.  .1.  M.  Worth 
I''.  L.  Kiiiory,  Su|)t 


Hiuidlciiiiin. 
HiiiKllcnian. 
Aslu'lioro. 
Ci'iitial  Falls. 


rani<lin\  i 


111   ... 


I' 

Kai 


lie  :\ir-.  Co.O    H.  I'ox      •  ' 


K|o1|> 


.Ml 


C 


H.'i 


ijaniin 


Moriitt 


■dar 
rani. 


Ills 


!•' 


1 1  n  \'  I 


Kai 
Kai 


lilolpll 

iiloloh 


mil 


I' 


h'aiKloljih I'owliat 

]>andol|ili 
Jvandolph 
1 


('olniiii)ia    MljA'   ' 'o 
l*',n(ei|)iisi'  M\'<^.  <  'o 


llii;;!-,  I'arks. 
.1.  A.  Coll'.    . 


in 


Mill)- 

Mil 

I'laidvilii'  .Mills 


( '.  K    I'andli'iiian 
llu-h  I'arUs.  Manani' 
.1    O.  I'ii 


aril 


>andoi|ili 
It'ii  hnioiiil 
l^irhiuoiKl 


',iii|iii 


.Mi 


1' 


in|iiri'  Mi 


(  onioanv 


I' 

Franklinvillc 

( 'olrrid^^i'. 

K'aiiilli'inan. 

Island   l-'oid. 

K'aiKlli'iiiaii. 

Fni|> 


. .  K'irhniond  Mills. . .  . 
..  Ida  (  ollon  Mills  .. 
Jv'irhmoiid Midway  Cotton  Mill 


.\lallov  iV  Mor,L;aii    ...'...     LiUiri'l  Hill. 


Mallov,  Mor}:an  iV  Co 
T.  CI -.'ilk 


ailM' 


Hill. 


Kiirkiii^li.iin. 


Iv'i 
l.'icl 


chinoiK 


inioiiil 


I Li'dlu't 


Icr  Cotton  Mills'.lolm  Li'dlii-tlcr .-^  i;o(kiii;;lian 


hii'hinonil 
Ixii'hiHond 


U 

I'l'c  Di'i'  Mt'n.  Co. 

(iivat  Falls  Mf;;-.  ( 


l{.  L.  Stci'li 


K< 


;in: 


'han 


!W.  1,.  Sli'i'li'  -- i;orkin;;hiiin. 


AV.  L.  Kvcri'tt 


Ix'orUin-ham 
}'orkiii.r;liaiii 
1 


( 'odon  Mills.l.  Tiirni-r  Moii'lirad 


^)waH 


I  .raksx 

Iv'i'idsN  ilji'  Cotton   MillsS 

Salisliiirv  Cotton   Mills.l.  M. 


Hovi 


Si'cri'tai'N 


UorkiiiKhiiin. 
|,i'aks\  illi'. 
|<i'idsvilli'. 


Ill \  iiiiri'  ( 'ottoii 

Hiilhi'iroid Ili'iirii'lla  Cotton 


Kuthi'ifoid Fori'st  City 


Mi 


Mills  .     ;N.  H.  McCiindli'ss. 

Mills!T:inni'r  ^-  Co 

Dr.  (K  v..  Vol 


Mana^^cr Salislinry, 


Siiiry  .. 
Siirry  .. 
Surrv  .. 
t 


niiiii . 


h'.lkin  Coti.-n  IMiUs \U.  H.  Owyii  i^ 

l.aiiri'l  Hlnir  Col.  Mills  .\  .1.  Thom|l^• 
Oivi'ii  Hill  Cotton  Mills  \V.  .\.  Mooiv 
:\Ionroi'  Cotton  Mills  .JC.  N.  Sainpsoii.  Srr 


R; 


ili'i}j,li 


Cotton  Mills 


.ImI 


I'll 


Salislmr.N . 
I  li'iii'ii'lta. 

'ori'sl  ( 'il\'. 

,lkin. 

.Mount  Airy, 
Mount  .Airy, 
Monroe, 
lent    .  I.'alei;;li. 


lll'j,-  IV 
S:  Co  .. 

'o     .       1 

...  1 

A 

> 

Wake    Caralei;.;li  Cotton  Millsd''.  <).  Morin-,  Serretary 

"VVili  .!."""'_    ._- Wilson  Cotton  Mills. .   i.\    liraneh 


jl;  .)U  ... 


i;;ili'i^ 
Wilson. 


tioi 


In  all    1  It)  ciitt'.ii  Tiiills  ill  opc'fMtion,  and  a  muiiiIht  titi<l(M-  coiistiMK-- 
arc  liic  rilol  Mills  in  l{al('iKli,  t'n'  '"'I'''*  '»*  *-l'*^  ^^^'* 


1,  ain(iii.<2,'  wliK 


las  Mannractiitin^'  < '()iiii)any  tit    Dallas 


the  i'a'win  Mills  at  Durliam,  a 


mill  at  Winston  to  move  -io'oOO  spindlcrs,  one  at  Cliaflotic  mu  owe  at 
Jlaw  ilivef— in  all,  1  10  in  oiHTation  and  six  known  lo  W  nndor  con- 
sti-notion.     The  inimher  of  IcK.ins  at  present,  as  nearly  as  has  been 


aHC(>rtaiiu'd,  is  U,1-2,S:  spindle 

sumed  hy  factories  in  North  (  ai-oliiiii,  H 


()(1.:!24.     Ntiinber  of  htiles  eolton  eon- 


).). 


DO. 


272 


HAND-BOOK   OF    NORTH    CAROLINA. 


mi  i 


The  counties  having  the  greatest  number  are  Alamance,  with  19; 
Gaston, will)  17;  Randulpli,  1.3;  Mecklenburg, 9;  Catawba, 7;  Cumber- 
land,  G;  Cleveland,  6;   Lincoln,  (J;  Guilford,  8;  Kichmond,  7. 

WOOLEN   MILLS. 

This  is  an  industry  that  has  not  expanded  as  has  that  of  cotton  manu- 
facture, nor  does  it  give  {)romise  of  doing  so,  since  sheep  husbaodrv  is 
an  industry  that  is  impeded  by  several  causes,  chief  of  which  is  "the 
<lepredatiou  on  the  flocks  committed  by  dogs,  which  public  opinion 
continues  to  favor;  so  that  what  are  known  as  "dog  laws,"  or  "bills  for 
the  encounigement  of  sheej)  husbandry,"  are  periodically  laughed  into 
oblivion  as  often  as  they  are  presented  and  discussed  in  tlie  General 
Assembly  of  the  State.  Many  parts  of  the  State,  by  soil,  climate  and 
vegetation,  are  admirably  suited  to  such  industry,  but  ilocks  do  not 
increase,  and  the  annual  clii)pings  find  their  way  into  neighboring 
carding  mills,  thence  to  be  converted  by  the  domestic  hearth  into  the 
clothing  of  the  hardy  people  of  the  country,  rather  than  to  the  large 
factories  which  might  illustrate  the  industrial  skill  and  enterprise  of 
North  Carolina  manufacturers,  which  is  done  (but  not  by  the  home 
product)  by  factories  whose  fabrics  make  favorable  comparison  with  the 
choicest  fabrics  of  the  Northern  looms.  Tims  the  line  mills  at  Salem 
and  at  l^lkin,  and  elsew'.are,  draw  their  supplies  of  raw  material  mainly 
from  Georgia  and  other  States,  rather  than  from  North  (,'arolina,  thus 
emphasizing  the  bliudne.ss  of  the  folly  which  per.sists  in  favoring  the 
destructive  dog  at  the  expense  of  the  productive  sheep. 

The  census  of  1870  reported  ~)2  establishments  operating  in  the  State 
for  the  manufacture  of  wool,  operating  97  looms  and  2,f-0G  spindles. 
This  enumeration  included  not  only  what  are  known  as  'actories,  but 
also  all  the  local  carding  milks.  The  census  of  1880  reported  only  49 
such  establishments  of  all  kinds.  At  present,  excluding  carding  mills, 
there  appear  to  be  nine  woolen  milfs  proper,  and  four  chussed  as  cotton 
and  woolen  mills.  All  of  these  employ  large  capital  and  represent 
much  of  skill  and  enterprise.     These  establishments  are  as  follows: 

WOOLEN  MILLS. 


COUNTY. 


FALTOKV. 


POST-OFFICE. 


LOOMS.     SPINDLES. 


Alaiiumce Snow  Camp  Mills i  Snow  Camp. . . 

Aslu' Helton  Miuiufiictnriiig  Co  !  Helton 

Awhe  _ Pioneer  Woolen  :M ills '  Creston 

Btineomhe Reems  ( !reek  Woolen  Mills  Weaverville  .. 

Caldwell *l^atters()n  Factory Patterson 

Fors.yth Arista  Mills Salem 

Haywood Haywood  Woolen  Mills...   Waynesville  .. 

Lincoln *Willow  Brook  Mills.- lancolnton  ... 

Richniond *Hamlet  .Mills Hamlet 

Rockinjihani *LeakHville  Mills Leaksvllle 

Itutherford Rutherford  Wooleti  Mills.   Forest  CJity  .,. 

Surrv (xreen  Hills  Woolen  Mills.!  Mount  Alrv... 

Surrv- Elkin  Woolen  Mills '  Elkin ' 


5 
17 

;i8 

210 
500 
«48 

6 

"266 
240 

io 

10 

'4.56 
720 

*  Woolen  nnd  cotton  mills. 


;e,  with  19; 
' ;  Cumber* 

7. 


ttoii  manu- 

isbaodry  is 
lich  is  the 
lie  opinion 
a- "bills  for 
ugbed  into 
lie  General 
I i mate  and 
eks  do  not 
ei^^hboriPig 
th  into  the 
D  the  large 
iterprise  of 
the  home 
)n  with  the 
5  at  Salem 
■ial  mainly 
olina,  thus 
voring  the 

n  the  State 
G  spindles, 
itories,  but 
ed  only  49 
rling  mills,  • 
rl  as  cotton 
represent 
'ollows; 


5.  SPIXDLES, 


210 
oOO 
«48 


200 
240 

'456 
720 


i  i::' 


MA.\ri'A(   rCKl'S    IN    NOKllI    (  A  IK'I.I  N  A. 


271 


The  jiroiliict  of  the  Aristii  Mills  at  Salem  consists  latm'lv  of  fine 


cas- 


LJ 
in 

O 


o 
u 
u 

< 
m 

o 

I- 

<s 

z 


lij 


.simores,  and  also  Jeans  and  kerseys.  The  former  have  a  Ijcauty  of 
finish  and  a  lineness  and  firmness  of  texture  which  place  theiri  on 
e(iuality  with  similar  goods  anywhere  in  the  country.  I^lkin  is  noted 
for  the  superiority  (jf  its  blankets,  which  are  only  surpassed  by  those  of 
California. 

TOBACCO   FACTORIES. 

This  most  inifiortant  industry  has  iiad  more  inlluence  in  this  .State 
than  any  other— perhaps  than  all  other  manufacturing  industries  eom- 
Mned— to  stimulate  energy  and  enter[)rise,  and  certainly  more  than 
any  other  has  conli'ihuted  to  the  incre  ise  and  activity  of  "urban  popu- 
lation, and,  in  fact,  to  the  creation  of  new  towns,  as  illustrated  especially 
in  striking  degree  in  the  growth  of  Durham,  Winston,  Ueidfeville  and, 
to  less  extent,  of  some  oilier  ])laces. 

Something  lias  been  said  elsewhere  of  the  tobacco  interest  of  the 
State.  A  few  examples  of  0{»erations  will  be  given  hero  as  tyi>ical 
illustrations;  ])ut  in  the  main,  from  limitation  of  spa(,'e,  it  is  necessary 
to  conline  the  subject  chielly  to  a  list  of  the  factories  now  in  o])eration, 
with  the  fjualification  that  it  may  be  only  approximately  complete, 
owing  to  the  ditliciilties  of  obtaining  fully  accurate  information.  The 
list  is  as  follows: 

Pjuncombe  has  1  plug  factory:  Alexander,  1;  Caldwell,  1;  Caswell, 
'  3:  Catawba,  1  :  Cleveland,  1  ;  Davidson,  4;  Durham,  .'5;  Davie,  12;  For- 
syth, 3<J;  ( Juilford,  4;  Hertford,  1 ;  Jredell,  G;  McDowell,  2:  Ma.lison,  1 ; 
Orange,  1;  l*erson,  11  ;  Rockingham,  10;  Jfowan,  4;  Stokes,  5;  Surrv,t); 
\'ance,  2:  Wake,  2:  Wilkes,  2;   ^'adkin,  ;>— a  total  of  1  U). 

()f  smoking  factories  I>unco:nb(^  lias  2  ;  Durham,  1 ;  ( )range,  1  :  llock- 
ingliam,  1  ;   Itowan,  1 — a  total  of  ;». 

Of  cigarette  factories  Buncombe  has  1  ;   Durham,  1  ;   Nuance,  1. 

It  may  be  interesting  to  illustrate  the  business  of  the  tobacco  markets 
in  the  State,  but,  owing  to  the  ab.senco  of  respon-;os  to  inquiries  made, 
it  is  impossible  to  give  details  only  in  cases  of  such  responses. 

DiKUAM  has  four  tobacco  sales  warehouses,  at  which  the  aggregate 
sales  of  tobacco  fur  the  year  ending  December  1,  1891.  was  11,050,248 
pounds. 

( )f  smoking  tobacco  it  has  live  factories—  IMack well Vi  I  )urliam  ( 'oop- 
erative  4\)bacco  Company;  W.  Duke,  Sons  iSc  Company,  branch  of  the 
American  Tobacco  Company;  1{.  T.  Morris  iV:  Sons'' Manufacturing 
Company,  snull' and  smoking;  Z.  [.  Lyon  ct  Co.  and  the  Faucett  Tc?- 
bae<'0  and  Snull  Company,  plug  and  smoking. 

Of  )dug  factories  there  are  three— the  J.  V.  Wliitted  Manufacturing 
Company,  Swift  c\:  Drown,  and  the  Farmers' Alliance  Manufacturing 
Com[)any. 

Of  cigarettes  the  W.  Duke  ^^'  Sons  branch  of  the  American  Tobacco 
Company  if  the  largest,  and  one  of  the  largest  in  this  country.  Its 
outt)ut  embraces  by  far  the  greatest  (juantity  of  cigarettes  made  in  Dur- 
ham, as  does  the  Hlackwell  Smoking  Tobacco  Company  supply  the 
greatest  amount  of  smoking  tobacco. 
18 


272 


10 


HAND-nOOK    OF    NORTH    CAROLINA. 


cif,<in,ii(  h ,    looncco   (  )  nif   and    sinok  ixri     i^c".  w:'>-.    ,  i         • 

•A2<W,2.->0;  s.mir,7l,T('(l,,„,„„l'  """""'S''    '.■''I'-v'--'   inmmU;   cignrs, 

Then.  „vru    cx|.o,k..l    lo   lorc.R,,    counlnes    h,    ISdl -oii;aiv(tes 

}}nnv  are  numerous  prizohoiises  or  leaf  laetories. 
|(51(U2lS?.'""  '"^  ''  ^'^""'''"'^  ^*"  *''«  products  of  tobacco  was 

welv'^^d'i^iosr'--    ''^"'^  ^varehouses,  in  whicl,,  during  1S!.1,  there 

ucic  sold  l(.(),S(,,.uo  pound.s,  with  a  value  of  §;i,(]12,(i(i'J      The  faetorieV 

add.Uon   bought  ior  their  use  in  other  niarl^^s  :V2()0,U  0     ,  o.  I  of 

11000  0.0  1'^"'r     ^''^''''''''  t''^-''-'-  "•^■i-^-  ^old  last  vc  hm,  ,  v        s  o 

11,000,000  pounds.     The  revenue  r.aid  was  mn'  lO"*  v;      , ,,, ' .  *'^^ ''^ 

are  numerous  prize  or  leaf  factories  ^  '' 

SA1.KM,  adjoining  Winston,  has  three  or  Ibur  large  plug  factories 

ti  !?iu,.iuiJ  «as  piml;  ,111,1  liierc!  are  two  smokiiii'  toljiic-o  l'i<.(,,>i,«  „f 
"•lK«<.  „(,t.nit,o„.s  „„  information  ivas  ol.taine.l      ^  "'*'  ""^ 

lobacco'iM'Ti;.    'iLI-  "  l""'  '"",*'-■''  •'"=  ''■■'''■"''ivc  caillivation  of  lino 
loDacto  111  tiat  section  having  hceii  onv  rmiiilv  uii,lei't-il;,.ii      'I'l    , 

eJs  •"  bv  "t  t"'  "'  -7'' ,"""  """■^'  "'■«  '"-o" -'«  wailho  sVs-t    : "  l'      i  '- 

ot  plug  and  smoking  tobacco  and  cigarettes.     Its  oi.eratio is    n  ".cti 
are  on  a  large  scale,  and  its  reputatioiribr  good  worl      nd    heU^  t  o} 
IS  business  justifies  the  expectations  that  tobacc.M   a        a  ^  in  "eu 
e  carried  on  as  successfully  west  as  east  of  the  TMue  Jli    .r     rim 

Ihere  are  m  Asheville  (wo  smoking  tobacco  factories. 


MANLFACTLHK.s    JN    NOHTH    CAUOLINA. 


273 


Tl 


lero 


WOOD-WORKING  ESTABLISHMENTS 

Tncliule  soveral  bnmclios  of  iiuhi.stry,  all  of  whicli  will  bo  referred  to. 
Tin;  great  (|UiUitity  of  timber  in  Ncirtli  Ciiroliiiii,  its  great  variety  and 
a[»i)lieabilily  to  various  uses,  and  its  neneral  dill'usiou,  would  naturally 
suggest  its  conversion  into  forms  demanding  skill  and  the  use  of  capital, 
in(le|)endent  of  those  ruder  ai)i)lications  within  the  compass  of  the  most 
unskilled  hibor.  it  is  no  source  of  |)iide  to  North  (Carolina  that  to  the 
latter  is  still  left  so  nim^h  of  the  uses  of  its  exuberant  timber  su[)[)ly, 
and  that  so  vast  a  proportion  of  it  still  goes  abroad  as  raw  material,  to 
be  returned  to  her  people  as  the  finished  product,  not  only  in  the  finer 
and  costly  fabrics  of  furniture  and  pleasure  vehicles,  but  even  in  the 
humiliating  and  reproachful  forms  of  the  very  axe-hiindles  used  by 
liei'  peo[)le  to  hew  down  her  own  trees. 

Vet  a  change  is  going  on,  and  the  lesson  of  self-dependence  is  being 
learned;  for  our  people,  if  they  arc  without  thrift,  are  not  without 
skill  and  industry;  and,  as  the  manufacturing  instinct  is  developed, 
they  will  cease  to  look  exclusively  to  the  skillof  th(i  Northern  wood* 
worker  as  tliey  are  gradually  freeing  themselves  from  the  absolute 
dominion  of  the  Northern  and  J^uropean  cotton  manufacturer.  To 
illustrate  this  tendency,  the  following  list  of  what  may  be  viewed  as 
the  seats  of  skilled  labor,  may  prove  encoui'aging.  In  the  front  rank 
of  these  may  be  classed 

THE  MANUFACTURE  OF  CARRIAGES  AND  BUGGIES. 

Of  these,  Vlamance  County  has  2,  Alexander  '2.  Ashe  1,  iJeaufort  J, 
IJertie  ;5,  Caldwell  1,  Chatham  1,  Cleveland  1,  Cumberland  2,  fJavidson 
2,  iJurham  J,  Forsyth  (>,  dates  2,  (Juilford  J,  llavwootl  1,  Halifax  1, 
Hertford  8,  I.enoir  2,  fJncoln  2,  Moore  2,  l*asr|uotank  1,  Randolph  2, 
Sampson  2,  A'ance  1,  Wake  1,  Warren  o,  Washington  .'5,  Wilkes  2,  Wil- 
son  1,  Yadkin  4— in  all,  oT;  established  in  oO  out  of  the  *.)G  counties  of 
tlie  State,  and  reprc'^enting  every  section  of  it.  Among  them  there  is 
wide  range  of  excellence,  defined  and  governed  largely  by  time  and 
ex{)erience.  Many  of  them  are  new— the  product  of  the  new  indus- 
trial evolution.  A  few  are  old,  and  are  meritorious,  not  only  for  tho 
character  of  work  done  by  them,  l)ut  because  of  the  courage  and  fore- 
sight which  gave  them  existence  far  in  advance  of  similar  enterprises 
in  the  State.  The  oldest,  largest  and  most  celebrated  for  the  (excellence 
of  its  work  and  good  taste  and  elegance  of  construction  is  that  estab- 
lished in  Fayetteville  in  lSo2  by  Cardner  t*c  xMcKethan,  continued  by 
A.  A.  Mck'ethan  until  his  death,  and  now  conducted  mider  the  name  of 
McKethan  Sons. 

WAGONS,  ETC. 

Not  less  important,  and  of  much  wider  application,  is  the  manufac- 
ture of  wagons,  carts,  etc.,  conducted  by  32  ditferent  establishments  in 
almost  the  same  number  of  counties,  as  follows:    Alamance  has  1, 


HAND-liooK    OK    NORTH 


•AKOI.INA. 


Ak'xiindi'r  2,  Anson  M,  Cal, 


Hav    1,  Clovoland    I,  Cnniluirlan.l'  'J    I 
•lolmsloii  ;;,  MoiifL'onicrv  2,  I'lunli 


imis  ICahhvHl  I,  ('nt.-i\vl.,.,  I,  rimtl.am  I, 


h\\u\    I,   Diu-liani    I,  (iasloii    1 

liny 


cndcr 


LUt/icrlonl 


I-  Miinly  I,  \\i,l<(-  ;{,  Yadkin  1 

i  oru   1>   W  -7   'il    ■'  ';'"","    >^'"-^*""'  ""^  c-ondurU-d    1,; 

.<  i^(,  I  .  .MssiMi  iV  (  o.     It  w,,-,  l.un.k.i  ni  l.s;!|  hy  .)    I'   Vlss,.,!      Tim 

oiv.Mi.  'or  ■  """"  '""    P"»'' It'll  la  r.s  cannot  ho 

FURNITURE  FACTORIES, 

HUBS,  SPOKES  AND  HANDLES 

n'::■^,;::;,:;,;;:::;;"ri:^^jJ^l'•;:;';•;:;-■;;.;l^ 

SASH,  DOOR  AND  BLIND  FACTORIES, 

Thoroaro  21,  vi/,.:   In   llunconilu.  2.  Kurkc  J    (  ..I.Mrn,.  'i    rMi      n    , 

,A'\}  ''".,'..7'""  '»,""■  *"'™lii.t  M ,„•  oslal.li,s],„„.hl  „r  tl„.  |,„|„„ 

l«.|un.  an,l  ,n„t  cTate^,  o,c,    Tl,o  product.  J  MMys^'t^t:: 
Y-!!ilT;">y„',r'  'n'*-"  "'"l"  "■"rto.i.'s-.m.  at  ll,„'lind,.i,.  II 11,0,.  i„ 

.sj;;ti,;:,'„'s;;:ur"'^'  '■'■"■'""'■^  -'  "■''-''  ."■.■  <ii'^'.-iiH.t..i  ti,„,„ii:'ti:" 
th:';:,i:;u,:is  t'll:;:;:  ti:;r„;:t ';::'X';: .':;:;  i-"  ™'-r"-T  »'■ 

oiHTation  in  tli..  ^^.On  ii  1     *  .'.V  ••  '*^  *"^"  ''^'  i'«''t*'''anuM|,  m 

u,th  tl.t  piuducts  of  ti-.e  forest,  a  vcMy  largo  nnnibor  of  tanneries, 


MANfl  ArrrUKS  IS  NOUTJI  CAI;<»I,INA. 


275 


liutliiun  I, 
<Jii.sloii  1, 
1    1,  Surry 

lliulilowii, 
IlIftcMl    hy 

sen.     Tlui 

iiMcliIiiery 
1111(1   Cirin 

;i:i,  South 

exists   at 
ill  mot  1)0 


ivir,  •_'  ill 
'oln,  1  ill 
II  Mooro, 
Ikiii.     ( )t" 


i('iil»urj>', 


(hvoll  J, 
ilt'oid  ;.;, 

IxTll  Col' 

uid  also 

i  liidus- 
is  I'rcvs- 
>'  stoaiii, 
>^s,  and 
crates, 
to   New 

illiri'  in 
'^\\  tho 

rsion  of 
!n(>d,  in 

IIKM'OUS 

distil- 
ly  c'on- 
iiieries, 


anuHi;^  tlie  liirjjjest  and  best  o(|ni|»[icd  of  wliicli  is  the  one;  at  Mor^niiitoii, 
constrnc'tcd  and  (  oiidticted  on  the  niost  advanced  scieiitilie  a[i|)lieMtioii 
of  tli(!oiy  ((»  iMteUi;j;ent  pra(  tice.  : 

PAPER  MILLS. 

Ori^^inally  nsinj^  only  llie  wa.sle  of  textile  fabrics,  the  iinniensoly 
increased  coiiHimiplion  ol  [taper  deiiiaml  other  raw  ninterial,  lor  the 
sn|t|)ly  (tf  wh:ch  human  injfemiity  was  heavily  taxed.  The  a<ldiiioiial 
inalerial  has  hoi'ii  I'ound  in  wood-pulp,  meclianically  or  chein J<ally 
prej»ii  (1.  'I'he  ahuiidance  in  .North  Carolina  of  soft  woods  suitahle 
for  such  purposes  has  led  lar;j,flv  to  the  eomhination  of  wood-pulp 
with  cotton,  llaxeii  and  lieni|)en  lihre;  and  the  factories  now  in  i  lera- 
tion  in  th((  Slate  are  aWle  to  supply  as  j^ood  a  mat.erial  for  hctok  print- 
ing and  wrappiii'  paper  as  can  he  niade  elsewhere. 

There  are  till  r  [irincipal  |ia|ier  mills  in  Ndiih  Carolina  -tliai  at 
Sal"m,  ill  f'orsyth  County  ;  the  falls  of  Nouse,  in  Wake  CiMinty ;  and 
the  'I'iddy  .Mills,  at  l.<in<j,-  Shoals,  in  J,iiicoln,  'J'lie  product  of  tlie.se 
mills  is  hrislol-hoard,  writing-papcM',  book  ami  news-paper,  and  wrai)- 
piii;^f-paper  ol   all  kiiKjs. 

KNITTING  MILLS. 

.\nion<j,'  the  reciaif  mannfa(,'tur<'s  introducei]  into  North  (^irolina  i.s 
that  of  cotton  hosiery,  made  pos^ibhi  by  the  invention,  or  rather  pei'- 
lection,  of  knitting  iiuudiinery,  making  ready  response  to  the  univei'sal 
demand  for  an  iiidis|)eiisable  article  of  personal  wear,  providiiiii'  ea.sy 
and  healthful  employment  to  lar;^(;  huihIxms  ot  females  and  childi'en, 
and,  with  the  riMily  and  abundant  supply  of  raw  material,  providing  a 
good  faliric  at  greatly  reduccfd  cost,  and,  in  addition,  breaking  another 
chain  of  industrial  dependence.  The  experiment  of  such  enterprise 
is  comparatively  new,  and  the  manufacturf  of  hosiery  has  only  recently 
been  enrolle(l  in  tlie  State;  statistics  as  an  ailditional  subject  of  emploV' 
numl,  investment  and  prolit.  Without  (piestioii,  another  (b'cade  will 
show  a  gi'(;at  increase  in  the  nniiibia'  of  these  establishments  for  knit 
goods  of  all  kinds,  and  of  all  applicable  material. 

At  prej-cnt  there  are  knitting  mills  lor  tin'  making  of  hosiery  at  tbc 
following  plac(.'s,  viz.:  At  Tiltsboro  1 ,  Tarboro  1,  Salem  1,  ( !reensl)oro  1, 
Selma  1,  Kins'on  1,  Salisbury  ],  Kalciglj  1;  ami  at  lOli/abetb  ("ity  a 
factory  for  the  knitting  of  seines. 

The  labor  eii!  loyed  is  that  adap1(!(?  to  tlie  liglit  nature  of  the  work 
to  be  (hair-,  and,  with  the  exception  of  such  men  as  arc  needed  in  the 
direction  of  the  business  and  the  .superintendence  of  tin.'  machinery,  is 
(lone  by  women  and  children. 

CANNERIES. 

Tlie  discovery  of  the  processes  by  which  fruits,  vegetables,  meats  and 
other  common  substances  that  provide;  human  sulisistence  or  add  to 
human  comtbrt  or  luxury,  are  canned,  has  conferred  one  of  the  greatest 
boons  that  has  ever  blessed  humanity.  It  really  marks  an  era  in  human 
progress, .separating  by  distinct  and  emphatic  lines  that  cheerle.ss  period 


270 


HANn-lin(»K    OI'    Noinir    CAKOI.INA. 


<liirii);;  whicli  ovoii  the  civilized 

tioii  «>l  tliriroxJHtoiK't'condi'iimc.l  loll 
<•'  tin*  ^riiiiilicid 


i.nviuied  l»y  the  j^M-alcl'iil 


riUTM  piisscd  tlin.iij^rli  llic  ^riviilcr  pop. 
'  ■  "ic  iiKitidloiMitis  use  of  the  |trodiic|,M 


NIUTllh'llcO  of  I'lvsJi  vc^f.  ti 


SKI    111  iMipcl  i,,l    vi^Mi;  „n.|  uiU.  tl.,<  rliiiM^jo  coin.'s  not  cidv  con  lo.l 

<.    r  V  l"";ll'H-l<  iuid  salt  junk.'  Mild  the  .loomed  victim  (o 

M'.iiNv  and  other  Milnu.nls  .nci.lent  to  his  sea  diet   now   wi  h   hi'  In 
sni.ply  o(  canned  ve«etahles,  IVnils  and  Iresh  n.ea b.         1^      ,•    !„ 

' ;   -•'PI-'-  l:n.ds,nan,  hnl,  on  the  tn.uhlcd  waters,  n.av  vivi7  Iv  r       vv 
tl   'l>.«|.|.yexpenen,eol   h,s  lornier  life  on  land.     The  soldier  in  I.N^ 
up  or  on  his  n.arch,  dr  .us  iVon,  his  tin  j;,,.,,,  ^natefn       1  |  ,',    .s  I 

H  once  n.puls.vo  army  beef  and  insipi.rcracke.';:  and     a  t      '■  e 

m  tlM- sanuMnafj.c  sl.avlu.n.ejs  inde  M.ulent  ..r  the  luirds  u 
'•o..te  and  .^..es  on  his  way  wuh  p.-rennial  renewal  of  hit',        is 
'I'^HjH.i li.ess.     And  at  home  the  p.od  honsewife  has  it  in  1  7    ,    w'r  t 

oldnnluoi<enthec,d,narvlinksortheyoarandke,.pinlvi4'^^^^<^^^ 
the  snnuner  hlessui^s  of  the  warden  and  the  on-hard      Ther  m's     o      ?^ 
«,ap  ,n    i.eseasoi.s  Ibr  comman.l  over  them  hns  h.-en  ohi   in    I    n       , "  I 
.stand  sulxhuul  to  human  will  and  intellioence  • 

Iho  vevohit.on  is  a  (|ni,.t  one,  hut  vast  and   important      It  chauL'es 

^.^  raid     I   /''!'":•''•  "  ""'^^'^  '""•'^•■''  '"'^'i"""'  <<>  iK'nlih   .       c  an 
ft,  It  adds  largely  to  prosperity;  for  it  makes  prolilahie  that  whi  h 

•as  superlluonsand  perishahh.,  it  evokes  new  in.lustries  and     in    I   tes 

new  enterprises,  jt  ^nvcs  employment  to  a,  new  an.l   Ian     c  a^s  rti 

or  cm   nieice.     It  is  not  to  be  wondered  at  that  the  trade  in  "canned 
j;<)o.l.s     has  assumed  such  ania/in.o-  dimensions  or  be  ■    ne       «u  1    t    . 

an     tbi     V        r"  I       ^"'  '"""' ■''^'  '""^  ''^  <''*^  .^n.tilieation  of  his    aste- 
rn      tie  area  o    the  consumptam  of  canne.l   pnxlucts  will  enlan-v    n 
inopmlion  ,o  ,he  expansion  of  tiie  knowledie  of  this  ,reat  m;;^:;; 

The  adoption  of  this  n.-windusfrvbvthe  pe.a.le  of  this  St.te  Ins 
been  slow  and  cautious,  perhaps  wiselv 'so:  but  no  State  is  t     Iv  n 
ao-eously  situated   for  the  attainment  of  success      V     et-d,    s     t       1 

p^;^Jf'th;:'s;::«:'';,!7';r'"'=^"'  't  ''-''  '-^-^^  -  ^••-'  -i;';t  ili 

pa  ts  01  the  Mate,  and  the  (piantity  tor  artificial  pn-servation  nnv  1... 
ndehmtely  increased.     In  the  eastern  section,  s,    lar-.-        I  n-  tl  1  t, 
nuc.nnin^  there  must  always  be  an  excess'of  pro.hiciion    ^^  \l 
iuantits  ne(>ded  tor  the  early  market,  and  this  excess  nee.l  neither  be 
los   or  wasted  It  cannino;  is  resorted  to.     In  tlu-  n.i.ldle  and  we! te  -n 
sections,  equally  available  Ibr  the  culture  and  preservaUon  d'  ve^  ^ 
ble.s,  superior  conditions  exist  for  the  cultivation  of  f r u it    i n    n-e  ter 
variety  and  iierfection.  and  in  those  section-  the  inr-icT  e    r  il       ^ 
industry  mav  be  looked  for  '^'  "^  ^''"  """'""- 


MANUI'ACTI'HKS    IN    Nn|U  II    <AH(>I,INA. 


277 


cciitcr  pop. 
ic  pfodiicLs 
'hIi  vc;;.  til- 
'  till'  (Ifiily 
imicr  prc- 
ly  coMilnrt 
III  ilisi  iiiii. 

liiiii,  oiico 
victim  (() 
)i  Ins  t'liJI 
;<M'  envies 
lly  renew 
or,  ill  liis 
ilitioiiH  to 
•  tiiiveler, 
lips  of  I  lis 
I'  and  liis 
power  to 
',  nieniory 
is  now  no 
and  tliey 

'j  clinn^es 
nml  eoiii- 
at  wliicli 
iinulnt(is 
s  of  arli- 
le  a  Hairs 
"en  lined 
siufli  tre- 
1  so  lon^' 
ise,  siiH'O 
is  tastes, 
lar^c  in 
modern 

tai(>  has 

>  advan- 

«  of  ill! 

m  in  all 

may  he 

k'ott'd   to 

wer  the 

ither  ])e 

western 

ve^eta- 

f^reater 

•annino' 


Tht^re  appear  to  he  at  the  pn'setit  time  the  t'ollowin;^'  canneries  for 
fruits  and  ve^etiihles  in  opei'iitioii,  vi/. :  "2  in  Alaiiiiin<;e,  1  in  Anson, 
1  ill  r>eanforl,2  in  Hnneomhe,  I  in  Caldwell, 'J  in  Chatham,  I  in  Cleve- 
land, 1  in  havidson,  I  in  hiirhnm,  I  in  (iaston,  2  in  (inill'ord,  1  in 
lialifax-.L'  in  Henderson,  I  in  Iredell, 2  in  l'end(T,2  in  niihinond,  I  in 
liowun,  o  in  Kiitherl'ord,  and  1  in  W'liyne — in  all,  2S. 

OYSTER    CANNERIES. 

These  are  few  in  nnmlMr.  With  an  increased  prodnctioii  of  oysters 
under  the  new  system  of  cultivation,  and  with  the  lej^al  pntteetioii 
siitui('(|  to  private  rif^hts,  it  is  possihie  the  future  will  see  a  decided 
increase.  At  present  then;  appear  to  he  the  lollowiiiff  oyster  cannt•ril^s 
in  the  State,  vi/,.:  1  m  Hrnnswiek,  2  in  Car!  t,  1  in  Craven,  I  in  I'am- 
lici),  and  '.•  in  ras(piut;inl<.     That  in  ('raven,  at  New  ixrii,  is  very  extcn- 


.sive 


COTTONSEED  OIL  MILLS. 


With  ihe  Ihiifilcssness  oiicc!  eharaclcristic  of  the  .Stntli,  with  disre- 
gard to  the  principles  of  economy  which  mi;j;lil  he  tlic  siifj^gestion  <»f  a 
plurality  of  |)rotital)le  results  from  one  f)roduct,  or  with  th(^  contempt 
for  small  industries  as  eoinpai'ed  v.'ith  the  overshadowinj^f  proportions 
of  the  unrivalled  staple  of  the  rei<j;niii<j;-  K'ing'  Cotton,  the  incapacity  of 
the  cotton  plant  to  yield  unythiiifr  hut  the  lleece  galhererl  in  tlu*  lield.s 
was,  until  in  recent  years,  .i;enerally  conceded.  Tlie  se|iarated  seisd  wert! 
roiii^ddy  shovelled  out  into  the  open  f^round  as  so  much  waste,  or  to  rot 
until  in  condition  to  lie  rcturiuid  to  tiie  ground  as  manure  I'oi'  lli(>  next 
crop  —  a  grudging  compeiisiition  for  heedless  waste  and  tiioiightless 
extravagance.  The  stalk,  at  soiiu^  future  day  to  hii  r<'eogni/.'d  tor  its 
value  in  its  application  to  the  manufacture  of  lihre  or  jiaper,  is  still  left 
neglected  where  it  gnnv,  until  in  the  coming  spring  it  is  rudely  heateii 
down  and  turned  under  by  the  p'ow,  with  half  increduloiM  concession 
that  it  may,  in  its  decay,  do  no  liarin  to  thi^  succeeding  growth. 

Tlui  fact  that  the  cotton  seed  did  contain  a  valuable  oil  was  not 
unknown,  and  long  ago  the  rude  procosseis  to  which  the  s^mmI  in  their 
natural  condition  were;  subjected  made  partial  returns  of  a  crude  though 
useful  oil.  In  the  [iresent  age  of  econijinie  and  scieiililic  research,  ]irose- 
cuteii  at  a  time  wluni  invontiv(^  genius  was  never  so  daring  or  so  little 
thwarted  by  the  didiciilties  whifdi  had  appalled  the  past,  the  real  value 
of  the  cotton  seed  began  to  be  understood.  Machinery  was  invente<l 
by  which  they  ^vero  freed  from  the  encasing  and  absorbing  hull,  the 
freed  and  oily  kernel  made  ready  for  tin;  press,  and  now  the  cotton 
grower  finds  in  the  once  despised  and  rejected  surplus  of  the  cleaning 
process  a  sulistance  in  value  bearing  large  proportion  to  the  lint  itself — 
an  oil  which  enters  largely  into  culinary  and  meehanieal  uses,  a  cake 
which  has  beconne  an  inifiortant  subie(;t  as  food  for  cattle,  and  a  meal 
now  beginning  to  be  recogni/ed  as  useful  nutritious  human  aliment, 
and  possibly  in  the  hull  it.self  a  substance  to  be  utili/.'^dMn  .some  proiit- 
able  mode.  In  this  cotton-seed  oil  ])roduction  many  millions  of  dollars 
have  been  invesUMl  in  mills  and  macliinei'y,  a  new  and  important  mate- 


278 


HAXD-lJOOK    OF    NORTH    CAROLINA. 


rial  autlod  to  tlio  snhifpf«  nV  rl^M.,  ,  *;  i   i'      ■ 

home  a  ready  and  pro   t'bUMn.v^^^^^^^^^^^       ''''"     ?''l^"  commerce,  and  at 

n-as  once  vvJsu'd   o\       e      ]  '       ^u  1^  ','""  ^"  ^'"i  ^''''''''  ^"''  ^''^^^  '^'^^^^^^ 

running  in  ti.c'l'llital  SlZ        "  '"'""  '"■°'"'"""'  "''  ""=  """»  """■ 

nppe,u'at  p.^.^':;  IliT  !;:!!■  .i;:.?'?';?"";""  N„r,l,  Cu-oUna.    Tl,e,.e   ' 
lotte,  2  in  T„rl«  ,  1    ?   !,i'  „i?      "'  r'     •'"  " ''"""g'"",  1  i"  Cl.ar- 
lOlixabeti,  (Hty        ;,  K in    ;,  f  'VV     "".»''."'K!;">|  '  *"  -^'-'vben,,  1  in 

.an,e  c„untv-a  .„,a,  of  i4,  .iUwn,  avrgreap^oUroftl:!;";;;;'^"';. 


With  tlie  rapidly 


FERTILIZER   FACTORIES. 


increasing  use  of  artificial  fertil 


";::;f^";'ie-'"V"'';''>'5"-"»'"™i-...:n^in;:o 


guano  from  Peru  and  oti 


izers,  and  witli  tlio 
ammoniated 


s=d;;;;:.i„,;r;;i; ,:;  :r«;;:s'^™  1.;? g.™., up in,i= 


bi 


e  period  after  the  I 


cialls-.manipulated  substitutes.     I* 


of  I'Liladelpliia,  fJalti 


eruvian 


ive 
'or  a  considera- 


guano  su|)plied  tlie  demand,  the  factor 


the  North  Carolina  1 


more  and  Riclmiond  competed  f 


les 


If  they  do  not  control  tl 

ble  c 

riy'id 


inner.-;,     Now  the  Nortfi  ( 


le  ni 


larket,  are  enabled  to  offer 


or  the  supply  of 
iroiina  manufacturers. 


0  competition;  and,  in  the  excellence  of  tl 


a  verv  formida- 


scientific  .ests,  on  equal  fl>oting  with  other  Stales. 


leir  product,  stand,  under 


A  number  of  the  facto 


ries  in  this  State  comi)ound 


,,■;,    ^T;' '\*'"' •  ^■'''""'■"'■t-l-'isli  Sci-an  '     ■ 

t  alder  HmtluM-.s.  Wilniin-tnii-Kjiinit 

lotte  a!;:!;::: -Ilt;^;!' kSih';:;:''  ^■""''''"'^■-  ^•'-•Jotte-Charlutto  AcKI  rhosphat..Char. 
Jjey  A-  HrotluTs,  J5.;nifnr(~Fi.sli  rtcrap. 
jW.  i)iui(l;is.  Jain.'st.)\vM-]i,„H.  Afciil 

iinimn.  DurlKnuHMl!  will    P.m  ,v    n     'n.n         / f'''^^        '*'*'•'"'   ^'-'nn.Ts'  Alliance 
;;oN.sl...o  (.1  Ton.  anv.  i^N^llnl.^i^I^lnt^'S;.;:^^^.^'-'''"'  ^^"""  ^'""^l"-^- 

5n.a;i.nv:-  sp.^ia]'rSr^/ra..i:;;;:::'''i^;!:,rSn'T'  "•r'';v'  ^'-"-  ^--  ='"<''-<>i«. 

Jfeat  Srrap.  ^uinpauN,  lIatt.".a.~(.ro„n.|  .|-o,poi.,,  B.mo.  t^roimd  P„rpoi.so 

N.S:rw;;ri^':^;:i:;,V;::V;;:^;;;!;:S^      ^.tto,,  1.^.111.....  xavassa  t;,...,.,, . 

Trn,-k.  Xavassa  Tnl,-k  (Jua.u   ,S   mV       nn^.'  ,V     V  '^l'*'''"'  , '''."'^  F.Tlili/,.,-  l,,,-  Karl^ 

Powers.  (;il.l.s  cV'  (  '„  .  W  I  ,  i  /'    1      v   i".     •"'Ir'  *'''""  ^'^'^-fi^i^'V. 

Ka^le-s    Island    .V.nnn.niati.d  (lllal;;;    s'  '   "I^.V^;:;; '^<■;  AMnn.,niat..d   I'hospha.e. 
Auuiiouiatod  Diss,..lved  Uuiic,  Bono  a'lul  i'utash  PI /usJE^^^^^^         "'"'  ^'''"""  ^''•'"'' 


MANUFACTURKS    IX    NOKTH    CAltOHNA. 


279 


F.  S.  Roystcr  it  Co.,  Tiirlxn-o— FiiriiiiTs"  Bone  FeTtilizor.  Fiirmcrs'  .Spcciiil  Cotton 
Coiiiiioimil.  Fiinncrs"  X  X  Acitl  I'liospliiitc.  Carolina  Sohiblf  Boiic.  Oroiioco  Tobacco 
Guano,  Truckers'  D('li}j,l\t.  Cotton  Seed  ^Mual. 

Kcidsvillc  Fertilizer  Coiiiiiuiiy,  Keidsville — Broad  Leaf  Tobacco  CiuaiKJ,  Acid  Plxw- 
phatc  and  Banner  Fertilizi'r. 

R.  N.  Sweet.  Wilniini;ton— Kainit. 

Caraleinh  Pbospliate  Mills.  Ualeij;b — F.li])se  Acid  Phosphate  and  Kainit,  North 
Carolina  Aninioniated  Ph(.;,phate. 

Kaleij;iiOil  Mills  and  Fertilizer  Co. — Raleiyh  Standard  Guano  an<l  Cotton  Seed  Meal. 

PINE   LEAF   MANUFACTURES 

And  the  preparation  of  Crkosotp:o  Timi!i:ii  until  recently  Imve  been 
important  industries  in  Wilmington  and  vicinity.  The  former  were 
conducted  at  the  Acme  Mills,  seventeen  mile.s  from  Wilmington,  in 
t'olumbus  County.  At  this  factory  are  made  carpeting,  material  for 
mattresses,  matting,  a.id  cotton-bagging,  an  a[)plication  called  into 
existence  by  the  increase  of  duties  o\\  Jute  and  jute  bagging.  In  the 
process  of  ma'aufacture,  a  valuable  meciicitial  oil,  ivnown  as  [)inoleum, 
is  distilled.  The  creosoting  establishment  at  Wilmington  for  the  pre- 
paration of  logs  used  in  piling  or  for  use  in  tropical  waters  where  timber 
is  subject  to  the  attacks  of  tlie  destructive  tcrr<lo  iiaralls,  at  one  time 
was  conducted  with  mud'  activity,  the  j)repared  logs  being  in  great 
demand  in  the  West  Indies  and  along  the  Mexican  coast.  Tiie  works 
are  still  o[)erated,  but  apparently  with  less  energy  than  in  the  past. 

RiCE   MILLS 

Are  important  in  connection  with  the  increased  culture  of  the  interior 
or  upland  rice.  The  numl)er  of  these  mills,  which  was  four  in  1880, 
has  not  increased,  but  rather  diminished.  At  tlnn  period  there  were 
one  at  Wilmington,  two  at  New'bern,  and  one  at  (ioldsboro,  Those  at 
Newbern  appe.ir  to  have  been  discontinued. 

B'JCKET  FACTORIES. 

Of  these  tliere  are  two  at  l-'ayetteville,  One  of  lhe.se  is  operated  by 
A.  A.  McKelhan,  and  produces  cedar  pails  and  churns,  oaken  well- 
buckets,  etc,  It  is  operated  by  steam.  The  other  is  the  i-"ayetteville 
Bucket  Factory,  of  which  J)r.  J.  W.  McNeil  is  President.  This  also  is 
operated  by  steam.  The  business  of  these  establishments  is  large, 
extending  to  many  States,  North  and  South.  The  material  used  f(.;* 
])ails  and  churns  is  chielly  the  juni[)er  or  white  cedar,  procured  from 
liie  swamps  of  the  adjacent  country,  and  fi'Din  its  sweetness  and  its 
durability  is  preferred  to  any  other  brought  in  rivalry  with  it. 

POTTERY,  ETC. 

The  abundance  of  excellent  material  for  the  manufacture  of  brick, 
pottery,  tiling  and  porcelain  might  have  induced  many  years  ago  the 
nu'e|)tion  oi  industries  faiggested  by  the  po.ssfssion  of  so  much  good 
material.  There  was,  until  the  comparatively  recent  industrial  revival, 
an  indill'erence,  except  in  the  manufacture  of  brick  and  coarse  pottery. 
For  the  best  of  these  recourse  was  still  had  to  Northern  skill  and 
energy.     Now,  our  people  are  turning  to  the  use  of  their  own  resources 


280 


.  1 1 


■ 


m 


U 


IJAND-BOOK    OF    .NORTH    CAROLINA. 


and  tlie  application  of  tl 
victories  in  tlioir  acli 


leir  own  skill,  and 


leveinent  of  industrial  freed 


1  robabJy  the  most  nnportant  establish 


arc  rapidly  adding  other 


oni. 


er  this  new  stimulus  is  the  I 
lies  Avest  of  Greensboro,  of  which  J.  \'an  I 


^  ment  that  came  into  existen 

omona  Terra  Cotia  Company,  t 


ce 
wo 


AV.C.lJoren  Secretan'  and     '    P   i  .i  '  ^  J"  ^^"^^I^y  is  IVes.dent  and 

The  lire-brick  l,as  lou  1  Soa^denr  ,,  ,f  ""Ii''  'T;  '/"'"' '""'  1"""«''- 
the  sewer  and  dniin-,  iw  . ,  rein  v  ,'  "' ?' '''°  ^'^'«-  «»»'«= 
Three  miles  west  o  \  otJo  ™,  T  ■■  l"'  l"'°'''"='  "'  "'^  f"'^'""'. 
Sietorv;  „,Kl  ;a  KiLore  u  0°  i  i  .r  ''•'""'f'™  tile  ,„„1  drain-pipo 

tile,  drai,.,,i,,e  and  h^a-'worl.""!'?;'"™  tiflt,,"'"  '"^  <'^'-' '" 

KAOLIN., 

Kcijh  CaidinrrrtJXdSli;''^^"^  "^  ^^^^^'^•^^^  -^^  -"-ti^ns  fn 
finelvapplieable       /ou   di      3^f^»?^^^        ^''^t  °^'  ^'"'^  "''^^^^-''^'l-  so 
better  (pndities  of  ^ovcchin    ^'?  "f.  f'    1^'''  *?  *^''  "manufacture  of  he 
ford  Counts-,  near  (  ree  s'L-  in  Ib^^^^       '''r^''^'  ^i"'^«tities  in  Cuil. 
in  Chatham  and  othe  "counties      I        1?!   ^  "".V^^''  ^'^'^^  ^'^''^>'^«"'  «"^ 
valuable   veins  or   depo'i       ,?e  f.u   /       ''^''  ^''?  "^"'^^  ^'^''ensive  and 
Mitchell  to  Cherokee^  Jnonlv  OP      t"T""^  '',"  "fountains,  from 
etiort  made  to  use  it      Kxensi?ered7oM  'T^  ~"  ^^'.^  ^^''''  ^^^"  '"^^ 
bordering  upon  Savanud    Creek  .nd  h      "      •  •"•'  ^'"^^'^  ">  *^^«  J'i"« 
at  Dillsborolat  the  n.outh'c"^:^^  r.^  ^T^  t^^'^''  «"^ 
above,  extensive  works  have  been   ere  .f,,l   i       .       ^^'''''  ^''°  ''''^'^ 
refineuKMit  of  the  material  forth     u  e     f  tl  !?  J'^'^-T'-'r^*'^^^  '''"'^ 

ot  t.hHe  e,„a.  to^l^^^lL^SS'--  ---  ™|^a  ^-^'% 

AGALMATOLITE, 

lii::^  K- H ;;:  tl^°n^h^:::;;^;!fi^^r  -r-%^^--"  -t  of .. 

age  of  n^Sgnesia,  tha?  elem  ^  b  i t  ^^i;:::;  ^  ^f!  ^f  ""^'!  ^r'^^'^'' 
hte  .s  found  in  large  quantities  onlS  ih^  \  '  !  Xm  fP''"^^'"; 
tine  gi'ain  and  a  variety  of  bcautif.,1  ,1oi;  J.  i  ^  "'.»^  'am  (  ounty,  of 
an.l  at  one  time  was  red  Red  t    poVtr  in  l 

the  Northern  factories  to  h^Ved^^nU^^^^S^^^'^'T'''  ''''^  ^^"*  *«  ' 
and  wall-soaps,  cosmetics  ,  enoi k  Jn  "''"  "*f'^^'"•^"'^  Paper-writing 
teration  of  su^a^.  candied, Id ^i^:!^^^^^      i•^••'-^'«  ^^  ^'-  a«i"^ 

TALC 


MANUFACTURES   IX    NORTH    CAROLINA. 


281 


banks  of  Nottely  River,  whore,  from  the  whiteness  and  softness  of  tlie 
texture,  it  is  locally  known  as  Cotton  Rock.  The  Nottely  talc  has  for 
some  years  pnst  h(!en  extensively  quarried  and  sent  North  via  Atlanta, 
for  the  uses  above  ascribed  to  agalmatolite.  Ttiat  of  \''alley  River  and 
of  the  Nantahala  is  firmer  in  texture,  of  a  translucent  pearly-colored 
a})pearance;  and  on  the  latter  stream  a  large  mill  is  in  operation  for 
its  reduction  to  impalpable  powder,  which  is  also  sent  North  for  many 
uses.  It  is  also  formed  into  tips  for  gas-burners,  pencils,  and  other 
forms.     Tlie  quantity  is  inexhaustible. 

BARYTES 

(Sulphate  of  baryta)  is  found  in  large  quantities  in  the  mountaiiis 
along  the  French  Ihoad  liiver  in  Madison  County,  and,  in  a  mill  on 
Spring  Creek,  at  Hot  Springs,  is  ground  into  fine  jiowder,  and  is  then 
in  condition  to  acquire  some  of  the  uses  of  tale  and  flgalmatolite, 
though  probably  its  largest  use  is  as  a  substitute  for  zinc  in  the  manu- 
facture of  white  paints. 

Ttiese  mineral  substances  are  named  liero  as  connecting  themselves 
naturally  in  the  topic  of  manufactures  with  the  clays  and  other  sub- 
stances entering  into  manufacturing  industries;  corundum,  asbestos 
und  jnica  may  find  place  elsewhere, 

IRON   MANUFACTURES. 

The  census  of  1880  records  twenty  establislnnents  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  iron  and  steel  as  then  existing.  They  were  named  without 
classification  or  discrimination.  As  there  are  large  m>  jhine-shops, 
railroad  tiliops,  agricultural  im[)lement  works  and  other  kindred  works 
almost  everywhere  iii  the  State,  the  number  of  these  is  certainly  greater 
now  than  then. 

Of  the  varieties  of  manufactures,  there  is  to  bo  found  the  edge-tool 
'  manufactory  of  Walter  Watson  at  Fayetteville,  for  the  manufacture  of 
the  various  tools  used  in  the  gatiiering  of  turpentine,  and  from  which 
the  supply  is  obtained  for  most  of  the  "turpeiitine  orchards"  through- 
out the  South;  also,  at  the  same  jdnce,  McMillan  Brothers,  manufac- 
turers of  turpentine  stills,  the  largest  establishment  of  the  kind  in  the 
South,  with  a  branch  at  Savannah,  Ga.,  from  which  the  trade  every- 
where is  suiiplied.  Farge  agricnlturnl  implement  works  are  in  opera- 
tion at  Tarboro,  IJaleigh,  ( Joldsboro,  Mount  Holly,  and  Bosfs  Mills,  in 
Cabarrus  County;  two  foundries  at  Salem,  one  in  Catawba,  one  at  Jlen- 
dcrsonville,  one  at  Lincolnton,  one  at  (Jreensb(^ro.  one  at  Murfreeslioro, 
and  two  in  Cumberland.  At  Charlotte  are  the  works  of  .lohn  Wilkes, 
for  nniehines  and  castings;  and  the  Liddell  Irun  Works,  for  making 
engines,  cotton  presses,  etc,  At  Raleigh  are  the  extensive  works  of  the 
Raleigh  and  (Jaston  Railroad  Comjiany,  for  the  manufacture  of  freight 
and  passenger  cars  for  its  cwn  use  and  that  of  other  conjpanies;  also 
passenger  coaches. 

What  gives  promise  of  being  the  most  extensive  iron  works  in  the 
State  are  the  North  Carolina  Steel  and  Iron  Works  under  construction 
at  Cireensboro  and  nearly  ready  for  operation.     The  capital  stock  of  ihu 


282 


HAxXD-BOOK    OF   xNORTH    CAROLINA. 


iH| 


11 


M    ' 


Ashruf.  .,        •    ^°^^  °^^^^   INDUSTRIES. 

people  and  turninoout  inon  hdi  .  V-?,''"^',  ^^'»P'^yi"S  seventy 
and  havini,.  a  good  tvul^in  iht^^^^  and  clnldron's  shoes  of  all  grades 
an.l  Tenn^seJ^  a  col  i^i^^t^!^;'";^ ,;:^-;'->?i'^.  «outh  Caroling 
I'actory  in  Jnirluim  (buntv  -  hi  ^  ^^'^^^^'^  and  one  at  the  Orange 
block  factory  at  J^xh  gS/- 1  ^Sn'l 'r'"^'^^ ''"^^^'^  ^  ^«'^""R^ 
;reenvi]le;  one  for  awaking  \d)acc^iue^'t'w^^/;^n"l!"Tl''^"^  ^^ 
three  for  n^aking  locnst-pim  or  tZ,  .k  Z  V  -   '  ^^''''''  ^'"""^>'' 

-and  funn-ture  fuctorieslat  Je  ferso      U  Ip  r'''^  ^'^^^tyj 

hroe;  at  Lenoir,  one;  at  Sale  n  tuo  :,t  f"-'^'^'  """-^  ^'*  ^^'-eville 
wo;  at  Lineolnton.  wo  a  Wi  •?.:>.  1  ''''"'' ^"^^^  '^^  ^''^^^  I'oint 
Monuf  ■JiIoad,Alontgon.en^onn  v'o  f  itslini'  1  ^^'^'^^^'^^  ^ue  ;  at! 
^•o  at  Kaleigl,  on?:  at  (>oldsS,Z'  ^  d "^tci-:"'  '^ 'n  -^^''^'^'^^> ' 
at  Waynesville,  a  factory  for  fancy  wood u-n  I  -^^ff^'^^^^^.one:  and 
kets;  at  IJigh  I'oint,  one  for  b  oVL  n  4° In  !.  ^f''''  ?'''  ^'''  ^^'" 
and  one   n  J^-.-an  ■  at  ]U^'uZ].  v       '^^'"^'^'  ""c  tor  tobacco  l)oxe« 

for  crates  raurbas[;,s.  ^^'^'^  ^"^°' °"^  ^^":i'Otato  barrels;  at  Clinton'one 


RAILROADS. 

^    nn,y  be  both  interes  in  '  a   d  inst^X  \    7?  '"r.     ^"^'^^'^''tl^eless. 
changes  wrought  within^l  ^1.    t     i.,     f-        '^'' ^'  '^>;'ef  glance  at  the 
public  thouglit began  to  bfdireciuo^i;       "'•  ^''n'  *'^'  J'^'"'^^^  ^^J^e'^ 
ern  adyancement."  Without  cnestln'-'  ''}''' \''^^^'''  vehicle  of  niod- 
M-on.lerfnlly  sagacious     m  nfnl  ?i       V  '^     lumbers  of  Carlton."  those 
Caldwell,  l^-esidenH^      e  U  dv     ll^v  .^'S'^^f  V^'"?'"^  «*'  ^^-'^ose?^ 
first  powerful  iridneiuJ  upon  tl  e     ul   ^.^•''^;  ,^'T''"^^'  ^-^^■'''^^'J  ^he 
feasibility  of  railroad  cons  n    t^     c  ^'  he  bn^    'V  demoi^trating  the 
gest.on,  the  enormous  deyelopn  cut  of  th     J   f  •^•^'^"ated  in  his  sug- 
^wift  and  pleasant  system  (^  Km."n,u  d,-^  f  '  ^II  '  •'"'^^■"''"^  ''  ^'^^^^P- 
an<l  population  by  niakin-  a^ce  S    1^^^^^^  -^^  'T'''''''  '**"  ^^-^^^I't'i 

the  creation  of  new  suln'ec^s  of  tM  bf.  '''  'T  •'''^'^'"'^  ^>f'  ^'each, 

value  than  all,  the  ovik  ng  o    fl         I    '''''''  "'^^'  T''^'^  ^^"^^^  "^"  »^ore 
inent  by  bringing  the  n2o  of'l  '  ''■^"""^^'"'  ^"^'^'al  public  senti- 

^tate  unity,  emu'ng  nl  ^^^tt^^.^^  I^lllf^^"^^  of  a  uniyersal 

mnsni,  which  a  people  .so  wi.l '  y  'em      o  i       '^.'"^^'^^"'  ^''"^^t  antag. 

«Si«,.cmuovtatoKU/.uln-tlu.m,T«nii.  ^  ^ 


5!!i 


RAILROADS. 


283 


ludicrous.     The  motive  power  to  be  used,  the  cost  of  construction,  tlio 
speed  of  trains,  all  bear  marks  of  that  inexperience  whicli  results  had 
not  enlightened;  for,  it  must  be  remembered,  when  the  "Numbers  of 
Carlton"  appeared  (they  were  written  in  1827  and  published  in  volume 
form  in  iS'iS)  there  were  only  three  miles  of  railroad  in  the  whole 
I'nited  States;  and  in  England,  where  there  was  one  road  for  traffic, 
and  to  some  extent,  of  travel,  in  operation,  the  steam  locomotive,  though 
its  capacitv  had  been  demonstrated,  had  not  fully  won  the  coniidence 
of  the  cautious,  prejudiced  Hnglish  people,  or  the  cordial  approval  of 
jealous  rival  engineers  and   mechanical   constructors.     Dr.   Caldwell 
wrote  even  before  the  bold  projectors  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Rail- 
road Company  had  embarked 'in  their  giant  undertaking,  and  he  sug- 
gested the  use  of  steam,  when  tliat  great  corporation  contented  itself 
with  the  contemi»lation  of  the  use  of  horse-powor,  with  perhaps  the 
occasional  a{)plication  of  sail-power.     Dr.  Caldwell  did,  indeed,  include 
in  his  estimates  the  use  of  horse-i?ower,  but  his  philosophic  mind,  free 
from  piejudices,  had  been  convinced  through  his  own  observations  of 
the  future  of  steam,  and  he  foresaw  the  time  when  it  would  become  the 
universal  motoi'.     In  this  State  it  so  happened  that  the  occasion  never 
arose  when  it  was  called  upon  to  displace  animal  power;  for,  when  the 
time  arrived  for  the  building  of  railroads  in  North  Carolina,  steam  had 
become  the  undisputed  master.     The  first  iron  way  laid  in  this  State 
did,  indeed,  use  horse-power.     That  was  the  tramway  constructed  in 
Raleigh  in  1832  to  transport  material  from  tlie  granite  quarry  to  the 
Capitol,  then  under  construction.     It  was  called  a  railroad  then;  now 
it  is  recalled  bv  its  real  name  of  tramway.     But  it  had  its  uses,  besides 
the  aid  given  in  the  building  of  the  ( 'ajiitol      It  familiarized  the  public 
mind  with  the  conception  of  a  railroad,  anil  gave  ocular  and  practical 
demonstration  of  its  superior  capacity  for  the  transportation  of  heavy 
weights  over  the  steep,  heavy,  often  muddy,  common  roads  of  tho 

countrv. 

Dr.  Caldwell's  plan  of  a  railroad  from  Xewbern,  with  Avater  connec- 
tion thence  to  Beaufort  harbor,  and  westward  as  far  as  the  State  line, 
near  Paint  Rock,  while  it  interested  the  thoughtful,  and  amu.^ed  sjjccu- 
lative,  minds,  bore  no  fruit  for  a  long  time.  It  lay  in  abeyance  long 
fuough  to  have  permitted  the  building  of  several  lines  transverse  to 
the  Ime  he  had  proposed,  and  almost  neutralizing  his  sagacious  and 
patriotic  [aii'iioses.  In  our  day  his  ideas  are  realized,  and  on  a  grander 
and  more  }>ractical  and  useful  scale  than  his  experience  enabled  him 
to  conceive:  yet  from  him  the  honor  and  merit  of  such  conception  can- 
not be  withheld,  for  with  him  it  was  as  original  as  it  was  bold  and  com- 
prehenssive. 

The  first  line  of  taitroad  chartered  in  Xortli  Carolina  was  that  between 
Fayotteville  ano  Silisbury.  The  charter  was  granted  in  18;]:!,  and  a 
survey  was  made.  But  tlie  terminal  towns  were  relativel}  small  and 
poor;' the  intermediate  country  was  thinly  populated  and  poorer  even 
than  the  towns;  cai)italists  from  abroad  could  not  be  won  to  invest  in 
an  enterprise  that  seemed  chimerical,  and  which  did  not  have  the 
fciicouragemeut  or  the  experience  of  other  like  enterprises,  and  tho 


284 


HAND-BOOK    OP    NORTH    CARO)  INA, 


fetate  had  not  learned  (what  it  since  lias  painfully  unlearned)  how  to  " 
loHter   l.e  energies  of  its  people  by  aid  of  the  [.rbfic  treasure  or  credit 
And  this,  the  hrst  essay  at  railroad  building  in  North  Carolina,  failed 
\  irginia  had  thrust  the  ends  of  two  of  its  roads  witiiin  our  borders. 
lie      etersburg  and   Roanoke  road  touche.l  the   Roanoke  River  at 
lilaiveiy,  a  lew  miles  below  the  present  Weldon.     The  terminus  of  this 
road,  by  tho^  construction  of  the  (h-eenville  branch,  was  afterwards 
ctianged  to  (.Taston,  several  miles  above,  and  at  the  foot  of  the  slack- 
water  navigation  of  the  Roanoke,  which  gave  facilities  to  the  transpor-  » 
tationot  the  large  tobacco  and  grain  crops  of  the  border  counties  of 
\  irginia  and  North  Carolina.     This  now  terminus  prompted  the  sur- 
ges ion  ot  an  extension  of  the  lino  from  Gaston  into  North  Carolina 
with  Its  terniinus  at  Raleigh,  and  passing  through  the  wealthv  counties 
ot  Ilaliax  W  arn-n,  (Jranville,  Franklin  and  Wake;  and  thus  came  into 
being  the  Raleigh  and  (laston  road,  begun  in  LS:JO,  finished  in  LSIO 

Jn  like  manner  the  extension  of  the  .Seaboard  an.l  Roanoke  road 
from  Its  terminus  at  WeMmi  to  Wilmington,  to  form  a  link  in  the  line 
ot  travel  between  the  North  and  tiie  8outh,  seized  upon  the  public  mind 
a.s  feasible  and  ptoti table.  Hut  tlie  original  charter  of  this  road  contem- 
plated  not  a  (brect  course,  but  one  by  way  of  the  State  capital,  and  the 

corporate  nanio  of  the  conipjiny.  charteixHrin  183(;,  was  tlie  Wilmington 
and  Kaleigh  Roa.l  suijse.pienti.  changed  to  that  of  Wilmington  and 
Weldon  Road,  and  completed  between  the  terminals  in  1840  It  fell 
to  the  town  ot  W'llmingtim,  aided  by  its  own  energies  and  hi^vh  credit 
alone  to  carry  out  this  nio.t  remarkable  of  modern  enterj.rises-a  road 
ot  104  mi  es  m  length,  in  the  comi)arative  infancy  of  the  railroad  sv,s- 
tems— and  to  oj)en  to  the  world  at  this  early  period  one  of  the  longest 
roads  then  i.i  existence  on  this  continent,  longer  than  anv  at  that  tTme 
finished  m  J'.uro[)e. 

What  is  justly  to  be  called  the  conception  of  Dr.  Caldwell  did  not 
take  form  until  about  18.13,  when  the  North  Carolina  road  from  Golds- 
boro  to  Charlotte,  a  distance  of  i>23  miles,  was  undertaken,  and  com- 
pleted m  18ob      At  Goldsboro  the  Atlantic  and  North  Carolina  road 
was  begun,  and  completcMl  in  1857  to  .Morehead  City,  on  Beaufort  har- 
bor, a  distance  ot  <)<  miles,  thus  forming  a  great  portion  of  that  lontr 
Cham  contenij.latcd  by  the  sagacious  a.nd  prophetic  projector.     There 
yet  rcmaine(    th<'  construction  of  the  western  links  of  the  chain,  from 
bahsbury  to  1  amt  Rock  on  one  branch,  and  to  Murpliv  on  another 
lliH  was  comi)leted  to  a  })oint  near  Morganton,  where  further  pro<rress 
was  stop[)ed  l)y  the  war.     Upon  the  return  of  peace,  or  very  soon  after 
work  was  resume.l,  and,  after  many  interruptions,  Hnancial  and  others, 
the  whole  work  is  now  completed— the  I'aint  Rock  branch  in  1882  and 
the  Murphy  brancli  in  18!.)0.     And  now  the  State  has  the  satisfaclioti 
ot  possessing  a  welhbuilt,  admirably  conducted  and  inexpressibly  con- 
vement  hneof  road,  extending  from  the  verv  seashore  to  the  utmost 
hmits  ot  Its  mountain  boun.laries,  and  now  in.lis.solubly  linking  in  one 
body  the  whole  of  its  one  disunite<l  territory  by  imperi-shable  links  of 
steel,     Ihe  hiate  is  now  interlaced  with  railroads,  all  connected  wiih 
the  great  mam  lines  (^  the  Cuited  Mates. 


&SaHHH 


KAILIIOAHS. 


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CANALS    AND   AKTIKK  lAL   NAVKiATION. 


2S9 


! 


CANALS  AND  ARTIFICIAL  NAVIGATION. 

While  North  Carolinii  appoarod  to  fall  hehind  her  sister  States  in  the 
work  of  internal  iiu[)rovenients,  facts  demonstrate  that  it  was  neither 
from  lack  of  intelli;;ence  nor  enufgy  that  this  was  the  ease.  It  was  her 
want  of  money,  or  rather  the  scattered  and  isohitcd  relation  her  i)eople 
hore  to  each  other,  and  the  dittieulty  of  cone(ntratin^'  purpose  or  capi- 
tal upon  the  completion  of  those  measures,  the  necessity  of  Avhich  was 
t'arly  apparent  to  the  statesmanshij),  the  interest.-,  and  the  patriotism  of 
lier  people.  W  have  shown  in  the  sketeh  of  tiie  raihoads  with  what 
avidity  the  sugj;  stion  of  that  mode  of  iniercommunieation  vyas  seized 
upon  as  compensation  for  the  m<>rtif  cation  tliat  followed  the  disa[»[t<>int- 
ment  in  the  enrlier  conception  of  canals  and  river  improvement.  That 
this  latter  system  so  early  engaged  the  earnest  and  active  energits  of 
North  Carolina  proves  the  daring,  enterprising  character  of  its  people- 
proving  hcyond  (piestion  that,  so  far  from  l)eiiig  in  the  rear,  this  State 
was  in  the  "front,  tiolding  the  leadershiii,  to  1)0  followed  lung  years  after 
by  the  great  State  of  New  York ;  and  proving  also  the  enthusiasm  of  a 
great  people,  who  had  not  well  counted  the  cost,  and  who,  in  many 
things,  had  failed  hecause  they  did  not  adetpiately  realize  the  magni- 
tude of  their  ideas  and  their  own  relative  poverty. 

In  the  construction  of  canals  North  Carolina  clainis  a  proud  pre- 
eminence; for,  as  far  hack  as  IT'.K),  was  authorized  hy  the  Legislature 
of  the  State  the  construction  of  the  Dismal  Swamp  Canal,  connecting 
the  waters  of  Pas(|Uotank  River  (North  Carolina)  with  those  of  Klizabeth 
Kiver  (X'irginia).  This  was  required  to  he  done  by  private  subscrip- 
tion, and  it  was  so  done;  and  thus  was  conii)leted  the  existing  Dismal 
Swamp  Canal,  undertaken  thirty-five  years  before  the  great  Eric  Canal 
was  comi)leted,  and  eighteen  years  before  the  pioneer  canal  of  Now^ 
England — the  Middlesex — was  opened  for  use.  This  canal  served  its 
purpose  usefully  for  nearly  a  century.  Kecently  it  has  been  sold,  per- 
liaps  for  other  uses,  bee  nise  other  means  of  intercommunication,  swifter 
and  more  capacious,  liavo  largely  suiK'i'seded  it. 

In  addition  to  this,  early  steps'were  taken  to  improve  the  navigation 
of  several  large  streams  in  this  State,  large  volumes  of  water  in  their 
lower  courses  (hiding  entrance  into  good  and  convenient  harbors,  but, 
in  their  middle  courses,  inteiruiited  by  rocky  obstructive  ledges,  above 
which,  in  several  instn-^.ces,  there  were  long  stretches  of  natural  slack- 
water,  with  practicable  navigation  for  comparatively  long  distances. 
These  undertakings  were  made  a  long  time  since.  Thus  the  Ca[)e  Fear 
Navigation  Company,  with  power  to  construct  canals,  received  a  charter 
to  improve  the  Cape  Fear  River  in  1795;  the  Roanoke  Navigation  Com 


pany  and  the  Neuse  River  Navigation  Company  in  1812;  the  New  River, 
the  Tar  River,  the  Catawba  River  and  tlie  Cape  Fear  and  Yadkin  River 
companies  in  1816. 

Upon  all  these  schemes  vast  sums  were  spent,  and  little  accomplished. 
Projectors  were  ril  disappointed,  because,  in  all  instances,  the  costs  far 
19     . 


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Sciences 
Corporation 


23  >7EST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


290 


HASI>'BO0K  Off  NORTH  CAROLIi.'fA. 


exceeded  estimates,  and  the  relative  poverty  of  the  people  and  co.n- 
rnunities  and  the  inability  to  enlist  the  aid  of  capital  abro '?,  as  was 

.^.fe^n'  u-^^^'.'"''?  'V^'^  """"'^y  "^'^y'  ""^  '^'^'^'^'^^  construciion.  com! 
pelled  the  ultunate  abandonment  of  every  elfort,  and  left  our  river-sides 
strewn  with  the  wrecks  of  labor  and  fortunes,  wiUi  here  and  th  rJsome 
part la  ly  finished  section  of  work,  like  the  Weldou  Canal,  to  become 
available  m  after  generations  as  valuable  water-power. 

Of  late  years  the  Albemarle  and  Chesapeake  Canal,  connecting  by  a 
cut  of  a  few  miles  waters  ,n  X^irginia  ar.d  North  Carolina-the  waters 
of  Chesapeake  Bay  with  those  of  Albemarle  Sound-gives  navi<mtiou 
tn  YoTu  ^'  ''Tf'  and  opens  up  an  inland  navi,aiion  from  Xewbera 
to  xNoitoik,  and,  for  smaller  vessels,  through  the  Clubfoot  und  Harlow 
Canal,  from  the  waters  of  Beaufort  harbo?.  "HUow 

The  frMowing  is  a  statement  of  what  existed  ten  veafs  ago,  and  thofo 

!luit  peHod :       "'  "'  "^'""^'  ^"  '^''  ''°^^^^^''^"  '^  ''''  '^''^'^^y'  ^^^ 

X^^V'r""  T  ''^''''V^  ^"ndred  miles  of  inland  steamboat  navigation  in 
>.mth  Carolina.  Ocean  steamers  of  large  burden  come  into  Wilming- 
ton and  Beaufort,  and  the  Old  Dominion  and  Clyde  lines  of  coastu  se 
steamers  come  to  Newbern,  Klizabetl)  City  ami  Washington  Wa  to 
Albemarle  and  Chesapeake  Canal.  The  sounds  are  navigated  bv  a 
nofn.  n  "^  ^'Shtf-aiYnd  fast  steamboats  that  furn.sir abundant 
o^.t  no  .  ^'''f'''''^:\^'°"/'^'  fr^^^g^^^-s  a"'i  freight  between  thenumer- 
B hli  W  "^      rv  ^^f:}^^^''    steamboats  run  up  the  Clu^wan  and 

oiaCK   Watfir  to   hrniiL-in    A  o     c^A    ,,..  ii.„    at    i •       ,      > ,       ,. 


Cn^hulY^Au-  ;^  -.oovvcii  up  uie  .vuigaior  to  I'airlield;  up  the 
Cashie  to  \\  indsor;  up  the  Perquimans  Kiver  to  iSelvidere  u  .  the 
1,;      C  ;'''  'v  T^P  "'^  up  the  Pasquotank  many  miles  abo've  Eliza! 

Sw  it  (V^2i"^;  ^?'^^^,  ^^'rV^  ^"•^'""  Township^  and  upContentnea  and 
.bwift  Creeks  to  the  head  of  navigation."' 


NEWSPAPERa 

ioS^®  following  is  a  list  of  newspapers  published  iu  North  Carolina  in 

Albernarle-Stanlv News,  ^^^e]dy    AshiAnwo-Conru'v,  w.-.-klv.   AslH-villo-Oitizon. 
.lailv  a...   vvL-eldy:  Mountain  Houw.  .lournal.  weekly;  Mo.ni,,.-  Gazette.  ,lailv:  B.,,t  s t 
week  y;  H-eemau  sAavocate(colore(l).w,u.ldy:  I)enHKnvit.we..klv;  T(",ni,enui<> -m^^^^^^^^ 
weekly;  Aiiclu.r,  monthly:  Western  North  Carolina  Metluxhst.  weeklv     Bakersville-- 
Western  Democrat,  weekly.     B.Miufort-Atlantic  Seaside,  weeklv.    Boone-Watai  oa 
Democrat,  weekly.     Brevan  -Hustler,  weekly.    Bryson  Citv-times.  woeklv.     I  u. 
gaw-Buro-aAv  Heral.l   we.'kly      BurlinRton-Burlinj-ton  Nl.ws,  weekly:  BurliuL^ton 
Herakl,  ww-kly.     Carthaoe-CarthaRe  Bla.le,  w.-ekly."    Cha<ll.o,n.i-(  V.lumhus  News 
weekly.      ;hapel  Hill-University  Maj-azine.  monthly.     Charlott..-Oi,sV.\er    da  Iv 
and  weekly;  Democrat,  weekly;  Times,  weekly;  N.nvs,  dailv;   Messenger  (co  oredi 
week  y.    (  Initoii-C  u.cas.an,  we.kly.    C'oncor.l-Standard. daily  an<l  wtokl      'nnu s 
weeJcly:  Pie.hno.it  Farmer,  week  y;  Missionary  Aj^e,  monthly.    'Danhury-li  .poller: 
Post,  weekly.     Dunn-Central  Times,  w.vkly.     Durham-( JloI.e.  daily  'and  week  y- 
&un,  daily  and  weekly;  Recorder,  weekly;  ,S..iithern  Educator,  monthly      Edent.mll 


NEWsrAPEKS. 


291 


ion,  oom- 


Fislu-rnian  and  Fannor,  weokly.  Etizabetli  City— Ecoiioinist-Fa1(;oii.  wctOvly;  News, 
weekly;  North  (Carolinian,  weekly.  Elkin — vJourier,  weekly,  Elm  ( 'ity— Rural  Home, 
weekly,  Fayetteville — Observer,  weekly;  North  Carolina  Bai)tist,  weekly.  Forest 
City — Ledf;er,  weekly,  Franklin — The  Press,  weekly.  Gamewell — Kackett,  weekly. 
Gastonia — (Jazette,  wef.'kly.  Geiinanton — Times,  weekly.  GoUlsboro— Ar>;iis,  daily 
and  weekly;  AgricnlturalBee,  weekly;  Headlight,  weekly;  Ahiance  Sentinel,  weekly. 
Graham — Alamance  (ileaner,  weekly.  Greensl)oro — Record,  tlaily;  Workman.  <laily; 
Patriot,  weekly;  Caroliiia  ]\Iethodist,  weekly;  North  State,  weekly;  Royal  Knight 
(colored),  weekly;  College  Jlessage,  monthly.  Greenville — Enstern  Retleelor,  weekly. 
Guilford  College— Collegian,  rn(mtlily.  Henderson — (Jold  Leat.  weekly.  J  lenderson- 
Tille — Hendersonville  Times,  weekly.  Hertford — Penjuimans  ]{ecord.  weekly.  Hick- 
ory— Press  and  Carolinian,  weekly;  ]\lercury,  w(  ekiy.  Highlands— Star,  weekly. 
High  Point  —  Enter|>rise,  weekly.      Hillsburo  —  Orange  County  Ol)scryer,  weekly. 


-News,  weekly.     King;5  IMountaiii — 


Kenly — Weekly  Visitor,  weekly.  Kernersville 
News,  ^yeekly.  Kinston — Free  Press,  weekly;  Rural  Homi?  and  Sentinel,  weekly, 
LaCh-ange — The  Spectator,  weekly.  Jiaurinburg— Exchange,  wi'ekly.  Leaksville^ 
Gazette,  weekly,  Lenoir — To])ic.  weeMy.  l;exington — Oispiitch.  weekly.  Lincoln- 
ton — Courier,  weekly;  Hearty  Worker,  monthly.  Louishurg— Franklin  Times,  weekly. 
Lumberton — Robesonian,  weekly,  ^ladison — Leader,  weekly:  News,  weekly.  Mn- 
vion — Western  Free  Lance,  weekly,  .Maxtou— jMaxtou  Union,  weekly.  ^Milton — Mil- 
ton Enterjn'ise,  weekly.  Mocksville — Davie  Times,  weekly.  Moncure — Alliance  F.cho, 
weekly.  .Alonroe— Eu((uirer.  weekly.  Morganton— Herald,  weekly.  3loinit  Airy — 
Yadkin  Valley  News,  weekly.  Mount  Holly — Mount  Holly  News,  weekly.  Mount 
Olive — Telegram,  weekh".  Mount  Plea.sant— College  Advocate,  monthly.  VMuifrees- 
boro  —  Index,  weekly.  Mur|)hy  —  Scout,  weekly.  Newbeiii — Journal,  daily  and 
weekly.  Newton  — Fntiirprise,  weekly;  College  Visitor,  monthly.  Oak  Ridgt/^— Oak 
Leaf,  monthly.  Oxford — Oxford  Day,  daily;  Public  Ledger,  weekly;  Orphairs  Fi-iend, 
^yeekly:  Bright  Jewels,  monthly,  Pine  Bluff — Home-Seeki'is"  Guide,  weekly.  Pitts- 
l)oro — Chatham  Record,  weekly.  Plymouth — Roanoke  Beacon,  weekly.  Poteciisi — 
Hoanoke  Patron,  weekly.  Raleigh— News  and  OI)server,  daily  and  weekly:  State 
Chronicle,  daily  and  weekly;  E\i'ning  Visitor,  daily:  Christian  Advocate,  weekly; 
Biblical  Recorder,  wei'kly;  Christian  Sun,  weekly;  S[)irit  of  the  Age,  weekly;  The 
Eclectic,  monthly.  The  Gitzette,  monthly:  North  Carolinian,  weekly:  Progressive 
Farmer,  weekly;  Signal,  weekly;  North  Carolina  Teacher,  monthly.  Randleman — 
Political  Broailax,  weekly.  Red  SpringM  —  Farmer  and  Scottish  Chief,  weekly; 
Comet,  weekly.  Jieidsvilie— Review,  weekly:  Webster's  W^>ekly,  wiH'kly.  Rocking- 
liam — Rocket,  weekly:  S])irit  of  the  South,  weekly.  Rocky  ^Moimt — Argonaut,  weekly; 
Pluenix,  weekly.  Jioxhoro — Person  County  ( 'ourier,  weekly:  Bulletin,  ^\•^■ekly. 
Jiutherfordfon — Rutherfoi-d  Times,  weekly  Salem — Peo])le"s  Press,  weekly;  The 
Academy,  monthly.  Salisbury — Carolina  Watchman,  weekly;  Hi'rald,  diiily  and 
weekly;  Truth,  wec'kly;  News,  weekly;  Star  of  Zion  (colored),  weekly.  Sani'ord— 
Central  p]xpress,  weekly,  Scotland  Neck  —  Democrat,  weekl>'.  Shelby  —  Aiiroia, 
weekly;  1^'view,  weelcly.  Siler  C'ity— Jicader,  weekly.  Smitlilield— Herald,  Aveckiv. 
Snow  Hill  —  Free-Will  Bajjtist,  weekly.  Southern  Pines — IJevelopment.  weekly. 
Soutlii)ort— Leader,  weekly.  Sjjarta— Allegh;in>-  Star,  weekly.  Statesville— Land- 
mark, weekly:  Christian  Advocate,  weekly.  Sylva—Tuckaseeg(>(>  Democrat,  weekly, 
Tarboro — Southerner,  daily  and  weekly:  Fariiiers"  Advocate,  weekly.  Taylorsvilli  — 
Index,  weekly.  Thoniiisville — Chaiity  and  Cliililren,  weekly;  Living  Issu(\  wi'ckly. 
Trinity  CoUe.ge  —  Countiy  Life,  weekly:  Archive,  monthly.  Troy  —  Montgomery 
Mdette.  weekly.  Wadeshoro — M(^ssi'nger-lntelligencer,  weekly.  Wake  Forest — Wake 
Forest  Student.  n)onthly,  Walnut  Cove-Advance,  weekly.  Warreiiton — (iazette, 
weekly.  Washington — (iazette,  weekh-;  Progress,  weekly,  Wavnesville— Courier, 
weekly.  Webster— Herald,  weekly.  Whitakers— The  Rattler.  w«'ekly.  Weldon— 
Roanoke  News,  weekly;  Railroad  Ticket,  daily,  Wilkesboro — Chronicle,  daily.  Nctrth 
Wilkesboro— News,  weekly.  Wilmington — Messenger,  daily  ar.d  weekly:  .Star,  daily 
and  weekly;  Review,  daily:  North  Carolina  Presbyterian,  weekly;  North  Caiolina 
Medical  .lournal,  monthly:  Africo-American  Presbyterian  (colored),  monthly;  Atlan- 
tic Methodist,  weekly.  Wilson — Advance,  weekly:  Mirror,  weekly;  Zion's  Landmark, 
%veekly.  Windsor — Ledger,  weekly.  Winston — Twin  City  Sentinel,  daily  and  weekly: 
Sotithern  Tobacco  Joui'ual.  weekly;  Union  Jiei)ublican,  weekly,  ^'anceyville— Cas- 
well News,  weekly.     Dailies  am!  weeklies,  24;  weeklies,  !52:  monthlies.  IS;  total.  U)4. 

The  above  list  is  taken  from  the  last  Keport  of  the  Bureau  of  liabor 
Statistics  (for  1892),  with  such  corrections  a.s  have  become  necessary  by 
additions  and  suspensions,  and  is  as  nearly  accurate  as  the  means  of 
information  will  permit. 


illll 


292  HAND-BOOK  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 


BUILDING  STONES. 

In  all  sections  of  the  State  are  found  in  greater  or  less  excellence, 
and  with  wider  or  more  limited  diffusion,  excellent  stones  for  building 
material,  sandstone,  granite,  limestone  and  marble.  Only  in  recent 
years,  owing  to  difficulty  of  transportation,  have  quarries  been  opened 
•to  the  extent  of  giving  sufficient  tests  of  tlie  value  and  beauty  of  the' 
varied  materials  as  to  authorize  the  enlistment  of  capital  and  the  intro- 
duction of  efficient  and  economical  machinery.  Now  much  material, 
the  value  of  which  was  known,  but  whoso  use  was  costly  and  incon- 
venient, is  coming  into  use,  and  some  quarries  have  deservedly  gained 
high  repute  far  beyond  the  limits  of  the  State. 

A  review  of  some  of  the  different  stores  of  valuable  building  material 
in  different  parts  of  the  State  will  be  attempted,  without  elForl  to  clothe 
the  statement  in  scientific  or  technical  terms. 

The  granites  are  named  first,  because  that  stone  was  first  conspicu- 
ously called  into  notice  in  North  Carolina  by  the  construction  of  the 
State  Capitol  at  Raleigh,  This  is  built  of  the  light-gray  gneissic  granite 
of  the  Laurentian  formation,  a  fine  quarry  of  which  was  opened  for  the 
use  of  Capitol  construction  on  the  south-east  border  of  the  City  of 
Raleigh,  Feldspar  is  a  prominent  ingredient  in  this  stone,  but  it  does 
not  appear  to  impair  its  durability — the  Capitol,  after  fifty  years  of 
existence,  suffering  apparently  nothing  by  weathering.  It  miglit  have 
been  observed  in  the  operation  of  this  quarry  that  the  increase  in  depth 
disclosed  a  finer,  harder  stone,  with  smaller  admixture  of  feldspar,  a 
stone  of  pleasing  bluish-gray  and  capable  of  high  polish;  and,  without 
doubt,  far  the  most  valuable  as  well  as  most  beautiful  contents  of  the 
quarry  remain  untouched. 

C  ler  quarries  have  been  opened  near  Raleigh,  and  that  on  the  Peni- 
tentiary grounds,  and  freel}^  used  in  the  construction  of  that  building 
and  its  massive  enclosing  walls,  furnished  abundantly  a  mo"i  durable 
and  beautiful  stone. 

In  Granville  County,  at  the  Henderson  Quarry,  is  a  quarry  of  a  harder 
and  darker  granite,  the  material  of  which  is  much  used  for  building, 
and  is  preferred  to  most  others  as  peculiarly  suited  for  Belgian  paving 
blocks. 

In  Wilson  County,  near  the  town  of  Wilson,  and  convenient  to  the 
Wilmington  and  W'eldon  Railroad,  is  a  quarry  of  granite  similar  to 
the  famous  Scotch  granite,  witli  a  reddish  tint,  hard,  taking  a  fine 
polish,  and  suitable  for  monumental  purposes. 

In  Alamance  County,  not  far  from  Graham  station,  is  a  quarry  of 
fine  dark-gra}'  granite,  which  also  takes  a  high  polish,  and  suitable  for 
many  valuable  purposes. 

Near  Mount  Airy,  in  Surry  County,  there  is  a  wonderful  outcrop)  of 
light-gray  granite,  occupying  an  exposed  surface  of  many  acres,  and 
now  the  scene  of  very  active  and  extensive  operations;  the  material 
being  largely  used  for  building  bridge  piers  and  abutments,  and  for 
paving. 


BUILDING  STOyiiS. 


293 


.  Near  Kernersville  is  also  a  quarry  of  granite— gray,  liard  and  of  fine 
texture,  taking  a  fine  polish,  Hnd  mucli  used  in  monumental  work. 

Among  tiie  most  remarkable  granite  lormations  in  the  State  is  that 
at  Dunn's  Mountain,  four  miles  south-east  of  Salisbury.  This  is  a  feld- 
spathic  stone,  almost  white,  and,  except  for  occasional  small  nodules  of 
iron  pyrites,  free  from  any  substance  to  impair  the  homogeneou>nessof 
texture  or  color.  It  forms  a  fine  building  stone,  illustrated  with  fine 
effect  ill  the  (Jovernment  building  at  Ivaleigh,  so  white  and  fine  in 
color  as,  at  a  short  distance,  to  present  the  ap{)earance  of  marble.  The 
whole  of  Dunn's  Mountain,  several  hundred  acres  in  extant,  constitutes 
fin  exhaustless  (piarry,  which,  in  the  future,  promises  fame  and  fortune 
,  to  those  wdio  own  it. 

Near  Mooresville,  in  Iredell  Count}',  is  found  extensively  a  granite  of 
remarkably  fine  quality.  It  is  of  a  tender  bluish-gray,  to  the  eye  pre- 
senting softness  of  texture  as  well  as  softness  of  tint,  yet,  in  fact,  a  hard, 
durable  stone,  taking  a  very  high  polish,  superior  as  a  building  stone, 
and  for  monumental  purposes  without  a  superior.  A  fine  illustration 
of  its  value  and  fitness  for  this  use  is  found  in  the  characteri?tic  monu- 
ment erected  to  tiie  mcmor}'  of  the  late  W.  C.  Kerr,  former  State  (Geolo- 
gist, standing  in  the  City  Cemetery  at  Raleigh. 

A  very  remarkable  and  also  beautiful  and  valuable  variety  of  granite 
is  found  in  Anson  County  on  .Jones  Cro  I:.  It  is  nearly  black,  with  a 
bronze  olivaceous  tint,  takes  a  beautif'ui  ^)olish,  and  is  adapted  to  rare 
ornamental  uses. 

Three  and  a  half  miles  south-west  of  Rockingham,  on  the  Carolina 
Central  Railroad,  is  found  a  beautiful  gray  porphyritic  granite,  with 
large  pinkish  cry,stals  of  feldspar,  including  a  small  amount  of  pyrites. 
Large  boublers  and  ledges  of  this  stone  aie  found  over  considerable 
area  on  the  hill-side,  both  above  and  below  the  railroad.  One  mile  and 
a  half  west  of  this  place  is  found  a  much  finer  grained  dark  hornblend 
granite.  No  (juarrying  has  been  done  in  either  of  these  places,  except 
tor  railroad  purposes. 

The  prevalence  of  granite  east  of  the  Blue  Ridge  is  a  marked  feature 
in  the  distribution  of  the  rocks,  and  it  would  be  idle  to  note  the  numer- 
ous points  at  which  it  ma}'  be  found.  It  is  more  sparingly  distributed 
west  of  the  Ridge,  and  there  the  general  character  is  somewdiat  inferior. 
One  of  the  largest  formations  is  in  Henderson  County,  at  Flat  Rock, 
where  naked  ledges  of  a  gneissoid  granite  p."esent  themselves  so  con- 
spicuously as  to  give  name  to  the  locality.  This  stone  is  largely  used 
in  building,  and,  from  the  facility  with  which  it  is  split  and  divided,  is 
used  freely  in  Hendersonville  for  the  construction  of  houses,  and  applied 
with  the  facility  and  convenience  with  which  brick  are  laid.  In  other 
parts  of  Henderson  County,  and  in  a  few  localities  in  Buncombe,  there 
are  granite  quarries,  but  tliis  stone  is  not  characteristic  of  the  trans- 
montane  section. 

SANDSTONE. 

In  the  long  trough  wdiich  marks  the  former  existence  of  a  sea-basin, 
extending  from  a  {loint  a  little  to  the  west  of  Oxford,  south-westwardly 
through  the  intervening  counties  to  the  South  Carolina  boundary,  and 


294 


HAND-ROOK  OP  NORTH  CAROLINA. 


ii 


beyond,  is  a  profusion  of  sandstone  suitable  for  building  purposes,  and 
which  is  reached  and  lUilized  in  several  places  by  the  ofiening  of  quar- 
ries. Mr.  CJeorge  15.  Hanna,  of  the  JSiate  Geological  Purvey,  has  fur- 
ni.shed  the  following  information  of  some  of  the  work  done: 

In  Anson  f '.)Uiit>  is  tlic  Wii<li'Hl)nrf)  Brcnvnstonc  Qnarrv,  ono  iiiilo  north  of  Wa(l(>&- 
I)or<),  on  Urn  Carolmji  ('.■ntial  Kailioad.  Tiio  stoiu"  is  (|n'itf  Inml  and  uniforin,  of  .-» 
11},'  it  ciiofolati'-hrowii  to  a  Krayisli-ln-own  color,  and  of  tiiw  to  nuHliuni  tcxturf,  tlio 
lightor  colors  hciiig  usually  coarser.  The  iinarrv  was  opened  in  lf^87.aiid  was  workeil 
until  Jnne,  18!H.  The  (juarry  face  is  about  ]:>()  feet  loiiR  \>y  30  feet  liiKh,  tliouKh  nmcii 
ctt  this  face  and  the  material  which  has  heen  (niarried  is  worthless  cap-rock  and  soil. 
Ihe  cap  varies  in  thickness  from  .,  to  lo  feet,  guarrviiif;-  is  very  much  facilitated 
hy  natural  Jointings  and  he.lding,  and  blocks  8x8.\  s,  iiiid  smaller,  are  casilv  obtained. 
tvoni  40.0(10  to  50.000  feet  of  stone  have  been  ((uarried.  The  stone  di].s,S.  E.  20  ,  an<t 
tne(|iiarry  faces  almost  due  west.  All  stone  was  sawed  either  at  the  (piarry  or  shipped 
i-ougii;  dimension  stone.  I't  cents  per  foot;  saw(>d  two  wavs.  $1;  four  wavs,  SI. 25.  It 
was  used  principally  for  trinmiing  brick  buildings.  Speci'mens  of  it  mav'be  seen  from 
Atlanta  to  Baltimore,  notably  the  United  States  C'ourt-liouses  and  rost-otlices  at  Wil- 
mmgton.  AsheviHe  and  Statesvillu.  N.  ("..  the  Vom.g  Men's  Christian  Association 
buildings  at  C'hiirlotte  and  Atlanta,  the  Garrett  School  building  at  Baltimore,  and  tha 
Bai)tist  Church  at  ^\  adeshoro.  A  steam-pum])  was  coiistantlv  em])loved  to  drain  thy 
<[uarry.  and  in  rainy  weather  work  would  sometimes  be  siis'pended  "for  a  month  on 
account  of  flooding.  The  machinery  connected  with  the  (piarrv  consists  of  two  boilers, 
an  engine  ot  about  hfty  horse-power,  live  gangs  of  saws,  steai'ii-drill,  one  steam-power 
derrick  of  loiirteeii  tons  ca|>acity,  and  two  horse-powex  derriiks.  The  full  force 
employed  was  about  sixty  workmen. 

There  is,  as  indicated  above,  a  temporary  susiier.sion  of  ^vork,  due 
probably  to  reorganization  of  the  company  operating  it,  l>ut  the  quarry 
is  iiiexhau.stiblc,  and  the  demand  for  its"^products  not  likJ.v  to  sutler 
diminution. 

The  "E.  T.iiiehan  (^)iiarry"  is  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  tlie  above,  on  tlie 
Carolina  Central  Kailroad.  The  stone  is  practicallv  the  same,  with  about  the  samo 
advantages  and  disadvantages  in  ([Uarrying.  The  (|uarrv  face  is  about  20  feet  high 
ami  300  teet  Ion;;.     The  stone  is  dressed  by  hand  at  the  (piarr--.  and  shipped  rough. 

In  Chatham  County  is  the  Egy|it  Coal  Company's  (|uarrv.  on  the  jnoposed  exten- 
sion of  the  Egyi)t  Railroad.  The  oiitimt  is  a  compact  line  rcddish-biDwii  sandstone, 
in  a  bhdf  from  30  to  40  tV'ct  high,  on  the  east  bank  of  Deep  Kiver,  and  was  worked  a, 
littL>  111  the  fall  of  1SS!)_:;.()00  to  4.000  feet  having  been  (piarried.  Some  of  this  stone 
shows  slight  lamination,  though  the  te.xturc  is  iisiiallv  (|uite  uniform.  Thecal)  is  not 
over  10  fe'>t  tluck,  including  the  overlving  soil.  This  bluff  extends  down  the  i'lvei- 
about  half  a  mile. 

In  ]\h)ore  County  is  the  Kockle  and  Laurence  (^Juarrv.  a  (|uai(.cr  of  a  mile  south- 
West  of  Sanford,  and  a  (piarter  of  a  mile  from  the  h'aleigh  and  Augusta  Air-Line 
K'ailroad.  The  materialis  a  rather  soft  reddish-brown  tine-grained  saiulstone.  The 
ipiarry  w.as  oi)ened  in  the  spring  of  ISOO.  and  worked  until  the  spring  of  1892.  About 
25,000  cubic  feet  have  been  taken  out.  The  color  is  (piite  unifoi'in,  but  the  texture  is 
rather  variable,  frequently  running  into  line  conglomerate,  sometimes  containing  a 
good  deal  of  clay.  It  is  used  for  house  trimming  and  ornamental  work,  and  mav%e 
seen  in  the  City  Hall  of  Charlotte,  the  Couit-liouse  and  l'o.st-offic(>  at  (ireeuville,  S"!  C 
and  other  buildings  in  Atlanta,  Danville,  Norfolk  and  Washington  City.  All  the 
stone  was  dressed  at  the  (piarry  and  haulcil  to  the  railroad  at  Sanford.  Tlie  stripping 
does  not  exceed  three  or  four  feet,  and  there  is  iiracticallv  no  e;,])-stone.  A  steam- 
pump  was  necessary  to  drain  the  (|uarry.  Hoisting  and  llrilling  was  also  done  by 
.steam-power,  but  all  dressing  was  done  bv  hand.  The  full  working  force  was  sixty 
men.  including  stone-dressers. 

The  Carolina  Brownstone  Quarry,  one  mile  north-we.st  of  Sanford,  on  tlu'  Cape 
Fear  and  Yaitkin  Valley  Railroad,  was  o]>eiied  at  the  |)resent  workings  in  February 
18!)2,  and  about  25.000  feet  of  stone  have  been  taken  out.  The  stone  is  .a  tolerably 
nniform  tine  compact  grayish-brown  sandstone,  and  is  u.sed  for  house  trimmings.  It 
has  been  applied  in  Sain)  Luke's  Church,  Norfolk,  and  in  the  Court-house  at  Bristol, 
Tenn.  The  capacity  is  from  I'ight  to  ten  car-loads  ]ier  week.  The  cap-stone  is  from 
two  to  four  feet  thick,  under  about  six  feet  of  soil.  The  (piarrv  is  drained  naturallv. 
Hand-drills  and  horse-power  derricks  are  used,  and  onlv  dimension  stone  is  (]uarried. 


BUILMNO  STONES. 


295 


A  remarkably  promising  sandstonw  quarry  lias  been  located  on 
McLendon's  Creek,  four  miles  south-west  of  Carthage,  and  a  company 
witli  large  capital  has  been  organized  to  work  it.  Tlio  formation  pos- 
sesses peculiar  advantages  for  working  it,  the  outcrop  being  a  large 
rising  on  the  side  of  the  valley  of  the  creek,  so  that  the  stone  is  accessi- 
ble without  under-ground  work,  and  the  drainage  is  natural.  Until  a 
railroad  is  extended  from  Carthage  to  the  <iuarry  only  preparatory 
work  will  be  done. 

In  Dnrli.ani  Co\intv  small  (|uantitii's  of  Hundstonefor  local  use  have  been  ((uarriecl 
in  three  jihu'es  in  the  vicinity  of  Dniiiani;  1st.  A  nitluT  eoarse  Rraystonc;  in  a  low 
lilutl'  about  a  mile  sontii-east  of  Duriiam.  2(1.  A  iinifoiin  tine  hrowiistone  about  one 
tnile  east.  Botii  of  tliese  are  abont  a  mile  from  railroads,  and  the  i)ro(Uiet  was  hauled 
liwav  in  wa^'ons  when  worked.  3d.  Duko's  Quarry,  at  the  Junction  of  the  belt  line 
xvitli  the  Lynchburg  and  Dnrliam  Railroad.  Tliis  is  mostly  a  finely  laminated  reddish 
brownstone.  in  a  consideral)le  hill  beside  tiii^  railroad. 

Kather  coarst  gray  sandstoiu',  such  as  was  used  iu  the  University,  is  found  about 
two  miles  east  of  Chapel  Hill. 

Near  Hrasfields,  five  miles  east  of  Durham,  is  found  a  sandstone  of 
pleasing  reddish-gray,  the  material  from  which  may  be  seen  in  the 
bell-tower  of  Christ  Church,  Raleigh,  the  whole  of  which  is  built  of 
thi.?  stone.  This  quarry  is  not  now  worked,  though  by  no  means 
exhausted. 

MARBLE, 

The  tiner  stones  under  this  name  are  not  found  of  much  value  or  in 
considerable  ([uantity,  except  in  the  western  section,  where  they  begin 
to  occur  in  the  deep  gorge  of  the  Nantahala  River,  where  they  present 
themselves  on  the  south  faces  of  tiie  mountains,  which,  on  the  north 
side  of  the  river,  start  in  the  narrow  valley.  Professor  Kerr  classes 
these  marbles  under  the  name  of  limestone,  which,  in  truth,  they  are, 
but  of  a  vrJuable  nnd  peculiarly  beautiful  kind— hard,  close-grained, 
uniform  in  texture,  taking  high  polish  and  disi)laying  varied  and  beau- 
tiful coloring — white,  black,  rose-colored,  salmon,  and  variegated— 
ailbrding  line  material  for  ornamental  and  architectural  uses.  The 
quantity  seems  exhaustless,  and  as  access  to  transportation  is  now  easy, 
the  quarries  now  being  opened  promise  to  be  largely  worked.  These 
are  now  operated  by  a  Georgia  company,  with  headquarters  at  Atlanta, 
and  the  finished  work  is  i)ut  on  the  market  as  "Georgia  marble,"  while 
its  true  origin  is  indicated  by  the  peculiar  and  various  coloring.  Red 
Marble  Gap,  the  crossing  on^  the  railroad  from  Macon  into  Cherokee, 
takes  its  name  from  the  deep-colored  marble  which  Hanks  the  railroad 
track  along  })ortions  of  its  course. 

Entering  Cherokee,  and  descending  Valley  River,  marble  of  varie- 
gated hues  presents  itself  at  several  i)oints.  Near  Andrews,  on  the 
railroad,  a  seam  of  richly-colored  dark  stone  is  exposed  in  the  bed  of 
the  river,  a  polished  specimen  of  which  is  placed  in  the  State  Geological 
Mu?eum.  Near  Murphy,  pure  white  marble  of  a  somewhat  coarser 
texture  presents  itself,  and  in  large  quantities,  and  possesses  high  value 
as  building  stone,  and  perhaps  also  for  monumental  purposes,  the  stone 
taking  a  good  polish. 


2m 


HAND-BOOK  OP  NORTH  CAROLINA. 


T.inicshnus  which  <^;tTuir)t  he  classo<l  nsa  huiMinj,*  stone,  is  s -me what 

spanngly  distrihiitcd  Uiroutih  tlic  Slalo.  It,  occurs  as  inafinesiai)  lime- 
stone 111  the  countic'  of  For.'-yth,  Yadkin  and  Stokes.  Crvstalline  iinje- 
jtone  IS  lound  m  (iiMtou  County,  and  carhonatc  of  lime,  niakinj,'  ii  good 
lime,  is  lound  in  poitions  of  Uuncoudie  and  Henderson  Counties,  am! 
Ill  avery  marked  ili-ugh  somewhat  nairuw  oulciouiii  Madison  Couuty, 
»  short  distance  hehvv  the  Hot  Spriu<irs. 

That  part  of  the  eastern  section  of  the  State  Iving  south  of  the  Neuse 
Iliver  an(l  alon<;  Trent  Kivor,  ahounds  in  shell 'limestone,  very  suitahle 
ns  a  huildmg  stone,  it  is  readily  quarried  in  large  masses,  and  rapidly 
becomes  jiard  on  exposure  to  the  air,  and  is  very  durahle.  For  massive 
arehiteclure  it  is  very  suitahle.  Tlu^  only  large  ai)plication  of  it  .seems 
to  have  ))eeii  iu  the  enclosure  of  tlie  City  Cemetery  at  Newhern,  aiuJ 
the  fine  archways  over  the  chief  tnti'ance  displavs  Ihe  character  ol'  the 
stone  to  fine  advantage. 

SLATE. 

At  Mr.  Robert  Bernb',  three  miles  iiorth-wcst  of  Egvpt,  on  the  Pitts- 
boro  road,  a  blue  compact  clay  slate  is  found,  which  s'plits  well  on  sur- 
face exposure.  Pieces  eighteen  inches  srinare,  and  thin  enough  for 
rooting,  have  been  split  out  within  one  foot  of  the  surface.  No  work 
has  been  done  here  Slate  of  the  same  nature  is  found  three  miles  west 
ot  Goidston,  at  Mr.  Hugh  Womble's.  On  Kockv  River,  four  miles 
above  Its  mouth,  a  hard  blue  silicious  slate  is  found,  which  splits  well 
on  outcrop.     It  has  not  been  (quarried. 


GOLD  MINING  IN  NORTH  CAROLINA,  1892. 

THE  AURIFEROUS  AREA  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA  EMBRACES 
NEARLY  ONE-HALF  OF  THE   STATE. 


MODES  OF  OCCURKKNT'K  OF  THE  (iOLD.-lst.  Tx  ••Ohavki."  on  the  Ber^ 
i'ocK  OK  IX  Old  Chaxxels.  whkuk  rr  has  ISeex  ('oxcextuated.  :.^1.  [x  tub 
Mass  of  the  Okigixae  Rock.  M.  In  the  Schists  Fokmixij  Bedi.eo  Vjiixs. 
4tli.  Ix  QCAHTZ  Veixs. 

The  entire  surface  of  the  country  lias  long  been  subject  to  weathering 
agencies  to  a  great  depth,  and  the  auriferous  bodies  have  sliared  in  these 
changes.  Nearly  or  quite  to  the  depth  of  these  alterations  the  gold  is 
in  a  "free"  condition  and  easily  savablo.  Deeper  than  this  the  ores 
are  only  partly  changed,  and  the  associations  of  the  gold  are  sucii  as 
to  demand  skilled  treatment  and  costly  appliances.  The  gohi  is  not 
uniformly  distributed  in  the  ore  bodies,'for  botii  beds  and  veins  have 
•'chimneys,"  or  "shoots,"  in  which  the  gold  is  concentrated,  leaving  the 
intermediate  parts  relatively  i)Oor.  The  auriferous  schists  are  some- 
times hundreds  of  feet  thick,  and  in  such  cases  the  term  "auriferous" 
is  only  the  convenient  way  of  discriminating  the  workable  from  tho 
non-workable. 


-j-f-flfSSigf^^^S^^'SCSS'Sna^.-^saaBmsBem 


TABLE    ROCK    AND    HAWK  S    BILL. 


;l! 


GOlO   MTVT\«1  IN  KORTH  CAROLINA. 


297 


Koi  liie  geology  of  ilio  Stale  the  reader  is  referred  to  the  (leological 
Reports  already  published,  and  to  bulletins  soon  to  bo  issued.  This 
.subject  may  be  dismisMMl  here  in  the  following  brief  stntenient:  Three 
general  geological  systems  are  easily  dis  iriminated  (the  two  lowermost 
lire  probably  Archean),  vi/.,  the  I;Ower  I/iurentian  and  the  Cpper  I.au- 
rentian,  and  the  iluronian.  The  lirst-named  is  {)rominent  in  the 
<ireen.sboro  and  Charlotte  g'anite  belt,  which  is  from  live  to  thirty-five 
miles  in  width,  ^'eins  of  gold-bearing  iron  and  copper  {.yriies  are 
numerous  along  the  eastern  half  of  the  belt,  and  in  the  souihern  part. 
These  vary  from  a  few  inches  to  sixty  ft-et  in  width.  The  ores  are 
refractory  only  as  the  sul[)hurets  make  them  .so.  Westward  of  this 
iixial  area,  and  stretching  westward  to  Tennessee,  is  a  bodv  cla.ssed  as 
Upper  l.aureniian  Its  rocks  are  gnei.ssoid  to  slaty  in  .structure.  The 
veins,  especially  in  tiie  western  part,  are  generally  narrow,  though 
numerous,  and  not  infrequently  rich.  The  third  geological  formation 
is  to  the  eastward  of  the  central  l)eit,  viz  ,  the  Iluronian.  it  is  a  region 
of  quartzites  and  "slates,"  and  is  fifteen  to  forty-five  miles  wide.  'I'he 
noineral  resources  of  this  middle  body  of  slates  and  schists  is  very  great, 
in  iron  as  well  as  in  gold.  Tn  the  latter  it  has  hardly  a  rival  in  the 
«ntire  Appalachian  region  In  the  western  edge  of  this  belt,  adjacent 
to  its  junction  with  the  Lower  Laurentian,  is  a  stretch  of  auriferous 
copper,  lead  and  pyrite  mines,  which  have  been  workid  more  deeply 
(tnd  extensively  than  any  other  in  the  State. 

WARREN.  FRANKLIN  AND  NASH  COUNTIES. 
The  extreme  north-east  defmsits  occur  in  the.se  counties,  and  cover  an 
area  of  more  than  two  hundred  square  miles.  The  important  points 
in  this  area  are:  The  Thomas  Mine,  one  mile  and  a  half  north-ea.st 
from  Riin  iom's  Bridge.  The  Tortis  Aiine  is  in  the  north-east  corner  of 
Franklin  County.  Ttiis  mining  tract  embraces  0:]8  acn  s  I^)oth  hydrau- 
lic and  vein  work  is  carried  on.  This  work  is  largely  automatic,  and 
the  outlay  for  the  i)lant  is  not  excessive.  The  cost  of  treatment  is  sur- 
prisingly low.  The  :\Iann-Arrington  Mine  at  Argo  has  a  fine  record. 
The  i)lacer  washings  still  yield  many  fine  nuggets.  At  the  lUO  foot 
level  there  is  a  body  of  ore  three  feet  wule.  At  the  Convers  Mine,  seven 
miles  from  Whitaker's,  there  is  an  eighteen-inch  vein  of  brown  ore  and 
sulphurets,  and  a  large  quantity  of  "pay  gravel."  Near  Springhope, 
on  the  Tar  River,  considerable  surface  Washing  is  carried  on.  'i  he 
Woodward-Hedgepeth  tract,  two  miles  from  Nashville,  has  a  large  area 
of  gravel,  and  lately  a  very  strong  vein  three  feet  wide  has  been  opened 
up.  Other  mines  in  this  district  are  the  Kearney,  Tavlor,  Davis,  Nick 
Arrington,  and  Harrison.  The  aggregate  of  the  regular  emplo\ees  is 
seventy  five, 

MOORE  COUNTY. 

The  Iluronian  in  Moore  County  lias  two  belts— one  ten  miles  north- 
west from  Carthage,  and  tht  other  eighteen.  The  Bell  Mine  is  the  only 
one  worked  in  the  former.  Here  occur  rich  quartz  seams,  assaying 
from  $30  to  $1,300  per  ton,  and  strict  averages  of  large  working  bodies 
run  $14  per  ton.     The  Johnson  Mine  is  to  the  s)utti-west  of  the  Bell. 


208 


UANIV-BOOK   OV    NOHTK    ■  AKOLIXA. 


Six  miles  norlh-oast  of  the  Botl  is  n  iar-e  body  of  gold  a.ul  silver  U.nr- 
u^K  CO,.,..,,  or...  u.Hl  two  ..uul  oM,.-l,nir  .uiles  noril^east  of  tl  e  (T.i  k  L 

The  st-cond  helt  (•o.M,>ri.s..s  a  do/.on  wull-knovvh  ...ines  iij  u  h„„co  throo 
or  our  .n.los  umIo  and  six  or  oi^ht  miles  1o„k  from  north-.as  o  so  ,' 
\  ost.  I  hi  formation  is  ov..rywl,oro  very  silicions  The  veins  arc  "  be  . 
Hed  veins  and  are  merely  the  richer  parts  of  the  auriferous  U-  ta  Tim 
Hrown  M.ne.on  the  north-west  edge  of  the  district,  has  beei    worked 

or  a  distance  ot  lUH)  yards,  and  to  a  .le,>th  of  liftv  ir  sixty  fi^et      The 
Bat      .M.st  and  the  .Shields,  near  by.  ha've  also  bVen   larrel     wc>rked 
rho  (  age  Mine,  one  mile  south  of  the  Hhiel.ls,  and  on  the  east  Zef 

ho  ho  t   has  ,.(.(  acres.     The  ore  has  a  very  sn'n.ll  amount  odSm! 
J  ated    .ynte,  and  as.says  from  ^ry.'.VS  to  $:i\KSS  ,,er  ton      Unlike  moJ    f 
the  mmes  of  this  belt,  th.  work  is  wholly  u.lclerground      Tl  e  n  «"« 
Mm,.,  one-fourth  of  a  m.Io  west,  is  tnade  u,,  of  thc^same  schists  and  i. 
vorke.l    ,y  o|,en  cuts      The  Morrell  Mine  ii  one-fourth  of  a  mile    o     I 
west,     a  he  Bums  ami  Aired  Mine,  oned.alf  mile  .south  of  the  (Vie 
s  ,,erha|)s  the  best  exam,de  of  this  class  of  ore  de,>osits.     The  forma: 
tion  Ks    he  famihar  one  of  the  district.    The  selection  of     la oc    jb 
•  Sn  runnr  i^Mo'r"''^  by  pnuHical  te^s,     Large  bod  iel  l./^^:  i 

V)     T'        T  ^']  ^.  ^"J''''  *""'    ^^''^^  "f  ^'»^^  ^^•<5»k  is  dune  "open  cut  " 
I  Iio  Kendall  and  the  Monroe  are  near  by.  ^ 

The  mines  of  Moore  (  ounty  are,  with  few  exc(>,>tion.s,  massive  bodies 
Of  lovv-grade  ores,  with  a  thin  dissemination  of  sulj.hur  >ts      iTmodo'? 

iiemti^r''  ''      "  "'^'  ^        '  "'"""''  ''^  *'"'^  "'''''■'  '"^''"  '•''<'•' '"''Mi 

MONTGOMERY  COUNTY, 
fbJ  Jl^^-""^'''T'^;  ^'"."'^^^-'i^^^  the  Iluroniau  formation  prnvnil...  but 

county        he  vein  mines  have  been  very  proniineni'  ii.   the  bistorv  of 
the  btato,  but  the  gravel  mines  are  less  known  '  ""^ 

ihere  are  three  belts  of  nmiferous  territory  in  ihis  conmv  Tb,. 
most  (j.stcr  y  range  embracos  the  Moore  Afine  on  the  north-east  the 
Koyno  d.^  the  (Wtrr  (near  Troy),  an.l  the  Sam  Christian  nd  Sw if 
^Zn  t  ^l  ^'f^'-^'f'  'i^'-  ^an.  ( :brisliau  has  gained  a  w";^  ^ 
t.  tion  as  a  ,)roducer  of  large  and  fine  nuggets.  The  gold  is  found  in 
old  '  channel.s,"  m  gravel,  dee,.Iy  eoven.d  with  soil,  a.^d  rard Occurs 
as  "dust  '  but  generally  as  nuggets,  weighing  from  five  to  mo  e  than  a 
thousand  pennyweights     The  work  is  almost  exclusively  hy.lnu  k 

}  he  second  and  {.arallel  belt  is  four  to  six  miles  north-west  and  com- 
prises a  line  of  "gravel"  mines  on  the  north-west  of  the  UwharHe 
Mountams,  and  between  it  and  the  TUvharrie  River^     The  better  kow 
ocahtios  are  the  Bright,  Ophir  (or  Davis),  Spanish  Oak  Ga       )ry    lo  1 

Bunnell  Mountain,  Dutchman's  Creek,  and  the  Worth  Mine  ,     e  at  e^ 
bemg  near  the  junction  of  the  Uwharrie  and  the  Yadkin.     The  e  Pron 
erties  have  never  been  adequately  worked,  as  the  water-sup,.lv  is  ent  relv 
Jnadmjuate.     Some  of  them  have  large  bodies  of  ores.     'PI  e  T  'be  Saun- 
ders  Mine  is  near  the  Worth.     It  was  discovered  by  accideu    u  1889 


Th 


(iOLI»  MlNliNCi    iN    NOUTII    CAKOMNA. 


290 


Sovt>nil  Hlringers  were  exposed  which  coMtiuiUMl  ^r„l,t  j,,  uhuiKhmce 
aiul  work  proceeded  for  .some  time  with  ^rrcat  vi^'or,  till  the  exhuustion 
of  the  pocket  Mi  only  vein  nintter  of  ordinarv  valiio, 

Tlw  third  holt  is  a  little  further  to  the  iiorth-west.  The  more  promi- 
neiit  mines  of  this  helt  are  the  Steele  (or  (ienesee),  Saunders,  lien  lerson 
Appalachian,  Morris  Mountain,  kussell,  Little  Russell,  McLean's  Creek' 
and  lieaver  Dam  1'ho  first  three  named  carry  lari^ely  ar^ri-miferous  or 
iiurilerous  frulena  'i'he  Appalachian,  Ah)rris  Mountain  and  both  the 
liussells  are  hedded  ore  masses,  '{'he  last  two  on  the  list  are  cravel 
mines.  The  Steelo  (or  Genesee)  Mine  is  on  the  east  sid(>  of  the  Cwhar- 
rie,  and  about  two  miles  south  of  KIdorndo  village.  The  .schi.sts  here 
are  very  (luart/itic.  The  ore  deposits  varv  from  twelve  to  twenty  feet 
in  thickness.  The  most  valual)le  part  of  this  deposit  consists  of  narrow 
^'striiifr  veins,"  m  which  the  gold  occurs  in  relatively  large  quantity. 
Ihe  associated  mineral  matter  is  galenite,  blende,  chalcopyrite  and 
pyrite.  The  ".string  veins"  are  .sometimes  fahulouslv  rich,  while  the 
concentrated^  pyrites  form  a  material  of  respectable"  value,  but  very 
rctractoiy.     The  Saunders  is  the  north-east  extension  of  the  '  ,  jele. 

The  Ku.ssell  Mine  is  located  in  the  north-west  corner  of  Montgonierv 
tounty.  It  has  been  worked  very  extonsivelv,  and  has  allowed  better 
opportunities  tor  study  than  any  other,  and  hence  will  serve  as  a  type 
ot  several  mines  m  this  region  'J'he  schist.s  are  the  familiar  silicious 
talcose  or  chloritic  schists  of  the  -section,  and  contain  in  the  ore  channels 
trom  two  to  tour  per  cent,  of  disseminated  pyrites.  'I'here  is  no  api)ear. 
ance  ot  a  h.«sure  vein  at  this  mine.  The  entire  formation  is  gold-bear- 
ing,  but  only  certain  strata  contain  it  in  quantities  large  enough  to 
warrant  work  The  gold-bearing  material  is  of  low  grade,  a.ssayincr  as 
'.rdimiry  material,  $2.27  to  .1?J).0o  per  ton,  The  auriferous  territon'  is 
fully  2,000  leet  acro.ss  the  formation  from  north-west  to  south-east 
Ihe  Morris  Mountain  Mine,  a  tract  of  350  acres,  is  in  this  neighborhood. 
I  he  Appalachian  (or  Coggins)  Mine  is  one  mile  south  of  theKus,sell 
i lie  schists  re-semblo  those  of  the  Rus.sell.  The  mine,  as  far  as  devel- 
oped,  shows  large  bodies  of  low-grade  ores,  .similar  to  those  of  the  Kus- 
.sell,  yet  ores  that  are  easily  within  tlie  limits  of  profitable  work. 

The  J^eaver  Dam  Mine  at  Fhiggtown  contains  SOO  acres,  one-half  of 
which   IS  claimed   to  be  underlaid   by  gravel,     ^J'here  arc  numerous 
seams  of  auriferous  quartz,  and  a  massive  bodv  of  chloritic  schi.sts 
-■iirrving  gold.     The  work  has  been  done  by  hydraulic  methods, 

RANDOLPH    COUNTY. 

"Ran(1ol[)h  roiinty,  like  Montgomerv  Countv,  abounds  in  mines  and 
not  less  than  thirty  are  well  known.  Of  these  the  more  noted  are  the 
feawyer,  Winslow,  ].affiin  (or  Jlerring),  .Jones  (or  Keystone),  Davis 
Mountain.  \\  mningham,  Slack,  Grave,s,  and  Jloover  Hill.  All  these 
mines  are  in  the  "slate,"  and  the  belts  are  probably  continuous  with 
tlie  western  ones  of  Montgomery. 

The  Jones  (or  Keystone),  the"Lafllin  (or  Herring),  and  the  Delft,  are 
quite  similar  in  character,  and  a  descri{)tion  of  the  Jones  will  indicate 
the  characteristics  of  the  others.      Ft  has  been  verv  largely  worked. 


ml 


m 


soa 


HAND-BOOK  OF  KORTH   CAROLINA, 


This  mining  tract  has  293J  acr.s,  and  is  twelve  miles  nearly  south-east 
from  Thom;<sville.  The  schists  are  soft  and  weal  i-.tved  to  a  great  depth, 
which  Ims  hrought  about  a  peroxidation  of  th-:  ferruginous  constituents! 
Gold  is  universe  Uy  present,  hut  the  mining  is  conhned  to  certain  ricJier 
belts.  Dwasional  mass(!s  are  chargetl  witli  finely  disseminated  iron 
pyrite,  slightly  altered  The  woiking  strata  differs  little  from  the 
unworkable.  Two  of  these  belts  have  gained  especial  prominence,  one 
being  50  feet  wide,  and  the  other  110  leet.  The  mine  is  simply  a  series 
of  ort  quarries,  and  is  worked  "open  cut''  as  a  nuarry.  Tlie  disinte- 
prated  condition  of  the  rock  or  .soil  allows  of  mining  at  a  ma-veilously 
cheap  rate,  frequently  not  exceeding  fifteen  cents  per  ton  of  ore  deliv- 
ered at  the  mill-house.  The  material  is  low  grade,  hut  it  changes  i)er- 
petunlly  in  its  contents,  and  bodies  of  relatively  high  grade  may  be 
met  :\i,  any  time.  Assays  give  $2.01  to  $:>8.U4  j)er  ton.  Strict  averages 
of  large  bodies  give  fairly  uniform  as'-ays,  so  tiiat  it  may  be  said  with 
fairness  that  the  average  of  working  bodies  will  not  fall  under  S-'J  per 
ton.  ^  The  treatment  is  by  stamp  battery,  but  hydraulic  methods  might 
also  be  pursued  if  a  cheap  supidy  of  water  were  available. 

The  Parrish  Mine  adjoins  the  .Tones.  The  ore  body  is  hornblendic 
end  chloritic,  and  sometimes  very  rich,  a.s.saying  from  §1  1.90  to  $88  50. 

Tiie  Hoover  Hill  Mine  is  located  seventeen  miles  nearly  south  from 
High  Point,  and  comprises  250  acres.  In  its  early  days  operations  wore 
very  profitable.  The  "county"  is  apjiarently  an  alterod  schist,  very 
hard  and  compact,  traversed  by  belts  abounding  in  quart?  seams,  and. 
both  above  and  be  ow,  these  belts  have  been  the'productive  pm  t.  '  The 
old  "Bri'ds  Shoot"  was  the  most,  productive,  and  is  now  down  350  feet. 
The  gold  is  uniformly  asiociated  with  the  (juartz  seams,  iron  ps-rite 
is  generally  present  to  the  extent  of  three  per  cent.  The  Wilson  Kiiidley 
Mine  is  one-half  mile  south-west. 

It  will  easily  be  seen  from  the  above  brief  de.scriptioii  of  Montgomery 
and  Kandolph  Counties  that  the  extent  of  the  auriferous  wealth  fs 
beyond  our  present  power  to  estimate.  Probably  no  other  eCjUal  area 
of  tlie  State  ha"^  anything  to  compare  with  it. 

The  solution  of  the  problem  of  putting  the.se  vast  and  unique  .stores 
of  gold  into  the  channels  of  commerce  lies,  if  a  conjecture  may  be  haz- 
arded, not  BO  much  in  the  introduction  of  any  new  "process,'"  which 
will  supersede  amalgamation,  as  in  the  cheapening  and  perfecting  the 
art  of  mining,  and  in  the  increased  efhciency  of  the  modes  of  amalga- 
mation, with  chlorination  as  an  auxiliary,  following  a  well-devised 
system  of  concentration, 

STANLY  COUNTY. 

la  Stanly  County  the  more  notfd  mines  are  the  Ilaithcock  and 
ilearne,  two  miles  nortli-west  from  Albemarle.  The  Ilaithcock  is  the 
northern^cxtenHon  of  the  Ilearne,  and  itself  merges  to  the  north-east 
into  the  Lauder. 

The  P.nrker  Mine,  at  New  London,  embraces  four  mining  tracts, 
aggregating  827i  acres,  and  is  in  the  midst  of  a  very  important  mining 
district.     There  are  three  well-known  veins  on  this  tract,  and  large 


HOLD    MIXING    IN    NORTH    CAROIJNA. 


301 


area 


areas  of  valuable  "gravel,"  which  is  not  only  diffused  generally  over 
the  surface,  but  is  largely  concentrated  in  the  beds  of  the  various 
streams  running  through  the  properties.  This  gravel  contains  from 
eleven  to  nineteen  cents  to  the  cubic  vard,  and  the  quartz  and  vein 
matter  assays  from  $4.23  to  $7.38  per  ton. 

Part  of  the  Gold  Ilill  District  is  in  Stanly  County. 

UNION  COUNTY. 

n  TI^®rrMi"^^°^  ^''"^'"  County  are  readily  traceable  in  alignment  with 
Goid  Hill,  Silver  Ilill  and  other  mines  of  Davidson  Countv,  and  are 
for  the  most  part  comprised  in  this  belt,  which  stretches  in  close  prox- 
imity to  the  "granite  aicd"  along  its  eastern  edge.  This  belt  com- 
mences about  the  middle  of  the  eastern  boundarv  of  Davidson  County 
and  extends  seventy-five  miles  south- westwardly  to  South  ( "arolina  and 
most  of  this  stretch  from  Gold  Ilill  southwardly  is,  with  scarcely  a 
break,  crowded  with  mines.  The  ores  are  readilv  classified  into  aurif- 
erous and  argentiferous  galena,  auriferous  pyrite,''and  auriferous  slates 
witli  disseminated  sulphurets. 

The  Washington  Mine,  eight  miles  south-west  from  Monroe,  is  the 
most  southerly  of  the  important  mines  of  the  countv.     The  w'vatt  is 
one-fourth  mile  west  of  the  Washington,  and  is  probably  part  "'of  the 
Sl^me  vein.     The  Howie  is  one  mile  and  a  quarter  north-west  of  the 
VVashington,  and  has  been  worked  to  a  depth  of  300  feet.     The  ore  is 
quite   like   that   of    the    Washington,   and    has    numerous  seams   of 
quartz,   which   is  generally   associated    with    the   richer   ores       The 
yield  of  this  mine  has  been  estimated  at  $750,000.     The  vein  is  400 
feet   wide.     Ihe   working  ores  assav  from  82.05  to  .^43.0(;  per   ton 
Between  the  Howie  and  the  Davis,  two  and  a  half  miles  north-east  are 
no  known  mines.     11ien  occurs  the  Davis,  J 'Infer,  Lewis  and  Hemby 
nearly  m  the  same  alignment— a  stretch  of  nearlv  two  miles     The 
whole  deposit  has  been  enormously  rich,  especially  tlie  Phifer.     In  this 
immediate  neighborhood  are  the  Moore  Hill,  Harkness  and  Folc^er  Ilill 
One-half  mile  north-east  of  the  Hembv  is  the  Smart,  whicir  carries 
galenite;  and  one  mile  and  a  half  still  further  north-east  is  the  IJlack 
with  ores  assaying  $10.(SS  to  ei()8.3l  per  ton.     The  Crump  Mine,  four 
miles  from  Stout's  Station,  is  noted  for  its  remarkable  i)ockets  of  splen- 
did nuggets.     North-east  of  the  Hemby  are  .several  important  localities 
which  have  been  successfully  worked— the  Long,  Henrv  rhifer,Crowe]l 
(Hright  Light),  Fox  Hill,  Secrest,  Dulin,  Moore,  Stewart,  Lemmons  and 
others.     The  last  three  have  galenite. 

The  Stewart  is  toward  the  northern  part  of  Union  County.  It  has 
been  worked,  and  has  yielded  rich  ores.  The  assays  run  from  $14.01 
to  §48.89.     The  belt  sooa  pas.ses  into  Cabarrus  County. 

CABARRUS  COUNTY. 
The  Rocky  River  Mine  is  ten  miles  south-east  from  Concord,  and 
includes  two  mines  with  seven  veins,  carrying  (juartz,  iron  pyrites  and 
galenite  ranging  from  $5.97  to  $07.42  per  ton.  The  .Allen  Furr  Mine 
two  and  a  half  miles  distant,  shows  a  large  amount  of  massive  iron 
pyrite,  with  a  little  galena. 


li) 


I: ,  'i . ! 


302 


HAND-HOOK    OK    NORTH    CAROLINA. 


The  RihhI  Mine  is  noiir  tlie  Rocky  River  iMiiie.  Tiiis  mine  was  tlie 
first  to  }i;ive  celebrity  to  the  jjjold  liehlsof  the  Appalachiiin  ranj^e.  The 
first  nugj^et  was  fouiul  in  17'.'!),  and  tlie  hirji;(\st  recorded  nugget  ('.eigh- 
ing  twenty-eight  pounds  avoinhipois)  in  hS03;  and  for  a  period,  of  forty 
years  thereafter  a  st(»ady  stream  of  nuu^gets  poured  fortli  froir.  this  )>lace. 
'f  he  projtorlion  of  nuggets,  Ixith  for  numln'r  and  for  .size,  has  never  been 
paralUih'd  on  this  side  of  I  he  continent.  There  are  also  several  veins 
on  this  tract  of  7S0  acres. 

The  I'huMiix  Mine,  eight  miles  south-east  from  Concord,  had  r(>ached 
a  depth  of  nearly  400  feet,  when  the  growing  dilliculties  of  working  it 
led  to  its  abandonnumt.  The  Thies  clilorination  method  was  dc^veloped 
here  and  used  successfully  for  several  vears  in  connection  with  the  ordi- 
nary mill  treatment,  and  resulted  in  the  economical  extraction  of  gold 
to  a  high  i)ercentage  (00  to  *,)">  })er  cent).  The  whole  establi.shment  was 
a-  m<idcl  of  skilful  and  successful  adajition  of  familiar  methods.  Assnys, 
§S.*27  to  !?(>;]  01  per  ton. 

The  Joel  iJeed  Mine,  in  the  edge  of  Concord,  has  been  worked  suc- 
cessfully on  a  small  scale  for  a  long  time,  'fhe  Allison  and  the  Mont- 
gomery mines,  two  miles  north  of  Concord,  have  been  prolitably 
operated. 

The  McMakin  Mine  (or  Silver  \'ein),  in  the  Cold  Hill  J)istrict,  had 
reached  a  depth  of  ISl  feet,  when  th(>  war  caused  a  suspension  of  work. 
The  ore  is  complex — blende,  galena,  pyrites  and  highly  arginitiferous 
tetrab(>drite.     A.ssays  run  from  12  to  600  ounces  of  sUver  per  ton. 

This  Cold  Hill  District  is  the  most  noted  as  well  as  the  most  produc- 
tive in  the  State.  It  is  situated  in  the  .south-easlern  ])art  of  Rowan 
County  and  the  north-eastern  corner  of  Cabarrus,  and  overlaps  L^iglitly 
into  Sianly.  It  is  nearly  one  mile  and  a  half  long  from  nortli-(nist  to 
south-west,  and  two-thirds  of  a  mile  wide.  Tlu;  striking  characteristics 
of  this  district  are  the  great  permanency  of  the  viens  and  the  variety 
and  richness  of  the  ores.  The  entire  ,seri(>s  is  situated  on  the  narrow 
])lateau  of  a  low-lying  north-east  and  south-west,  ridge,  and  is  one  mile 
east  of  the  granite,  and  in  close  contact  with  a  diorite  group  to  the 
east.  The  prevailing  rock  is  a  chloritic  argillaceous  schist.  There  are 
at  U*ast  ten  well-delined  veins  in  the  district,  prominent  among  which 
are  the  Randolph,  llunnicutt,  Rarnhardt.  Open  Cut, 'frautman,  and 
McMakin,  but  closely  associated  are  outlying  bodies,  which  may  be 
indepi'iulent  veins. 

'J'he  I\andolph  vein,  nearly  the  extreme  north-west  mine  of  the  group, 
is  jxir  i:rf(lltiic<  llir.  (iold  Hill  Mine,  and  has  been  worked  a  linear  dis- 
tance of  1,500  feet,  antl  to  a  di^pth  of  7  10  feet,  'fhere  are  three  prin- 
cipal shoots  of  ore  which  have  been  exceedingly  rich,  but  in  the  lowest 
levels  they  have  become  of  lower  grade,  though  still  abundant. 

The  l>arnhardt,  -100  feet  to  th(>  east  of  the  Jvandolph,  is  worked  to  a 
less  dejith.  The  ores  are  like  those  of  the  Randolph.  The  Standani 
A'ein  has  been  worked  to  a  depth  of  8-1  feet.  The  body  of  ovo  is  com* 
))aratively  wide.  The  Trautman  gold  vein  was  worked  to  the  depth 
of  24  feet  as  a  gold  mine,  but  below  this  l(>vel  and  down  to  150  feet  a 
variety  of  lea<l  miiuM-als  occurred.  This  vein  is  nearly  at  the  extreme 
south-east  of  (he  group. 


(iOlA>    MlS\Sii    IS    NOIITJI    CAKOMXA. 


IWc 


was  tlie 
^n\  The 
t  ('-.oigh- 
'  t)f  forty 
Ills  )>lace. 
iver  been 
ral  veins 

I  roaclu'd 
orkiiij;  it 

(!VOl()|)('(l 

(ho  ordi- 

II  of  gold 
iient  was 

vVssnys, 

'i<ed  siic- 
li(>  .\[oni- 
ii'ohtably 

Lrict,  had 
I  of  work, 
ntifcrous 
ton. 

t  proihic- 
f  ivowan 
3  tiliglitly 
th-oast  to 
icteristics 

0  variety 
e  narrow 

one  miU) 
ip  lo  tho 
riiero  are 
iig-  which 
nan,  and 

1  niiiy  be 

inear  dis- 
reo  pi'in- 
he  lowest 
it. 

rked  lo  a 
Standard 
•0  is  eoni- 
ho  depth 
(50  feet  a 
•  extreme 


DAVIDSON  COUNTY. 

Very  little  minin- work  is  now  done  in  this  county,  and  only  the 
more  important  nunes  will  be  brielly  aJhided  to. 
Tho  Lalor  (Allen)  aiid  Kureka  are  at  Thomasvillo 
The  Conrad  Jlill  is  seven  miles  east  of  l.exington,  with  seven  veins 
ot  which  SIX  have  been  worked,  rangino-  from  two  to  iifteen  feet  in 
widtli.      Ihe  vein  inatter  is  quartz,  chalcopyrite,  with   various  copper 
nnnerals,  resulting  from  decomposition.     Carbonate  of  iron  is  a  com- 
mon accompaniment,  but,  excepting  the  latter,  the   mine   i^iatter  is 
remarkably  (lestilute  of  all  distinctive  ircn  inineral.s.     The  operations 
Jooke<i  to  a   inal  production  of  gold  bullion  an<l  rdincd  ingot  co|)pcr 
IJie  general  course  of  metallurgical  treatment  was  as  follows-     The 
mine  matter  aiter  the  u.sual  cobbing,  etc.,  was  picked  and  the  richer 
ore  sent  to  the  copper  works.     The  residues,  after  passing  through  a 
l.lakecrusiicr  were  Jigged,  and  the  best  material  added  to  tiie  above 
richer  material.     The  poorest  stulf  from  (he  jigs  was  reject(>d,  an.l  the 
nuMlium  grade  sent  at  once  to  the  stamp-mill  and  amaloamated  as 
usual.      Ihe  tailings  were  concentrated  and  the  concents  Vent  U)  the 
copper  .yorks.     The  material  rich  in  copper  was,  after  roasting,  smelted 
m  a  Shalt  iurnace  (or  matte,  from  which,  after  n  smelting,  etc    a  black 
copper  was  obtained  and  refined.     The  JIunt.t  DoughTs  process  was 
found  to  be  more  oflicJent  than  smelting,  and  was  largely  used      The 
rendues  (rom  the  tanks,  now  mostly  peroxidized,  were'  .sent  to  tlie  bat- 
tery (or  amalgamation.     The  greatest  depth  reac^hed  was  -lOO  fee(      The 
as.says  run  from  |13.;]9  to  $!)4.12,  and  from  a  trace  to  30  per  cent  of 
copper.  *  <•■  VI 

The  Silver  Valley  Mine  is  twelve  miles  outh-east  from  Lexin-rton 
1  he  vein  is  1  rom  live  to  twelve  feet  wide.  The  ore  is  galenitewitli 
l)ieu<  .',  (he  latter  sometimes  predominaling.  This  laroe  per  cent  of 
/mc  has  hitherto  been  the  only  diliiculty  in  the  wav  of  an  extensive 
empoynieiitot  the  resourcusof  this  mine;  and  the  varietv  of  exi.eri- 
ments,  bo  h  mechanical  and  metallurgical,  which  have  been  directed 
to  h,>  i.roblem  o(  treatment,  have  at  best  only  partly  ameliorated  the 
status,  as  is  shown  in  the  following  analy.ses  of  the  concents: 

,,    ,,  ,  Poor  (hiicriitx,  Ji'irhOmi'nil.t. 

*■•';'''•  I'"''*';'^--- --- $  l.i:{  S  -I  |:5 

!;*''"'•  I"''' ''''"t "'Tt.i^  ,'":i7(i'' 

'^""•- '""'•  •••■"t :iu7ii  u.oy 

The  raw  ore  contains— 

'■V''^-  '"'•■ ''"' tn.e.»  .?     4.!^  tr.iva 

Mlv,.r,l....Mo.l.. §|;j.;i„  1-,,,.  ^,j^',^^ 

Si;}  m        sir)4.'>8  "iii^^i 

Lead,  iMTccMt ;    15.H!)'         "'  '  .-,5  v'5  "'  'iS  ,S(1 

•'^""•••"•'•••'■"t '.UAr,  ij.-}-l  S. 

^iore  recently  the  mv  has  been  u^ed  for  a  mixing  ore  at  tlie  smelting 
Works  at  ihomasville,  . 


Ij 


304 


IFAXD-BOOK    OF    NORTH    CAROLINA. 


The  Silver  Hill  Mine  is  ten  miles  south-east  of  Lexington.  It  was 
originally  known  as  the  Washington.  Here  are  two  nearly  parallel 
veins,  with  some  large  hut  suhordinate  hodies.  At  the  coinni'encement 
the  vein  was  supposed  to  be  a  gold  vein,  but  at  the  depth  of  eighty  feet 
it  was  found  'hat  the  vein  was  lead-bearing  silver  ore,  with  gold  as  an 
incidental.  Ultimately  the  ore  was  found  to  contain  argentiferous 
blende  and  galenite.     Analyses  show  for  the  compact  galena — 

(iold.  ])i'r  tor. $4  14  S()  20  54.13 

8ilvf  iMier  ton 2.75  <J.17  9.55 

S<!.89  S15.37  §1:108 

Lead,  per  cent 22.94  56.73  12.57 

Zinc,  per  cent  - 7.14  34.2!) 

After  a  great  variety  of  futile  efforts  to  treat  this  ore,  the  work  was 
abandoned.  _  This  mine  has  been  worked  to  the  doptii  of  725  feet.  The 
latest  exploitation  of  this  mine  was  in  the  shallow  f)arts,  where  a  con- 
siderable body  of  "carbonates"  was  uncovered,  which  proved  of  fair 
grade  as  to  silver  contents.  The  difficulty  of  treating  this  ore,  as  in 
the  case  of  the  Silver  Valley  oi'cs,  is  so  great  as  to  preclude  it  from 
general  metallurgical  purposes. 

On  the  ^\'ard  ])r()perty,  two  miles  cast  of  Silver  Valley,  are  four 
nearly  parallel  veins,  and  a  large  amount  of  surface  suitable  for 
hydraulic  treatment. 

The  AN'elborn,  two  miles  west  of  Silver  lliil,  carries  ores  greatly 
resembling  those  from  the  latter  mine.  Tlio  Symons  Mine,  near  by, 
has  good  brown  ore. 

The  Davidson  (or  l-^mmon.s)  Copper  Mine  is  situated  two  miles  south- 
east of  Silver  ^^alley.  It  was  extensively  worked  for  copper  down  to  a 
comparatively  late  date,  and  was  exploited  to  a  depth  of  416  feet  on  the 
incline.     'I'he  vein  is  six  feet  wide. 

The  Cid  is  one  mile  and  a  quarter  north-east  of  the  Emmons,  and 
has  ores  quite  similar,  but  apparently  may  carry  the  precious  metals 
to  a  somewhat  higher  i)er  cent. 

The  following  mines  may  be  mentioned  as  not  being  capable  of 
grouping:  The  Hamilton  and  the  Jesse  Cox  mines,  in  Anson  County, 
near  Wadesboro.     The  ores  of  the  former  assay  fairly  well. 

GUILFORD  COUNTY. 

In  (iuilford  County  are  found  the  following  mines:  The  Fisher  and 
Millis  Hill,  Ilodgin.s,  North  Carolina  (or  Fentress),  the  Gardner,  the 
Twin,  North  State  (McCullough),  Lindsay,  Jack's  Hill,  Deep  River, 
Uea.son,  Ilarland,  and  Ik^ard.     None  of  these  are  now  worked. 

ROWAN  COUNTY. 

The  mines  in  this  countv  in  the  slate  belt  have  been  described  in  the 
mention  of  the  (lold  Hill  j)i.strict.  There  is  an  approximation  to  bells 
in  the  mines  of  this  county.  One  of  these  belts  is  foun(l  to  the  south- 
west of  Salisbury,  comprising,  among  others,  the  Hartmau,  Yadkin, 


I 


ngton.  It  was 
learly  parallel 
oinniencement 
1  of  eighty  feet 
•ith  gold  as  an 
argentiferous 
lena — 


34.13 
'J.55 

Si;iG8 

12.57 
84.2!) 

the  work 
725  feet. 

was 
The 

,  where  a 
proved  of 

con- 
fair 

this  ore,  as  in 
'elude  it  from 

illey,  are 
3   suitable 

four 
for 

i  ores  greatly 
iline,  near  by, 

o  miles  south- 
per  down  to  a 
lie  feet  on  the 

Enmions,  and 
'ocious  metals 

ig  capable  of 
Lnson  County, 

3ll. 


10  Fisher  and 
Gardner,  the 
,   Deep  Kiver, 
)rked. 


'scribed  in  the 
nation  to  belts 
i  to  the  south- 
man,  Yadkin, 


OOM)    MINIXU    IN    NORTH    CAKOMNA. 


305 


fi     1  '^'','^"^'^-     -^^e  workings  in  most  of  these  have  been  compara 
tively  shal  ow  and  only  one,  the  Aldrioh,  is  now  operated  ' 

A  second  belt  oceurs  two  and  a  half  miles  east  from  Salisbury,  promi- 

a/ir\rji-„t 

adjacent  parts  of  Stanly  and  Cabarrus.     Th;  mineral  veins  "rtl/i    sec! 
tion  are  ol  lair  width,  and  all  cany  sulphurets  of  fair  grade. 

MECKLENBURG  COUNTY. 

Gold  is  probably  more  widely  diffused  in  Mecklenburg  Countv  than 
n  any  other  county  ot  the  central  part  of  the  State,  for  hi  this  area  of 
hirty  by  twenty  miles  are  well-nigl/one  hundred  mines       lardlv  mo  e 
than  an  enumeration  can  be  attempted.     Charlotte  is  the  cen  re    f  a 
mineral  district,  and  around  it  on  all  sides  are  mines,  a,  .ong    1  em    h^^ 
following :     )avidson,  Blake,  Point,  l^xrks,  Clark,  St.  C  U hen neRu  lis  1 
Sour   ■''""•  ''''''''''''  ' •  '^''^^^'"'  '''''■''''  ^^^-"-^  ^'ars;m,Tayioi; 
A  second  group  is  five  to  ten  miks  west  and  north-west  of  Charlotte 
embracing   he  Hayes,  Mc(iee,  Hrawley,  Frazer,  Hipp,  Camr>bel    Tod   ' 
Arlington.  C^apps,  McCJinn,  Stephen  Wilson,  Trautman,  Prim,'  Abe r- 
iiathy  Chapman,  Dunn,  Sloan,  McCorkle,  Cathev 

lotte.     Still   another  group   ,s  situated   in  Providence  township    and 
about  Sardis  Church,  some  five  to  ten  miles  eastward  from  Ch  iVlot  e 
aniong  others,  the  Hunter  (two  vein.s),  Trediwick,  and  Pav  (three  ves)' 
Ihe  Pioneer  Mills  group  of  Cabarrus  County'exten.ls^ii\to  Mecklen- 

Swel)  P  T  Vr  '^^^'''yr^  ^«  "''^'"e<i  the  Johnson,  Slinson, 
Mays  ell,  I>lack,  and  Harris  Otlier  mines  on  the  extreme  eastern  edge 
of  the  county  are  in  the  "slate  belt."  ^ 

«n,?iri?  ''^^^^'^V''"'"'  '"'''>'  ^^  P'-^i-ticularly  mentioned  those  on  David- 
son, pfll^n^dl^^f  ''  '''''''''''  ^'"-^^  -  --^-'  -■'  ^^-  ^-i'- 
The  Pudisil  and  the  St.  Catherine  are  respectivelv  the  northern  and 
outhern  ends  of  ho  same  vein,  and  have  been  worked  more  deeply 
and  extensively  than  any  others  in  the  county.  The  Kudis  1  Ins 
reached  a  depth  of  350  feet,  and  enjoyed  for  several  years  a  a  ^e  W 
of  prosperity'  from  De  exploitation  of  its  three  chimneys,  e^p  cS  ly 


Gold,  per  ton ..,.     ^     |6  21 

Silver,  por  ton .'...*.'.'.'.'"    trace 


$20.67 
.10 


$73.74 
2.25 


ilC5.36 
.35 


$0.31 


$20.77  175.99  $105.71 


"f '!,^;?^.^-^tlierine  has  reached  the  depth  of  4G0  feet  (155  feet  vertical 
and  30o  feet  underlay,  equivalent  to  370  feet  vertical):     In  this  mine 


I 


:]()('. 


IIANt)~ll(M)K    OK    NOKIII    (Alfol  INA. 


also  iU'c  fcvcnil  viihinhU'  cliiiiiiu'ss,  wliicli  iillowtil  i(  many  vcuih  of 
pnilil  ihli'  work.     Tlit"  oics  raii;;i'  in  vnhir  tVorn  1^\()  (o  ljfl.S(>  per  Ion, 

'lilt'  Howell  Mine  is  IJioii^lil  lo  lie  in  the  sontli  extension  of  (lie 
Kndisil.  It  luis  lieen  worked  to  a  depth  of  tliirty-two  I'eet.  'The  vein 
is  two  to  t'onr  I'eet  wide,  iind  llie  ores  ns^^ay  ijfo.ti  I  to  $77.0(1  per  ton.  Its 
soiulierly  extension  is  |,lu>  Sluinnm,  wliieli  is  now  worked  at  the  depth 
«>l'  ninety  feet,      lis  ores  are  ot'  very  i;t>od  ^nnle. 

'I  he  Smith  A'  I'almei'  Mine,  one  mile  south  of  Charlotte,  is  in  the 
Ivudisil  neii;lil'(>rliood.  The  deepest  shall  is  seventy-live  I'eet.  The 
vein  is  two  to  toui-  leet  wi<le      The  oi'es  run  ij?.")  !7lo  !<l  I'.l.o'i  per  ton, 

The  riai'k  is  two  miles  and  a  hall'  west  of  ('harlotte.  and  appeals  to 
have  two  vein  systems.     'I  he  ores  have  i^cner.'illy  lun  well. 

The  Kay  ( 1 5a  It  i  more  and  Norili  <  'aroliiia  )  has  live  \  t  ins  on  its  prop- 
erl  \   <  'f  ;!li<>  aeres. 

The  Steplu'li  W'ihoii  M  me,  nine  mi U's  we>!  nf  ( 'Jmrlolte,  has  ten  veins. 

The  ('apps  Mine  is  live  miles  iuid  a  hall  northwest,  from  Charlotte. 
It  is  one  ot  a  >;ioup  o(  \eiiis  closely  united,  of  which  two  are  coiiverj:;- 
ent— the  Jane  (^Mc(iinn  i;-old  vein)  and  the  <'apps.  The  ('apps  has  an 
asccrlaiiicd  length  of  :!.(KI()  feel,  and  th(>  .l.ane  fully  ;is  much.  The 
later  work  on  the  ('jipps  has  hcen  reslriclcd,  and  linally  ^-toppecl,  from 
lei;al  considerations.  The  last  work  was  done  at  the  hlO-lool,  levcT 
This  mine  has  hcen  noted  I'ov  llit*  amount  ol'  ores  it  could  pi'otlilee,  and 
for  their  su|>erior  ^radi'.  Tlu  re  are  tour  well  known  l)odies.  Tlu> 
ordinary  lun  of  ores  assayt'd  ^\  1  7l',  lij^'J.").!)  I,  ijs.")!)  ;;,"i  and  iit^lSd:;  per  ttni, 
the  laitcr  heinu'  •>  >^ti'ii't  averae-e  of  <,]  lari;'e  hody, 

()n  the  Mciiinn  miniiii;  tract  are  three  veins,  one  of  which  is  ji  j;ol<l 
vein,  and  one  a  copper  Ncin,  I'he  Liold  vein  has  hecii  work* d  to  a  depth 
ol'  lot)  feet.     Tlu>  tun  t'^  ores  is  as  follows:  <lold,per  ton,  ."?•!. o"J,  .^I'J.i;!, 

$:;,  ?»iii).:»;;,  ^'.•;t.7»i.    Co|>pt>r,  jum'  cent ,  i, ."."),  s.o,"). 

The  t'alhcN'  Mine  is  cupriferous  a.«!  wi'll  as  tiuriferous. 

The  Chapman  Mine  is  ei<;hl  miles  iioith west,  ftoin  Charlotte.  The 
developnit  nt--  li;i\e  leached  ;i  (K-pth  oi'  ninetydixc  lict.  l>otli  hrown 
ovv  and  sulphurels  provd  oood. 

The  hiinn  .Mine  was  the  lii si  discovered  in  the  c.uinl>  ,  auil  not  lone- 
ahef  the  lindine,- of  the  nu,u;;-els  at  tlu>  Kecd  Mine.  It  has  at  least,  thret' 
veins,  two  of  which  have  lu'cn  worked  tolhelMlfodt  lc\cl.  'I  he  ores 
a.s.say  t'r.MU  ^\:l('i  to  ?fl"JS.ll  per  Ion 

Tlu>  l''erris  Mine  is  six  miles  noith  I'lom  Charlotte.  There  are  two 
veins,  and  a  third  on  an  adjoinino  tiaci,  worked  in  the  same  conmc- 
tit)n.     Tlu>  ores  have  hcen  of  more  than  averaee  i^rade. 

The  Harris  Mine  is  ten  miles  ;u>arly  east,  of  Charlotte.  The  stre!ch 
of  ininiiiij,  properly  upon  whit-h  this  mine  is  si!iiate(l  is  known  to  have 
rich  efaviT  Suriace  Hill,  one  iA'  these  localities,  is  famous  for  its  rich 
nuuL!,ets.  and  ot'casional   pockt>ts  o\'  ore  an>  lounil  of  extreme  richne.ss. 

The  I011it)lt  plantation,  live  miles  south  of  Cliarlolli>,  has  several 
veins  i>f  auriferous  copper  ore. 

The  Means  Mine  is  live  miles  norlh-AVest  from  Charlotltv  and  has  a 
vein  of  uiuisuallv  line  free-mi lliu'i-  ore. 


<1<»I.I>    MININd    IN    NOKTII    c.Minl.lNv. 


'.U)7 


il(i|) 


I  IH> 

1  MOW  11 


GASTON  COUNTY. 

Only  lAVo.ninos  an,  ,.,K.,a(,.,l  in  U.is  ,.,M,nt.y-tl.o  CatawlM.  ainl  (|,o 

Til,*  Calawl.u  is  u,i<,  mil,,  an.l  a  lialf  south  l.-uni  Kin^s  M.muiImIi. 
NaluMi,  ,M.  M„.  An-  Lin.  iJailn.a,!.  It  is  in  ||„.  Iini,.sl„,i,.  |.,.|t  U  l,'!n 
l.«'  \v,.il<  at,  (Ins  iniii,.  I.a.l  iva,-li,.,|  its  s,.ttl,.,|  ,.,n,li(i„n;  tli,-  ,„•,. 
I'-lv  was  |„nn,l  o  1,,.  Inii,.s|.,n,.  ,.har^n.,|  will,  n  small  ,M.m.iilao,,  <.r 
M.I,.  |nrHs,,iH.|,,.hnK  a  lil.l,.  ,,il,.|.il,.,an,l  ll.,.  v.-ry  lar.  inin,.,al  alTait,' 
^.■H    y  U..,  wl,,.,.   ,,nnat.ni,   is  ^rnM-lM-arinj^s  aii,l  s„in,.|,ini,.s  ns,.s  i„  u 

<"<-.  .V<...,  #...{;.  )^.ll'.*<7()S.  TlH.K,val,ui,lll.,>rt|.„„n.|M„li,.sJlM. 
.•as.MVill,  wlii,.|i  11,,.  or,.  ,s  i„in..,l  ai.,1  inill,.,l,  an,l  U.o  small  am.Mint,  ,>r 
.sill  .  inirls  ,;„ml)iii,.  t,.  mak,.  ,.v,.ii  lli,.  low  ^M'a,l,.s  |.r,.lilal.l,. 

HMvurk  ,l„n..  at   pivs,.,,!  on   UhM. .n^.;  I  mk  ( M,.('arh.|')  M  in,,  is  af. 
"'•.'"'"«'>"  -Ml'.-'  .nam  shall.  wIhto  a  (in,-  h,„lv  ,.l  |.vnt,.s  of  m..r,.  than 
••'•-  i'.n.y  Mia.l."  .s  lonml.aiHl   in   (ho  Whim  .^  ha  ft,  ir.O  r,.,.(,  soiitli-w.-sl 
•"•I.    '..>.....«  an.l   mil  iii^'  an.  i.nM..,.,|in-  vi-on.iisly.     This  ,,r,.,„.rly" 
.has  lwo,)t,li,.r  v,'ins--tli„  I)i\on  aii.l  thr  Ashiirv  i      I       •> 

Anioiur  „(j„.,.  niin,.s  in  <iastoii  Connty  mav  h',.  iiM.ii(ion,.,l  (l„.  ( )liv,.|- 
•'"'•mr  Khyn,.,  |),.,t,  Kho.h.s,  K'ohinson,  Smith,  Crow.h.rs  Monnlain' 
Mill  I  ali,.rM)ii.  ' 

'I'l"'  IX'III,"  has  a  Uv^v  y,.in,  lV,.m  two  to  t,.,,  Ir,.t  wi.l..,  an,l  has  1..,.,.,, 

""''^'■;'  '•'•■'  "'I'"'"'  '"»  ''''''.''I  vvhi-h  <l,.,.th  a  v,.iv  lai- .Iv,.l  snl- 

I'lmivts  was  loiiml,  assayinn'  |V,,m  11.11!  t,)  ;|i;|(;!ll).    " 

LINCOLN  COUNTY. 

'ni';«'.ily  |. n. mill,. Ill  uuhl  iiiim's  in  this  ,„iint v  aiv  th,.  ||,,k,.   I'.iirton 
aiHl  ( iraliam. 

CATAWBA  COUNTY. 

Tho  only  mino  n,.w  work,..l  is  (h,.  Kn^hin,!  Mi,,,.,  ,„.ar  N',.wton,  ami 
11, 'lo  tlio  ,)|M. rations  ai',>  lutt  cxlciisiv,.. 

Til..  Shi.tonl  Ml,,,.,  ton,  ,,n,l  a  half  m,l,.s  „o,'lh,.asl  of  (!atawha,  ha.l 
•"  a  l,.iiu-  ,,,,,.,, Hi  h,,„  ,,  !,,,„,,  ,„,„!, „,,,  j„  ,|,„  ^^.^,^,  ,,,.     ,,^^.^,^.  ^^,^^^,,.    i^^^j 

t h«;  .ma.  ual  oxhan.slion  of  tl„.,s..   ,,Ia,.,.rs,  aii.I   th,'.  fail,,,.,,  t,,  (i,,,!  wins 

•;'  \''M'';'''  =  '''<'';.   ';'.l<''tl'«'>.l('.nal,.ahaii,l,,n,,,,.|,f,,ft,h,M,|,,.nili,,i,s      Th,. 
A.  I).  MiiilonI  Min,>  ,s  lhiv,i-lo,ii|  |,s  of  a  mil,*  s,)tith-('ast. 

DAVIE  COUNTY. 

Tln'..„lv  |.roi,,ii„.i.f  mill,,  is  Ml,.  Luth.r  (or  (\hii,I  v  Lin,.)  Mine  vhrU 
mih's  south-wfsf  ,)f  .Mocksvill,-.  "  '  /^*HiS"^,i.i 

CALDWELL  COUNTY. 
At  l'.ak,>r  Min,>,  CaMwc'll  Connty,  Uumv  ato  four  v,>in,s,  ami  tlie  mva 
cm.  am  c.,)nsi,l,.rahl,.  ridi  ^ah-na.  Otln-r  mii„.s  n,.ar  hv  ar,.  the  I'ax's 
^llillan,  tluaV>ri„Miinj;'.  Tli,M.xtr,.iii,.  norlh-w,.st  ,,.oriuM- of  tho  couiitv 
has  111  the  asL  two  years,  ivc,.ive,l  ,",.iisi,|,.ral.le  att,'iition,  but  no  im.ior. 
ant  mim-.s  hav,'  yet  b,',.n  ,liscov,av,l.,  thonuh  some  i.romi.se  well  inKuiff 
these  are  the  (Iri^g.  Fin/.,>y  ,■   '  the  KattK-smike.  ^ 


308 


HAND-BOOK    OF    NORTH    CAROLINA. 


It'  i,; 


ASHE  COUNTY. 

No  mines  are  now  o,.enited  in  Asluaounty  oxccpt  tl.e  ('..piy  Knob 

((Inn  Creek).     On  tliis  tract  of  lOU  aens  arc  li.ree  veins,  one  ol  vs  ucl. 

•  sCn  tV.  lowe.l  to  u  .lep;!.  of  I U.  loot.     The  ore  s.  a.n,  vary.nj;  Irom 

four  tl^six  inehes  in  width,  is  fillod  with  vitreons  copper  ore,  etc.,  and  a 

little  brown  ore.     The  contents  of  this  ore  an.  shown  below : 


(lold,  per  ton *•'/ 

Silver,  pur  ton '•' 


$.-)t.r)i 


Coppt'i".  pi;r  oent. 


11.24 

S(18.«0 
2:?.  82 


$77  r,i 

SI  12,84 
;n.44 


THE  GOLD  GRAVELS  AND  ACCOMPANYING  VEINS  OF 
THE  PIEDMONT  AND   MOUNTAIN   REGIONS. 

The  Ln>ld  -ravels  in  North  C^irolina  have  a  distribution  as  wi<le  as 
the  '  vLlli.re  rocks.  The  deposits  in  Montjron.ery  County  have  a  ready 
been  described,  but  those  of  the  mountain  se  ctton  are  doscrvin.uof  sepa- 
rate nou'e      The  soin-ce  of  the  j^old  of  the.e  gravels  is  to  be  loun.l  m 
the   mimer.us  cinart.  veins,  which   penetrate   the  a  tored   erys  alhne 
schists  in  innumerable  number,  and  winch,  t  n^ough  the  wea  herng 
pii^cess  have  been  concentrated  in  basins  and  channels  and  beds  of 
K   ;      Th<-  South  Mountain  area  is  cunprised  m  the  space  o^ome 
vo  1     ndred  square  miles  in  the  coterminous  parts  ot  Burke,  McDowell 
^,d      u  Hord  Counties.     The  mining  in  this  secuon  has  been  vcn-y 
ex  01  sive  for  sevcntv-live  years,  but  is  now  langui.hmg      1  he  opera- 
tion   of  the  past  were  neceWarily  conlined  to  such  deposits  as  lay  near 
Uer  an     wben  these  were  exhausted   work  was  in  a  great  measure 
Xncio  e  1      Tlie  work  of  the  future  will  be  on  the  deep-  ymg  gravels 
S  m,    ire  expensive  treatment  with  powerful  hyu.aulic  noans  and 
on   he   re  I  ment  of  the  numerous  veins  which  course   hrougb  the  s  rata. 
?udividual  veins  will  rarely  allow  of  prolitable  treatment,  but  collect- 
ivelv  will  frequentlv  justify  work  by  hydraulics 

tL  oUow  i.g  localities  may  be  enumerated;  ^ihc  (.olden  \nlleA, 
I  aw  01  Smart,  Gravson,  and  Gamble,  in  Rutlu>rtord  Count  v.  In  1  urk.^ 
(Ci  tv  tir  aucoVk  Glen  Alpine,  Carolina  (Meen,  and  .1.  (.  Mills. 
Thriat'ter  has  long  been  worked,  and  has  abun.lant  resources  for  much 

^'S  morf  Important  mines  in  ^fcDowell  (V.unly  are  the  Vein  Moun- 
♦.ir^Hm's  Mountain,  and  the  Granville.  The  first  and  second  are 
^ed  ai'ii  op  Xd  Iw  one  company.  The  tract  comprises  6,800  a^res. 
Ve  Mounb  n  is  well  supplied  with  water,  and  extensive  work  has  been 
done  in  the  rich  gulches  some  six  or  eight  m  nunihor  and  on  the 
ve^.  of  whicb  t.^nty  or  more  have  been.  — ered^  Tlu^k  Unving 
line  of  assavs  indicate  the  character  of  these  ores.  ^2.oh,  ^4.  •.,  ^  >.21, 
$To.33,  Vl3.57,  §74.48  per  ton.     The  Granville   Mine  contain...  l,bOO 

^'-The  production  of  this  mountain  area  is  estimated  to  have  been  at 
least  rA<-»00,000  to  $3,000,00(J. 


GOLD  MiNiN(i  IN  North  cakomna.  309 

Tlie  Polk  County  deposits,  soin  ^  twoiitv-five  miles  south  west,  appoar 
to  be  an  extension  of  the  .South  Mountjiin  area,  and  vvliile  the  deposits 
are  vahiabie,  the  seetion  is  to  a  great  extent  lu.-kin>r  in  those  natural 
advantage's  whieh  ni  the  South  Mountains  eonstitute  so  prominent  a 
feature  ot  the  work.  The  h.st  known  loealiiies  are  the  I'altv  Ahrams 
\yetherbee,Re(lS|)rn)gs,Toin  Arms.Splawn,  i'onder,  Riding,  L.  A  Mills' 
C  aipciitnr,  Jlamilton,  Xeal,  Maelntire,  Double  Hraneh,  and  J'rince.' 
Ihp  Splawn  has  a  mns-ive  vein  of  low-grade  (|uarl/, 

Vein  mining  in   Rutherford  iseonlined  to  the   Wallace  and   Idler 

lour  miles  iiorth-eastofRulherfordton.and  to  the  El  wood  and  Nonanta' 
near  by.     The  ores  are  snlphurets  of  fair  giad(\  ' 

No  niining  is  carried  en  in  either  Wilkes  or  Watauga,  though  limited 
areas  ot  gold  gravel  are  found  in  both  counties. 

In  Henderson  (\)unty,  at,  Hoylston  C'lHvk,  gold  has  been  for  a  long 
time  (jbtamed,  but  more  recent  explorations  have  disclosed  an  enor- 
mous deposit  of  gold-bearing  (|nariz  and  schists,  which  extend  in  a 
north-east  and  south  west  direction  for  a  distance  of  more  than  two 
miles,  and  probably  accompanied  bv  parallel  bodies  of  ore.  This  ore 
contains  a  small  per  cent,  of  sulphuiet.s,  and  is  of  relativelv  low  grade, 
but  exceedingly  abundant. 

'J'here  are  two  other  gold  reg^ou-s— one  in  Cherokee,  the  other  in 
.lackson  — where  gold  deposits  occur  of  sutlicieiit  richness  to  warrant 
consideration. 

The  gold  of  .Inckson  is  obtained  almost  entirely  from  placers  situated 
along  the  southern  slopes  of  the  Rlue  Ridge,  near  Ilogl)ack  and  Chim- 
ney lop  Mountains.  The  mo.st  important  locality  is  Fairlield  \'ahey, 
along  which  these  deposits  extend  for  several  miles,  and  are  by  no  means 
yet  exhausted.  The  origin  of  the  gold  is  doubtle-s  to  Ik^ sought  in 
veins  in  the  I'.lue  Ridge  to  the  north  and  east,  along  the  base  of  which 
Georgetown  Creek  has  cut  a  deep  channel. 

The  de|>osits  in  Transylvania,  east  of  the  P.lue  Ridge,  on  the  head 
waters  of  the  French  Rroad,  are  sup])Osed  to  be  a  continuation  of  this 
same  belt,  and  to  have  a  .similar  origin. 

In  Cherokee  (V)unty  tlu^  gold  belt  is  in  the  sime  body  of  soft  slates 
and  schist,  which  carry  the  limestone  and  iron  (see  chapter  on  iron) 
and  IS  found  both  in  jilacers  and  in  veins.  I'he  sands  of  \'a  ley  River 
yield  profitably  through  a  large  part  of  its  course,  and  along  some  of 
its  tributaries.  South-east  of  the  liiiK^stotie  is  also  a  series  of  "diggings" 
along  the  lower  slopes  of  the  mountains  from  near  A'alleytmvn  to 
Vengeance  Creek,  a  distance  of  twelve  to  iifieen  miles.  Other  minor 
belts  are  also  known  in  this  section. 

Sl'M.MARV: 

Production  of  Prooioii.s  Metals  in  1891,  coining  value  (Report 

of  the  Director  of  tlu'  Mint)    ..    _.  .  $101405 

Number  of  men  rc^Miiarlv  cini)i()vc(l  in  1S!)2     .'.'] '^S2 

Niuiiher  of  men  occasionally  employed  in  18!)3      ]oo 

Number  of  stamps  in  ]S!)'i."..         .."                                   rj2() 

Number  of  Chilian  and  other  mills  in  1S!)3 "  m 

Smelting  establishments  in  1893 ^ 


i.-f 
fit 


■  >      !    5 


:>,1() 


llANIt--ll(»(>K    OK    MUnil    »'A1<(»|.INA. 


SILVER,  LEAD  AND  ZINC 

ho  not  altound  ii\  (his  Stnlc.     As  a  rule  llicv  luc  iissociult'd. 

Niitivf  siivcr  Ims  hwu  IoiiikI  in  some  ini.'inlily  nl  Silvfr  IJilt,  iiikI 
lias  l)('»'M  oliscrvfil  (K'l'asionaljy  at  llic  McMakiii  and  'rraulinnn  niiii('>* 
at  (Jolt!  Hill,  and  at  ('o|t|M'r  Knol»,  Ashe  ( "onnly.  Snljdninl  of  silver 
is  also  n'|inrlt'd  to  have  Imth  seen  at  IIm*  last  mine;  cliloiidts  and  hro. 
ini<lt's,  with  the  associated  minerals,  arc  lonnd  only  in  minnic  (|uanlily, 
and  arc  of  no  vahic  commcifially.  Silver  is  nniveisjilly  |ir(xenl  with 
the  ;;old  in  proportions  ran^iiijL^-  from  twenty  to  live  hnndred  one* 
Ihonsandllis  in  lineness. 

/inc  ores  arc,  in  this  State  nniv(M>ully  as-ioeialed  with  galena,  and 
lead  ores  iVoe  I'rom  l)l(>nde  are  rare. 

Hiicl'  allnsion  has  alrca«ly  l)(>en  made  to  these  places.  , ■null  hey  are 
mentioned  again  iniM'cly  t'»  r  convenience. 

Anril'erons  and  ariicntitcrons  galena  with  blende  is  I'onnd  at  i!io 
riiit'cr.  Lewis,  havis,  II em hy, Smart.  Mnore  and  St e wait  mim  s  in  ruinii 
Comity:  at  tlit>  K'ocky  River.  Allen  iMirr  and  McMakin  in  Caharnis 
the  'rrantman,  at  soiiu*  slighdy  known  localities  in  IJowaii,  and  in 
largo  bodies  at  Silv(>r  Hill  and  Silver  N'allcy  in  havidson  roniitv,  and 
at  the  Steele  aiul  Sanders  mines  in  Montgomery. 

I'Miiit  Knol).  in  Wilkes,  and  I'.aker  Mnie,  in  ( 'aldwell.  may  also  lu« 
(MUimerated.  A  very  small  proportion  of  gah'iiite  is  also.  J'onml  at  llio 
Catawha  Mine  in  (iastoii  ('onntv. 


COPPER. 

In  the  chapter  on  goM  the  mines  containing  copp(  r  iiavchccri  snill- 
cieiitly  di.sensscd.  and  th(>y  are  merely  snmiiiari/e(l  here,  the  reader 
IxMiig  referred  to  that  chapter  for  assays  and  other  particulars.  Pidin' 
ineiit  among  tlnv<(>  locdities  nre;  tlu^  (ianlncr.  North  Stale.  Liiidsa\', 
Fentress  ami  Hodge's  Hill  in  ( Jiiilford  ;  the  Conrad  Hill,  I'lmnioiis  ami 
('id  in  Havidson;  in  K'owan,  the  ( iold  Hill:  in  ('aharrns,  the  I'lio'iiix; 
and  PioiictM-  Mills:  in  Meckleiihnrg,  the  IJay,  l'"crris.  Medinn,  Hope, 
well,  Catliey,  lllliott,  Crosliy  and  |)uiiii;  in  Randolph,  the  Sneiicer; 
the  t'legg  and  ('hick  in  Chatham  :  the  l''oiist  in  .\liimaiic(«;  the  Ihirrell* 
\\\'lls  in  (iaston;  the  (iraham  in  Lincoln,  'riiese  ores  are  anriferdiis 
as  well  as  cnpriferons,  and  in  any  rational  treatment  ho:,i  n  -tah, 
slmnld  he  taken  into  account. 

Of  the  coppiM'  mines  which  carry  no  gold,  or  t(i(>  lillle  ti  >m  of  ;tnV' 
account,  the  f  )llowiiig  1  tcalitie-s  may  he  desc'rihed: 

In  (iranvilh'  and  l\'i'soii  Counlics  is  a  remarkahlc  series  of  copjier 
mines,  commencing  jnst  a  little  south  of  the  \'irgiiiia  line  and  stretch- 
ing  south-wi'st  .some  ten  or  twelve  miles,  .\iiioiig  the  more  imporiant 
mines  ar(>  the  l\o\  -te'^  Tuck  and  Silver  N'nogt>(,  mines  near  llhie  \\'iiig» 
then  the  llolloway,'v«  ant!  '.ne-half  miUs  south-west,  withtwo  veins; 
the  Mastodon  Mine,  uear  the  (iranville-l'(>rsoii  line,  the  l'ool(>,  one- 
fourth  iiiih^  wcsi,  und  i!ie  iiuckcye  Mine;  tluMiillis  Mine,  the  earliest 
discovered  of  the  group,  is  one  mile  s.Mith;  there  are  four  or  live  veins 
on  this  tract:  th.e  ( 'oppci  World  is  in  I'erson  C.,)iinty  one  and  one-half 


TftK   TlirtV   nUK)i  i.F  N'»HT»I  I'-IMnr.fNA. 


:nt 


inil«'M.M(.ntfr  \vn4  fr..i.i  (h.>  (iillix,  umt  still  further  houHi  h  tl..'  Yiuwrv 
Mine,  with  tWM  or  (hroo  vi  ins 

At  iKiiic  (.1  thisf  iiiiiicN  is  lh«>  i»r<liiiiir\  vrilnw  Hiiiph'irnt  of  cojiikt 
HiMmdiiiit;  on  ||ii>  coiitiarv,  liir  oivs  lire  iihick  siilpjnm't  of  (•(•pi.cr. 
VitT«'o(H  copiKT  or*',  (.r  sotiin  oii<>  of  lh(t  iilliiMl  hi^li  ^r,.„«h.  copnci' 
Miil|.hi.h>s.  At,  Ihr  K'oyslrr  (I'.hir  Win^)  Mil,,.,  ihirtv-fivii  U>  lorty  iii(»ii 
ttn>  ciiiphiytMl,  The  iiiii  of  th<>  iiiinr  mssmv.s  ')h  to  S.',"  per  c.-iil.,  which  \h 
••nii(!<«iilnitc.|  to  L'O  to  r.O  prr  ('oiit ;  nhoiil  'liflv'toiis  "per  <hiv  uiv  \\\\\wi\. 
TIm'  proihict  isship|M'(|  to  thr  (>ilor<l  Coppci-  Works. 

JIh'  cooper  hcit  of  Jiicksoii  niid    Ihiywo  ..I   occupies  thi*  ini.hllr  pop 
♦I«)lis  of  tll(w«*  coiiiilics,  fioiM    Iho   hcMil    wntcrs  of  'I'lickiisc^cc  IJivcr  to 
Niivamijih  ('reck,  the  principtil  pojntM  hcin^r  Waryhiit,  Ciijh.whcc  jind 
.Siivaimiih   mines,      At  Iciist,  fwciily  pinccs  nmy  ho  cniinicrutctl  in  this 
Kit't'lion  where  copper  ores  occur,  hot  in  what   ahinnhince  is  not,  known. 

'i'hc  occurrence  of  copp,.rat  <  opper  K  noh,  Ashe  ("ounly,  has  ahea.lv 
been  pointed  out.  The  innst  rcinaikalile  vein  ni  the  State  is  at.  Ore 
Knot),  in  Ashe  County,  il  has  hcen  proved  l)y  Irnd  slmfis  for  nuirlv 
2,000  feet,  and  its  IhickncsH  is  six  to  lif(<.en  feet,  inid  s(»nielirnes  twenty. 
The  ores  of  th(!  tipper  part  of  the  nnne  wen^if  very  lii^di  yrade,  hut 
ttl  the  d(«pth  to  which  the  work  win  linallv  |iroKe<'uted  (  |(l(  (feet),  the 
fonleiils  h.'id  fiilleii  to  I  or:,  per  e, Mil,  of  copper,  wlii<-li  did  not  allow 
'•I  |)i(.lilai.le  W(.rk  at  the  lo.v  price  of  IJie  nielal;  iind  in  the  face  of  the 
nanpetilioii  of  the  more  f;ivorahlv  situated  Lake  Superior  mines,  opera- 
tions cca.se.l  in  JSNJ.  Fr.an  Is?:!  to  |,S,S(»,  the  resulisof  a  ver'v  c..n^ 
\Av\y  Miieltin^'  and  elMunical  plant  were  snlisfaelory 
^  The  I'eiich  Uotloni  or  Max  well  Mine  isin  thewesterii  pirl  of  Aljcj^rhaiiv 
County  TIh*  on-  is  almost  entir«'ly  chiilcopyrite;  inm  pvrit<i  is  almo.st 
»U'alllin;,^  The  ore  issciittered  in  bruins  in  a  decomposed^iieis-i,  and  is 
Mis(!eplih|e  of  eiisy  <lressiiitr  The  vein  has  heeii  operated  for'seveial 
hundred    IVet  in    leiij^lh,  and  t(t  iMU'i>lli  uf  llO  fc  t :  flat  width   varie.n 

ll'tMll    four  to  six    feet 

On  Moselev's  farm,  iii  Surry  County,  hvc  Tiiiles  froin  Klkin,  is  a  vein 
rarryiiiK  yt'llow  c(.pper  tac. '  Near  tnip  1 1  ill,  Wilkes  Connly,  on  the 
fast  sid(!  of  Aryan's  Knoh,  isa  Ixdd  outcrop  liMceahh^  for  nciirlv  four 
Jiiiles.  and  everywhere  carryin^r  pyrrliolil(>  and  pyritc,  with  u  small 
|u!reenlii}j;c  of  ehalcopyrite,  lre(|uently  auriferous. 

At  present  no  copper  is  produced  in  Norlli  < '.irolliia,  Imt  ores  aro 
l^hipped  iVoni  the  (Iranville  County  district.  The  present  pric-e  of  cop= 
per.  and  the  condition  of  th.'  Ir.iile,  are  Uot  Jiivorahlt!  tu  th(;  .speedy 
dcvelopincnt  of  (his  mineral  resource. 


THE  IRON  ORES  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

Ill  every  part  of  the  State,  and  in  <;reat  viiriety,  are  found  nijieneiie  „c,.^ 

hematite,  limonite,  and  .some  sideriie,     Thos(^  Inan  (1 Idcr  forniiition.s 

are  commonly  free  from    i>hosplioriis   and  sulphur,  hut  .^oinelinies  con- 
ii\\n  titanium,  etc. 


312 


HAND-BOOK    OF    NORTH    CAROLINA. 


A  cursory  survey  of  tlie  gto^rrapliical  occairrenccs  mav  properly 
precede  this  chapter.  The  ores  of  tlie  (^natenutrv  are  limonite,  and  iii 
deposits  sluillow  and  of  limited  exteiit. 

In  ihe  Upper  Laurentiaii  and  the  Ilaroniaii  are:  Gaston  and  vicinity, 
in  Halifax  (Joumy.  fiv^e  points;  (iranville  and  Person  ^'ounlies,  several 
localities;  Dnrhau]  County,  beds  at  Red  Mountain;  and  at  Chapel  Hill 
in()range  County;  in  Chatham  County,  in  six  veins  at  or  near  Ore 
Hill,  and  at  Puckhorn  Fall«-  in  Randol^.h  and  Montgornerv  Counties, 
in  at  least  twenty-five  lov:alitie-^. 

The  Tuscaroraand  lliglifield  Ranges  in  (Uiilford  and  other  northern 
counties  occur  in  a  belt  more  than  thirty  milos  long.  Coiinneneing  in 
Iredell  ('ouniy,  and  extending  througirto  CJaston  County  and  farTnto 
South  Carolina— a  stretch  of  nearly  sixty  miles— is  a  still  more  remark- 
able belt.  Near  Danbury,  Stokes  County,  is  a  belt  quite  similar  to  the 
above. 

^  Surry  and  Yadkin  Counties  have  sevetal  localities;  Burke,  McDowell, 
Rutherford,  Caldwell,  Alexander  and  Wilkes  have  numerous  beds;  in 
Ashe  County  are  three  belts;  in  Mitchell  County  is  the  famous  Cran- 
berry deposit.  Other  beds  of  maynetic  ore  exiit  in  the  same  section, 
and,  in  truth,  ,so  numerous  are  these  localities  in  Buncombe,  Madison' 
Jackson,  Haywood,  Mitchell,  Macon  and  Swain  Counties,  that  they 
have  hfirdly  become  known  outside  of  their  re>pective  neighborhoods. 
^  The  iron  def)Osits  of  Cherokee  are  largely  of  the  limonite  variety. 
The  coal  measures  of  the  Deep  River  region  contain  beds  of  argillaceous 
carbonates  and  black  band  ore.  It  will  be  observed  that  few  parts  of 
the  State  arc-  destitute  of  iron  deposii.s.  These  n.ines  will  be  grouped 
geographically  for  tnore  detailed  statements. 

LIMONITE  ORES  OF  THE  EAST. 

The  enrthy  accumulations  of  this  section  in  the  <,>uaternarv  and 
Tertiary  frequently  contain  beds  of  earthy  or  nodular  limonite.  A 
deposit  occurs  in  Nash  County  near  the  Wilson  line— the  Blomary 
mine— where  blooms  have  been  made  on  some  scale.  At  Boney's, 
near  Wallace,  in  Duplin  County,  is  another  deposit.  A  bed  is  also 
found  at  Rocky  Point,  Pender  County,  and  on  Tranter's  Creek,  in  the 
eastern  part  of  Pitt.  Kdgecombe,  Halifax,  Pitt  and  Robeson  show 
several  other  localities.  They  are  found  in  shallow  basins  of  slight 
extent,  and  rarely  contain  any  large  amount  of  ore,  which  ran^-es  in 
contents  from  40  to  55  jier  cent,  in  iron,  and  without  injurious  aniounts 
of  either  sul|)hur  or  phosphorus.  Picking  and  washing  raises  this 
occasionally  to  00  per  cent.,  and  makes  an  ore  suitable  for  shippino-,  or 
for  treatment  in  the  Catalan  Forge,  in  the  production  of  su{)erior  "iron 
for  local  use. 

On  both  sides  of  the  Roanoke  River,  near  Gaston,  in  Halifax  County, 
are  five  localities  occurring  over  a  stretch  of  territory  five  miles  longi 
and  the  scattered  "float  ore"  as  far  south  as  Hines'  "plantation  would 
indicate  an  even  more  extended  range.  Only  two  i)oints  have  been 
worked,  tjie  ore  from  which  i^  of  good  grade  "^and  great  purity:  Iron, 
53.31  to  58  73  per  cent.;  sulphur,  none  to  0  03,  and  phosphorus,  none 


THE  IKOX  ORES  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 


313 


to  0.05  per  cent.;  it  inclines  to  be  granular,  and  consists  of  both  spec- 
ular and  magnetic  iron.  Other  less-known  places  are  near  Sinilhlieid 
and  liCacliburg,  and  at  Whitaker's,  seven  inilrssouth-we.^t  IVoni  Kaleigh, 
at  both  of  which  places  are  notable  outcrops  of  limoniie.  Tiie  metallic 
resources  of  these  recent  fonnaiions  have  been  little  investigattd. 

The  Buckhorn  Mine,  on  the  Cape  Fear  River,  in  the  western  part  of 
Harnett,  is  a  magnificent  deposit  of  manganiferous  hematite  occurring 
on  a  hill  2U0  feet  high.  The  vein  is  from  twenty  to  thii  ty-six  feet  thick. 
The  ore  is  admirably  adapted  to  the  manufacture  of  spiegel  e:sen,  and 
carries: 

li'on r)5.00  to  m  .'jO  pvv  cent. 

MaiigaiH'so    ."i-.'ij  to  l.j.ST  jx-r  cent. 

Pliosphonis 02  to      .04  percent. 

Siiii)liur , 02  to      .00  per  cent. 

One  mile  south-west  is  another  locality  of  similar  character,  the 
Douglas  Mine;  two  miles  north  is  the  Dewar  Mine,  and  one  mile  north- 
west is  the  Pegram  Mine,  a  vein  of  magnetic  ore  wiih  four  to  six  per 
cent,  of  manganese.  The  iron  manufactured  from  these  ores  makes  a 
very  su|)erior  material  for  car-wheels,  (tc.  This  range  extends  ten  to 
twelve  miles  south-west,  and  several  i)laces  are  known  yielding  a  fine 
and  rich  magnetic  ore. 

The  Triassic,  immediately  adjoining  the  (^laternary  on  the  west, 
and  extending  for  about  one  hundred  and  twenty-live  miles  from  Dur- 
ham C'ounty  south-west  to  Anson,  and  with  a  recognized  width  of  five 
to  twenty  m^'es,  may,  from  an  econom  cal  point  of  view,  be  summarized 
in  tlie  following  i)aragra|)hs: 

At  Knap  of  Reeds,  in  Durham  County,  nearly  at  the  Granville  line, 
are  several  beds  of  siliceous  red  hematite,  viz: 

ti-'m       . •V?,.■lr^  percent. 

^<>ll>li>ii' .    _.  ■  ,0:^  percent. 

Pliospliorus 0«  i)er  cent. 

Near  Haywood,  in  the  angle  of  Haw  and  Deep  Rivers,  is  a  series  of 
beds  of  red  ochreous  ore  or  limouite.  This  ore  makes  its  appearance 
again  near  .Sanford,  twelve  miles  south-east.  The  black  band  or  ball 
ores  or  kidney  ores  of  the  coal  measures  are  imbedded  in  and  coexten- 
sive with  the  coal  measures  at  Deep  River,  and  at  several  places  out- 
fcide  of  this  locality.  The  shaft  in  the  Egypt  coal  mine  shows  three 
of  these  seams  oi  ball  ore,  and  two  of  black  band;  these  beds  vary 
from  sixteen  inches  to  six  feet  in  width.  Most  of  these  ores  are  apt  to 
be  of  low  grade  in  iron,  and  to  carry  much  sulphur  and  j)hospl«orus. 

The  Evans  property  (two  veins)  is  six  miles  north  of  the  (hilf  The 
ore  IS  hematite,  with  contents  in  iron  32  to  (50  per  cent.,  and  hardly 
more  than  traces  of  sulphur  and  phos{)horu?.  The  Ore  Hill  Mine  at 
Ore  Hill,  on  the  Ca()e  Fear  River,  and  on  the  Yadkin  A'alley  Railroad, 
in  Chatham  County,  is  a  most  conspicuous  property.  Here  are  six  or 
more  veins,  two  or  three  of  which  may  j)ossibly  retich  to  ten  or  fifteen 
feet  in  thickness  The  ore  ranges  from  limonite  to  hematite,  with  con- 
tents in  iron  47.87  to  58.70  per  cent ,  traces  of  phos|>horus,  and  sul()hur 
0.23  to  0.28  per  cent.     Connected  with  the  above  two  properties,  and  in 


:u 


MAND-nooK    or    NOUTH    CAIH  tl,l  N  A. 


'  'If* 


iAi 


ylosp  proximity,  luv  Ihiv,.  ..(Iut  pn-iMMti."--,  all  c.|.,.ral(.l  I,,  supnlv  u 
nu«st(vl  |.lant  at  (inviisluM-o.  It.  may  In-  nuMitioiml  that  s,.v.>ral  (,|Iht 
l<|«-tlilM's  ,n  thiss.rlion  show  larp^  anioimls  cf  "li.mf'oiv.  in  (,raii- 
yiil."  (  >.iiiity.  at  Si-|,l,  I'ost.olli,-,.,  .-i-l.l  an. I  oiu--l.alf  niiirs  nist  ..f  I'.Iiiu 
\>  l^^^  IS  ail  iron  UK-ality. 

'"   iIh'   lluronian,  iii'lVrs„n   ('.)unl\.  a*    Mount  Tirmli,  is  a  luiiKM.f 
specular  iron    wliirU   (iuriii- lli,.    hit.-  war  suppli.-.l  a  nirnac..   ii.ar  l.v 
A  roci  nl  sampliiii^- five's:  •  " 


•II.DS    IMT   CCIll. 


Siil|iliMr  .  ' "    "        ' 

'■'""'''""•"^  '        ■"":"■:::":..::":  <uT,«.r ....„(. 

Somosix  milivssMith-uvst.in  Durham  C.unlv.al  I.NmI  M„uiilain  is  an 
"'•';"  ';.";"'"r-  .-^  li".-  .piality  of  nia,i:ciiHic  iron  is  fouii.l  .u.  (li,>  casi 
si.h-  ol    I  law  U'lvvr  at  TyrivUs    Mount.  wIi.mv  the  win  is  ivporl..!  to  hr 

•'••''''  <;';•»•■  I'vt  wi.lc:  also  at  Clavk-s  farm,  tiuv..  mil.s  south  (>as(  of 
t  liiiprl  llill.  A  imo  mifarrous  hrmatitc-  is  fouiid  iii  Oranpc  Couiilv 
nv'.xv  {\w  uumih  of  Collins' Crork.  Kiv.-  milos  soulh-rastof  lliilshora 
H  Im.;  vcMii  ol  mao-iu'iit,.  is  traco.ihjo  lor  oih--fourth  mil<>.  Il.-nialil.-  is 
Mis.,  toun.l  oil  llu.  Ilastinos  pi,,.,.,  an.l  at  tiir  railroad  bri.lpv  over  the 
I;-"..  Kiver.  on.,  half  mil,-  west  of  llillslu.ro;  also  in  four  other  loealities 
li-'.m  tlMv,>  to  hv.-  miKvs  west  ami  s,>utli-w.  s|  of  the  sinie  t..wn  Surfi.v 
sp.vimens  hoth  of  m;i,i;neti,.  ami  hematite,  fr.)m  various  parts  of  lh(. 
county  in.iie.ite  l.-irp-  umlerorouml  stores. 

I''Ut  th.-  most  iiotahleoi..  hank  in  ( )ran,ne  Count  v  s.>  f.ir  op..n.Ml  is  !,t 

'';'1""1  I'll:  It  IS  siluat,..|  on  a  hill  one-hilf  mil,.  n..rlli  of  ChaiM.l 
llilh..iml  more  than  l!(»()  fe,.t  ai...v,-  the  en'ek  at  its  has,,  'j'he  vein 
*'.'>i'ri,.s  h,.matit,>,  an.l  is  s,.v,.n  t.>  ten  f,>et  wi.l,.  at  th,>  main  shaft  an.l 
with  .an  ,.nlar-,.m,ai(  t..  twenty  live  ,.r  thirty  f,.,>t  lu-ar  t  li,vs,.,.on.l  sh,.,fi 
A  s,vond  v,.in,  live  ov  six  f,.,>t  wi.l,-,  ,.r,.ss,-s  tlu-  loniu'r  y.-in  n,.ar  shaft, 
.No.  1.       I  he  ay,.raov  analysis  of  the  ,)re  is: 


Ir.ni 


I  iiiKpiuinis 
Stil|)|uir    . . . 


''•.II  |irr  rciii. 

.  tt.(fr>|.,.r  r<.|it. 

0.  I  I   pi'c  rent. 


I  luMv  an-  snrlae,.  imli,-alions  on  tlu-  hills  hoth  t..  the  north  .-asf  nul 
io  thesouth-\vest  for  s,.yeral  niih-s,  whieh  .s.vni  t..  ,.onneet  this  ..c'ur^ 
iv.'u.e  at  Chapel  1 1  ill  with  tin-  Kvans  y.-in  in  Chatham  County  wliieh 
has  similar  ori\ 

Th,-  oivs  ,.f  M..nfo-..m,.ry  ami  Kan.lolph  aiv  f.ain.I  in  the  s;im,.  <'.,.,..,t 
lliii'"niaii  s!,it(.  lu.ll  that  ,..)nstitiites  flu-  im.st  imtnhl,-  lealuiv  of  tlu- 
luM.lh-  r,-,ui..n  .>f  the  State.  h,)th  ov..nraphi,-ally  ;,i„|  miu,.ralo..i,,,|lv 
At  l,-,.ist  twenty  live  hn'alili.-s  ;ire  kn,.wn  in  th,--,-  limits  when-  .'on- 
si,l,-rahloam,)unts  of  in.n  ,. re  have  lu-,-n  toun.l,  hut  so  ruouv.j  j^  d^, 
eounlry.!in.|so,Ie^titut,.,.f  ,.|u.,ap  m,-aiis  of  transportati,.ii.  (Iml  hitherto 
there  has  luvn  little  in.lueement  t,.  .-xpl.iit  ,)r  even  t.>  seaivh  tor  tli..m 
I  he  h,-sf  known  ,.f  tlu-s,-  oivs  ,.,.,Hir  at  Fnink linsviU,-,  K.in,l..lph 
touiity,  an.l  anoth.-r  y,-in  has  hr,.n  op,-n,.,l  in  tlu-  same  cuiity  at 
Aslu.h>)r,>.  n..th  ,Mrry  spi^'iilar  hematite,  ami  s,.nie  of  the  sti,.iitr,.st 
an,l  most  hisvhly   pri/,-.|   iron  ohtaiiu-.l  ,lnring  the  war  eiuue  from  this 


tMJhl   IIION    OUIOH    or    NdHl'll    CAUOI.INA.  IJ 1 T) 

locality,  iiiid  AViis  dovotcd  to  Mio  iiifiimfactiiro  of  .sliHl'linj;,  cfc.  N(!ar 
M'roy  is  an  occiirn'iu'c  of  liciiiatitc!  and  one  of  inaj^nctilc, 

( >\\v  of  tlu!  most,  pcrsislcnl  ranges  or  scries  of  IxmIh  ni  iron  ore  in  the 
State  croHHOH  the  county  of  (iiiillord  in  a  north-oast  and  soulh-vvcHt 
direction,  passing-  ahont  ten  miles  noi'tii-\V(i.'-t  of  ( Jfcenslxtro,  near 
.l''riendshii).  It  extends  from  th(!  iiead  waters  of  Aiiliolt's  ('reei<,in 
Davidson  ( 'ounly,  entirely  acro.ss  (Juilford  to  Haw  Kiver,  in  U'ockin^- 
liam  (and  possiidy  hi-yond),  a  distane,(!  of  thirty  miles,  makin;^^  its 
appearance  on  nearly  every  plantation  and  hillside.  The  ore  is  mag- 
netite, and  everywlier(M,itamfei'ous.  About  three  miles  t(t  the  iiorlh- 
Wostoccursa.  sinnlar  and  n(;arly  parallel  hell,  and  the  relative  |)osition!i 
f»f  the  two  make  it  hij^hly  prohahic  that  they  are  the  exposed  edj^r,.s  of 
a  syn<:liiinl  hasiii  of  three  miles  in  width,  the  'I'liscaiora  K'annv  hein<^ 
the  s(»ulh-eastcrn  and  the  1 1  inhlidd  or  Shaw's  the  iiorth-weslern.  The 
HV'era^-e  width  of  the  veins  is  claimed  to  he  fully  four  feet. 

The  I'an^c!  of  cont(!nt.''  is  shown  helow  in  tin*  averaj;e  often  samples: 

1l"'l ."il.Cil    IMTcrril. 

'l"ll:il'Hllll H.07   |MT  r.'lil. 

Siil|ilmr  :iiii|    plinsiilionis , ,  . . . . .    sli;^lit. 

There  are  also  otiiei'  iron  localities  in  K'ockin^ham  which  do  not 
l)olonji;  to  this  rauf^'e:  for  example,  near  Madison  iin<l  two  miles  helow 
Moi'i'head's  factory  is  a  liui-ineli  seam  of  red   hematite  of  lii<;h  ;j;rade.. 

The('cntral  Lower  Laureutian  helt  IVom  ( iuilfoi'd  to  Mecklenhin|.^ 
C/OUnties  shows  no  deposits  of  aii}'  extent,  thou<;h  surfaiM^  sjiecimens 
uro  found  in  many  places. 

In  the  counties  of  (Jastou,  T.fncolu  ami  Tjitawlta  is  one  of  the  most 
I'Xtcnsive  ori*  ranges  in  the  Stale,  as  well  as  the  hcsl  known,  for  it  has 
hccn  extensively  worke(|  for  nearly  a  hundrcil  jind  Iwentv-live  y<'ars„ 
and  has  \)vvu  the  principal  souici!  of  the  domestic  supply  of  iron 
durin*;  that  period.  The  ores  are  sometimes  maf^nelic,  hut  more  fre. 
quently  hemal  itic,  and  are  found  in  tins  talcose  and  (pnirtzilJc;  schists, 
.vonu;times  called  the  Kinjjjs  Mountain  slal('s(l  luroniaii).  f'or  a  detailed 
description,  see  "Ores  of  North  <'arolina  "  p.  lo.').  This  hody  of  schists 
<;-raduMlly  narrows  towards  the  norlh-c.isl,  and  the  ran<;-e  extends  only 
thr(>e  to  four  miles  north-east,  of  the  ('alawl);i  Nivci';  to  the  smith  it 
extends  into  S(tuth  Carolina.  This  ran^v  naturally  divides  itself  into 
two  sections -the  northern  in  Lincoln  and  Catawba,  the  southei'u  in 
Gaston  and  in  South  Carolina. 

Commenciui;'  willi  the  most  northerly  of  the  wclhknown  and  pro- 
ductive bids  in  Catawba  ('ounty,  the  siiccesson  is:  rowell  ore  lied, 
Littlcjohn,  Ab(>rnathy,  Mountain  (.'reck,  DiM'p  I  lollow,  TilJmiui,  Heard, 
Morrison,  K'obinson,  Stonewall,  Brevard  and  Lin;  ( )r(>  IJunks;  the  last 
four  art'  in  lancoln.  Several  furnaces  and  for^as  have  been  supplied 
with  ore  from  these  beds,  piirticularly  the  l>i<f  Ore  iJank,  for  a  very 
lonjj  period,  and  the  (pmlily  of  th<'  iron  manufaclui'od  has  always  been 
o()od.  Limestone  for  lluxinjj,  is  fouml  in  an  adjacent  parallel  series  of 
beds.  Oidy  charcoal  iron  has  thus  fai'  been  nuule.  These;  beds  occur 
with  well-inarkod  characteristics,  us  do  also  the  horizons  connecled 
with  them.  The  ores  ai'c  nu)stly  of  a  schistose  stiucture.  and  mav  bo 
rib(>d  as  nui^tu'tic  or  specular  schists,  and  commonly  rc()uire  some 


II 


>!?:' 


f  B 


C  I 


If  f. 


310  IIANI)-l!()(tK    OF    NOinil    <'AK(>I,INA. 

(Irossiiifj:  hol\»ro  iiso  in  tli(>  furii!UH>.  V'or  u  considcrnblf  ]);u-f.  of  tlioir 
(•oursc  tluMo  tiro  two  pjwjillol  hfds,  the  ouiiihiiKnl  tliickncss  hciiijr  |V(,,n 
tour  to  t\Vi>lvo  foci,  and  in  llio  liijr  ()ro  Ilaiik  occasioniilly  oigliloou 
toot.     Tiio  following  lisrures  show  tlio  goiioral  range  oi'  tiio  ores: 

IUk  l»ri"  Hiinli.  Sliiiicw.ill  llMiiU.  Oowcll  lliiiiU 

''■<"' (ir.l'J  per  cent.:  o.")  10  per  <TMt  ;  (U.'Jl  per  cciK  . 

I'linsplionis    .    .Oim  per  .•.■111.;  .01  1  pci  .rilt.  ;  .001)  p.T  .'.■lit 
Sitlpliiir       ...     .  la  per  cent. 

Owing  to  tli(^  ,sv.st(-ni  of  working  )>y  loa^.'^os  only  a  niodorato  depth 
lias  heen  reaoliO'l.  Snnio  subordinate  bed,-;  a.'^,  for  inslanee,  the  I'aino 
iu  Catawba,  and  the  (iraliam  in  Lincoln,  are  a  little  roniove.l  from  this 
series,  while  several  well-known  mines  in  these  counties  are  enfirely 
roinoto,  vi/„:  The  Harringer,  in  Catawba  County,  si.\  or  seven  miles 
nortli-oasl  of  tlie  l''orny  l^ank,  with  others  in  th'e  .same  vicinity;  and 
in  Lincoln  a  limonite  locality  two  miles  east,  of  Lincolnton,  a'noth(>r 
like  body  .seven  miles  norlh-west,  and  oue  live  miles  south  of  Colla<>o 
lionu>.  '^ 

The  south  pait  of  this  rang(>  in  (iaston  is  likewi.-e  crowded  with 
equally  valuable  miu's  .\mong  thtni  is  the  Co-tn<M'.  live  miles  south, 
west  of  Pallas,  with  a  vein  Ion  lo  twi'lvo  f.  et,  wide;  the  I'llli.son,  oiu? 
niile  south  west ;  the  l'\>rgu-on,  one  and  on(>-half  inih  s  I'm  ther  on  ;  the 
lMill(Miwider,oue  and  one-half  milessiill  further.south-west.  Tllo^^'lIo\v 
Kidge  lies  two  miles  south-east  of  Kings  Mountain  village.  'J'ho  Moiui- 
taiu  (h'o  Haidv  is  one  mile  nearly  norlh-west  from  the  l-Vrgu.son,  with  a 
vein  four  to  eight  feet  wide;  the  ( )rmond,  one  and  one-half  miles  in  the 
same  diroctiou.  Tiio  latter  has  a  magniticeut  vein  eight  to  si.vteon  feet 
thick,  and  even  more  occasionally.  This  mine  is  a  large  producer  of  a 
very  pulverulent  ore  of  high  grade  and  purity,  admirably  adapted  for 
"Fix"'  and  largely  u,sed.  The  subjoined  aiialyscs  show  the  g.ineral 
characttM"  of  the,>^e  ores: 

Costiipi-.        Klllsoii,        ^'.llivw  Ui.lg.',     Mdiinluiii  oi-nii)ii.l, 

•••<"'-- MV7,)         wi.[\\  (11.74:5  r»7..-.()         (),-)(;:      07  !t7 

IMi.isplionis  ...     .  ii.)ii(>  none  trace  noii.-  0|:i  .O'jri 

Sulplmr.  per  cent     .11011.'  iioiic  .o:!;{  ,„„„.  (i-.^,.,,        <,.,„,,. 

The  Atlanta  and  Charlotte  Kailroail  pa,ss(>s  in  clo-e  ])rt)ximity  to  all 
those  (iaston  County  bods.  Tlio  Ormond  is  connected  by  a  branc'li  road, 
over  which  lu>avy  shipments  of  ovv  are  daily  made  to  Hirmir.ghanI 
an(i  to  Kichmond  at  very  satisfactory  rat(s  to  the  producers".  No 
furnaces  are  at  present  in  ojtoratiou. 

The  ores  of  Vmlkin,  Surry  aud  Stokes  Counti(\s  occupv  a  relation  to 
tlio  Pilot  and  Sauratown  Mountains  similar  to  that  (d"  the  (iaston  and 
Lincoln  ores  to  the  Kings  Mountain  Range,  and  divide  themselves 
into  two  groups. 

The  Stokes  magnetic  bo't  is  fully  twenty  miles  long  and  four  to  live 
wide,  in  a  series  of  paiallol  beds.  "  Thero'is  a  good  body  of  ore  on  the 
Leo  Nelson  place  live  miles  north-west  of  Danbury— the  (i  rand  fat  her 
Orel?  ink: 

'j'^" 47.^3  piM-ccnt. 

l'>i'"""" - - !2p.T<viit. 

^'''t''"'"" 00(1  ppi- cent. 

I'liosplionia  ...  oj<l  poi-font. 


Till-;     IKON    OUKM    OK    NOUTH    CAllOMNA. 


'M7 


Tlu>  K'o^'ors  Oi-o  Hawk,  two  and  oiic-luilf  miles  north  of  Dnnbury,  is 
eight  (cet  thick;  tlu^  ore  in  inii«,'netie,  and  hay  been  largely  worked. 
Anaiysi.s: 

l;,""    ,    ----- 4».();i  Ui«r.  :!•(  iht  cnit,. 

I  •'•''^l''""-iiK ....  ,„„„. 

^"'l''""' .--  tnicc; 

The  Danhury  I''iirnac(>  property,  adjoining  the  (own  of  Danhnry, 
has  si'veral  veins  of  higligiiuh'  and  pure  magnetic  iron;  among  them' 
is  the  Kiser  I>;ink.  Other  loealiti((s  of  rich  magnetic;  iron  f)res  are 
known  in  th<'  Sauratown  Mountains  among  the  liead  waters  of  the 
Dan  Kiver,  hut  have  not  yet  l)een  opened.  ( )n  tiie  northern  houndnrv 
of  this  b(dt  is  a  zone  of  brown  hematite. 

^  'l\\v  magnetic  bell  above  alhided  to  extends  south-west  into  Yadkin 
County.  The  most  prominent  of  thes((  oc<'urr(>iu-es  are,  the  llobsou 
mine  (several  veinsi,  ranging  in  contents  from  K)  to  bO  per  cent,  iron, 
and  |iractically  free  from  either  sulphur  or  |)hosphorus;  among  these 
are  the  Sand,  IJlack,  lliitcbins,  I 'pper  and  Sliield  r,aid<s,  Nhagnetic 
ore  is  al.so  found  at  l^ast  r>end,  and  a(!ro,->s  the  ^'adkin  liiver  at^?ihix- 
WellV,  in  l)avi(!  County,  near  its  southern  boundary,  and  at  Aliens, 
seven  and  one-half  miles  north-east  of  Mocksville. 

In  Surry  County,  on  'I'om's  Cre(d<,  a  few  miles  north-west  of  the 
Pilot  Mounhun,  is  a  deposit  of  magnetite  which  iias  l)cen  worked  to 
supply  a  small  forge  near  by  for  more  than  one  hundred  vear.s. 
ilyatis  bed  is  near  the  junction  of  iJull  iJun  Creek  and  .\rarat  liiver' 
William.s'  ore  bed  is  four  miles  north-west  of  Ivockford. 

'Pile  Stanly  bematiti!  on;  beds,  of  considerable  width,  are  Letweeu 
Klkin  and  Dobson.     'I'lie  analysis  gives; 

''",", r)2.f)2)().".l,V.>  per  (-(.lit. 

^^,',' 1 1 '!","■    •^■>U>      .11  pci-f..iit. 

riiosplinrus .  1  lacc. 

The  resources  of  l'\)r.syth  County  !iave  never  been  examined. 

Magnetic  iron  is  found  o"casionally  in  Alleghany  County.  Only 
two  jtlaces  have  attracted  attention —in  the  north-west  corner  of  the 
county  in  the  angle  between  Surry  and  the  X'irginia  line,  and  at 
Atvvood's,  four  miles  south-west  of  Sparta. 

'I'her(>  are  many  valuable  be<ls  of  lim(»nite  extending  from  the  north- 
east foot-hills  of  the  South  i\hjnntains  in  a  norlh-east  direction  into 
the  Brushy  Mountains.  l<'rom  Jacob.s'  Fork  of  Cabiwba  Kiver,  near 
the  eastern  border  of  Huike,  acro-s  the  ('atawba  and  by  wav  of '( bin- 
powder  Creek  to  the  waters  of  Middle  Little  liiver,  near  the  eastern 
border  of  Caldwcli,  and  beyon<l  to  the  northern  slo[)es  of  the  l*)rushy 
Mountains,  the  same  ore  occurs  with  similar  associations.  Near  the 
low-  of  Hickory  is  a  live-foot  bed,  and  three  miles  west  is  the  J'ropst 
mir..  Limonite  occurs  on  Chestnut  Hill,  near  [card's,  and  magnetic 
iron  six  miles  south-west  from  Ab-irganton.  At  Ore  Knob,  near  by,  are 
several  outcrops  of  red  hematite.  A  like  .series  of  limonite  beds' are 
found  on  ( Junpowder  Creek.  So  nunierous,  indecMl,  are  these  beds  that 
only  an  enumeration  can  lie  attempted.    Middle  Little  Kiver, Mclntyre's 


31S 


1IAND-I!(K)K    <»K    NOK'III    »  AUOI.INA. 


If*  m 

It  Mf 

J  J  ^<« 

IP  »'S 

1. 1 


Motintniii,  15al(l  Moiiiitaiii,  antl  Miry  Braiu'li,  show  ()utfrn|)])in<j;s  for  n 
(lislaiicc  of  two  to  (lirco  inilt's.  On  SU'clo  Creek,  in  (lie  iiorlh-wosi 
pail  of  ISiirkc,  aro  ouk-rops  of  niaf^iu'tite  and  licinatite.  Linioiiito  also 
occurs  at  Hrindlctown.  A  bed  of  superior  nia^Mietite  is  found  on  Warrior 
Creek,  not  far  from  Tatterson's  in  Caldwell,  wliieli  is  traceable  for  hun- 
dreds of  yanls;  a  lik(>  ore  is  alM»  reported  to  exist  in  larjL:;e  iiuiintilies 
on  Mulberry  Creek.    Fino  luartite  schist  is  found  at  Kiehlands,  analy/injj;: 

IcMi .<(;.:t'J  \»i  CI '11 1. 

I'liosplmnis iioiif 

Siiliilmr <"■'  I"'"'  '''I't- 

At  Hull  Kullin,  some  ten  miles  norlh-(>ast  of  the  above,  in  the  edf;(' 
of  Watauga  <"ounly.  is  ;\  similar  ore  of  the  vt'ry  hij^hesi  character: 

Iron - - tlT.tiT  per  ci'iit. 

I'lmsiiliniiis tliH'C. 

Suli.lmr <•'-.'•">  I"'i'  <<'nl. 

Ma,!j;iu>tic  iron  is  found  at  l''arl hint's  farm,  live  and  one-half  mih's 
norlh  of  I.enoir,  coutainiuo-: 

lion r)i.  1  I  |i('r  (lilt.       * 

'rilaiiiimi mhiic. 

This  whol(>  raui;(>  pa.^ses  into  Surry  County,  s(>venty  live  miles  <lis- 
tant,  where,  at  l-'isiier's  Teak,  uv.w  the  \'irf;inia  line,  beautihil  martite 
schist  is  also  found.  Titaniferous  ii'on  ore  is  found  on  Curtis'  farm, 
near  Kirhlauds,  in  a  blulV  at  U^i^t  forty-live  fci  t  thick: 

lidii    , li^.K'  percent 

Titiniiian ...:i(!.'tO  percent. 

I'liosi.horiis Ir;i(  r. 

SoMu»  attention  has  lately  been  eivon  to  tli(>  limoni  <>s  of  Nbd)owell 
Countv.  in  the  south-west  part  of  l.inville  Mountains,  .\monir  these 
localiiics  are  ConiU)lly's,  Flemmiufi's,  Pinnacle,  Paddy's  ('reek,  in  the 
o-ap  on  top  of  l.iuville  Mountains;  at  Sliortolf  Mountain  and  (>\tend- 
ing-  on  to  Carson's  Ore  Hank  of  th»>  North  I''ork  ,  also  in  rcter's  Cove, 
near  the  Yanccv  iron  nuues.  where  mauiu'lic  iron  occurs;  maenctile  is 
also  occasionally  found  at  other  points  in  tlii^  mountain.  There  is  aii 
abundance  of  limestone  near  by  for  lluxiuiu.  l.imonite  also  occurs  in 
the  same  ranu'.N  at  Ore  Mi)untain.  just  over  the  litu'  in  Ihiiu-ombe 
Countv.  in  Mitchell  Coui\ty  are  several  beds  of  limonite  one  mili' 
souib-iast  of  I)akersvilK>,  at  M(d\  inn(>y's;  al.<o  four  miles  north-west 
of  Flat  Ivock.  l)Ut  the  abundant  and  })un>  maotietitt's  of  Milclu^ll  are 
the  chief  resonrci\s  of  this  section.  Mere,  on  tlie  W(-stcrn  slope  of  the 
iron  ^hnlntaiu,and  three  miles  fiom  the  Tcnne-sce  line, is  found  at  ( 'ran- 
berry  the  laruvst  dt^posii,  o\'  m;ioiH>lil(^  in  this  section.  The  prevalent 
rock"  of  the  UKHintains  here  is  hornt)lende,  schists,  etc.;  the  ore  is  a 
pure  magnetite  associatiMl  with  pvroxene  tuid  epidote.  The  length  of 
this  outcrop  is  about  1,500  feet,  and  its  width  "JOO  to  .SOO  fei>t.  The 
opiM'ations  are  (piarryin^.  rather  than  mininu-  Tln^  <u'e  is  practically 
free  from  phosphorus  and  sulphur,  and  with  sonu-  care  in  bandliuji;- 
can  be  brouiiht  up  to  (10  or  (u^  ))er  cent,  of  iron,  though  the  shipments 
ona  large  scale  are  somewhat  lower.  The  purity  o(  the  ores  lias  given 
them  a  wide  reputation,  and  they  art^  largi^ly  used  for  mixing. 


Tin:    lltoN    (>|;KS    (II      NOKI'It    CAKOMNA. 


Sl{» 


other  l)(>(ls  of  iiui^nctite  occur  in  IIk- sanic  luifrlihortiood  iiloiijr  tlio 
I'licc  of  tlic  sanu!  luomitiiiii  in  holli  (lircctinnw  irom  < 'riiiihcrrv,  mid 
tlicre  is  an  cxicnsivc  rjiii^fof  in.ii  ore  hcds  in  this  region  ol  (lie  ^McaUst. 
value.  At  l-'lnl  l\ocl<,  live  miles  sdiitli-east  ol'  Hakersviile,  is  u  lar«o 
vein,  and  al  Keck  Creek,  the  same  distance  west,  on  lloek  Creek,  arc 
several  heds.  Cii(>\|)lored  heels  are  known  near  I'.akersville,  and  two 
hcdd  to  (he  north-west,  ni^ar  the  Statt!  line,  and  on  the  head  watisrs  of 
lii^-  l\ock  Creek  at  the  loot,  of  Koaii  Mountain.  'This  re^ion  is  ot  tin; 
hi,u;hest  promise,  and  with  a<le(|uate  lacililiis  would  all'ord  enormous 
su|>|>Iies  of  ore  to  this  most  im|toi(aiit  industrv. 

The  inaeecssihility  of  Ashe  County  will  .soon  he  a  thin;;  of  tlui  j.ast, 
and  the  hope  of  prolitahle  investment  has  stimula,led  a  mor(!  careful 
examination  of  this  section,  hoth  hy  private  parlies  and  \)y  {]w.  Slate 
and  National  ^nivrinmeiits.  So  far  as  the  results  have  heen  niadi^  puh- 
lic,  the  iron  ore  deposits  seem  to^ioup  them.^elves  into  three  nearlv 
|)arallel   ranges. 

Tile  lirsl  IS  louiid  jii^t  to  the  niirlhu  of  the  Noith  l''ork  of  New 
Iviver,  which  cro.s.ses  the  county  in  the  center  ami  nearly  dia^onallv 
from  south-west  to  north-east.  "This  Hallou  or  iiivcr  I'.el't  isahoutsix 
miles  lonj^,  and  is  cut  in  i's  center  hy  \a\[\v.  Helton  Creek.  The  veins 
ran,t;-(>  IVom  two  t.)  twelve  feet  in  thiekne.ss,  and  IIk^  oi'c  is  majfiietitt!  of 
liij,di  .uiade,  lanuiiin-  frdn,  .|:,r»  (o  07. i;'.  per  cent,  of  iron,  and  traces 
only  of  sulplinr  and  |ilinsph(irus;  the  localities  are  I'.rown's,  I'.alleiu's, 
( ie>ntry"s  and  l.tnulfdrd's 

The' seci.ntl  lieh—tlu'  Ue'd  11  i  1 1  or  ToLsoii  Drane-h  helt—e'eimmeiu'e's 
ueMr  the  \'irn;inia  line  wheMv  it  is  cut  l)y  the  Neirth  JMirk,  anel  exteiiels 
in  a  s.iuth-we'st  eliicvlion  lu'arly  acreisV the;  county.  The  meire;  imjior- 
taiit  e|e've'le)pme'nts  are',  ceiinnie'iicin^-  em  Ihe^  neirt  li  e'asi,  j>ee  I'uf^h's, 
.1.  L.  l'iio;irs. Smith's.  Da iicy's,r,]ae-k"s,  Ih^d  1 1  ill,  lleltem  Kiieih,  Me  ( 'huv's^ 
Ule'vin's,  h'te'iU'li's  anel  il!im|ile)irs— -a  elistaiie'e' eif  pe-i'liaps  lifU'en  miles. 
'I'he  ve'ins  lanuv  in  width  iVom  tweit.ilcn  fed,  anel  the'  ore'  is  nieisti v 
nia^ne'tic,  .-ieime'tinie^s  man^anileidus,  of  i^n'e'at  purity  and  satisfacteirv 
richnc.ss.  'i'he'  tilanife'ieiiis  he'll  is  in  the'  north-we'st  pail  eif  the  e-eiunty, 
(•(iminen-in.u-  lu'ar  the'  ln'ael  waters  eif  Liltlc  Ijcltmi  Creek,  near  the 
\'ir,ninia  lineymel  extending  nearly  live'  miles.  It  is  aheiiit  three  miles 
niiriliwe'st  of  the  iJe'il  Hill  he'll.  The'  prenniiu'iil  peiints  are;  ^'emne^'s, 
McCarte'r's,  Pe'iinin^fdn's  anel  Kiihy's.  The  width  eif  these  veins  is 
consielerahh',  raii^in,!;-  fmm  e'l^lit  to'twenty-live'  iVet.  TlieM'e)ntei  ts  in 
irem  are'  satisfae-lory  ami  the'  purily  is  as-ured.  hut  titaniiim  is  alnioi-t 
invariahly  pre.se'nt,  soiiu'time's  e'xe-e'e'dinuj  e'l^ht  per  cent. 

The'  irein  euvs  of  ihc  Miuth-wesI  iiKiuntaiii  section  from  lliiiie-omhei 
westward  tei  ( 'he'reikee  are'  ini[)crfec'  ly  kne)wn,  and  emly  an  eiinmeiMlion 
eif  ))laces  will  lu'  atte'injiteel.  In  Maeli.sein  Ce)unty  mauiie'tite.'  is  founel 
on  the  lieael  waters  of  Jvy  Cre'ck.auil  s')|lso  is  titanife'rems  iron;  ina^- 
lu'tite'  also  ex'cursat  the  Smith  Mine;  ne;ar  the!  month  eif  the-  .same' cree'k, 
and  e)n  I 'ppe'r  Spiino'  Cr,H>k  :  e»n  I'.e'ar  Cre'e'k,  lu'leiw  Marshall:  e.n  the 
eastern  lork  of  IJi^-  Laurel;  ami  at  the  Ke'elman  anel  at  the  Sikes  niiiips, 
near  Marshall.      I'rof.  C.  J).  Smith  loe'a'es  three  zones  in  this  cnnntv-' 


'.\2(> 


HAN|)-mM)lv   «»l'    Nttlilll   C.iUol.lNA. 


Vwo  tniU's  IVdiii  AslicviHc  is  Iuiiik!  ii  IhmI  of  liiiioiiili'  several  feet 
Oiick,  mill  II  rnuef  nf  liiiiKiiitc  luds.  nssociiilcd  willi  the  liiiicstitiie, 
cxIriKls  into   I  raiisy!   iiiiia. 

Ill  111."  iiorlli-wc^t  jiail  (>r  llny\V()(u1,  (ui  Wilkiiis  CrccU,  is  a  lioM 
()ul('r«)p  o\  niauiu'tili'  'riuTf  arc  also  inaenciitt-s  iimt  licnialilcs  in 
various  localilu's  of  .lacksoii  ami  Macon,  wlicro  (>\l(>nsiv(' «l('|)(isils  aif 
ri<|>oil(Ml  Maeiiflitc  is  rouinl  in  Macon  al  I'l^li  Hawk  Mountains,  anil 
at  I'Mijiiy  «  reck,  soulli  cast  of  l"'niiikliii;  at  Ansel's  ami  til  Waslihiirn's  al 
the  Iie'aii  of  ( 'artoo>;aja  y  ("reek,  j,inionit(>  is  also  t'onml  al  <,>uallalo\\  ii 
in  Jackson  ( 'onnly. 

No  county  in  North  ('arc)linM  contains  so  liir}j;e  slorcvs  oi'  iron  ore  as 
riu'rokce.  1)1.1,  it  is  mostly  linionilc.  The  inarlili  lu'ds  ol'  \  alley  and 
Nollclcy  Ivivcrs  arc  everywhere  accoin|ianicd  hy  heds  of  this  oic,  there 
l>i'in,i»' sonuMiincs  as  many  as  four  |)arall(d  l.cds.  'The  hrcatllh  of  this 
iron  and  marhlc  ran}:,!'  is  two  fo  three  miles.  The  river  valley,  exicnd 
inix  ill  "  north-ciisi  and  south  west  direction,  isahoiil  I wt'iity-loiir  miles 
lonu;,  and  there  is  a  hihircation  of  it  some  six  or  ei^ht  miles  ahove 
Mnrphv,  the  easiern  hranch  |nirsnin,i:;  a  mort>  southerly  course  some 
six  mill's  or  more,  mi  ikin^  a  st>rirs  o{'  de|>o>iiis  of  thirty  miles  in  lci)};th. 
Atsevtral  points  there  arc  reduplications.  At  \'allcyto\\n  there  are 
two  paiMllcl  hcils;  at  the  Taiker  ( iold  Mine  arc  three  heds.  .\|  ( 'ol- 
l)crt's,  six  or  seven  miles  jihove  Murphy,  are  iron  heds,  al.'^o  a  lai|;e 
Led  at  Mrs.  I.catherwood's;  af  Mrs.  Ilayis'  is  another  hcd.  and  several 
heds  or  scries  iA'  heds  ht>i  ween  this  and  Murphy.  <  )nedialf  mile  helow 
Mnrphv  arc  four  limonitc  hc(h,  and  heils  at  several  other  points  down 
tlu'  river.  On  the  easlwaitl  hranch  iA'  !hc  hihircation  ahovo  alluded 
lo.  are  similar  heds  al  sonu  thinu,'  like  a  do/en  points  as  far  to  the  cast- 
ward  as  Krasslown  I'rcck.  The  tpianlily  of  ore  is  imnuMisc  and  widi'ly 
ilislrihultMl,  and  it  is  of  fair  i^radi'  in  its  ir.tn  constituents. 

'^he^e  notes  art>  necessaril\-  hricf,  and  have  hcen  conlincd  to  lhos(> 
points  which  havt'  hcen  more  or  less  investi^att'd  and  are  compara- 
iivi'lv  acce<sihle:  neveiiludcss,  the  points  mentioned  arc  hut  a  part  oi'  n 
l.Trm'  whole.  The  readtM'  who  di'siri's.  to  look  into  the  cnrrciil  infor- 
inauon  will  tiiul  many  details  in  tlH>  "Ores  of  North  Carolina,"  and  in 
the  Vivr,ious  liulletJJis  puhlishcd  by  the  State. 

MANGANESE. 

On^a.  of  ,tiian>:aTiest»  are  not  ahundant  in  Nortli  (\irolina,  thou<;ii 
found  to  sonn^  extent  in  connection  with  ^ild.  silver  and  iron  or(>s. 
Thore  is  ;v  very  promising  bed  o(  psiloiiKdane  in  Caldwell  County,  live 
miles  west  of  Lenoir,  and  at  Tcrkins'  Mine,  leu  miles  west  of  Lenoir, 
,is  another  hed  of  oxide  of  inanj^anese  otu>  foo'  thick.  \  lar^c  hed  is 
rejiorted  at  LoweV,  in  Surry  County.  .\t  lUue  Kidoc  (lap,  in  Mitchell 
(\nintv.  is  a  hed  of  pyrolusftc.  .V  small  si'Min  oeeurs  near  l>.inhury, 
Stokes  C>nintv.  The  nianj;-anilerous  ores  of  Ihickhorn  Miiu^  have  hcen 
descrihed  vinde--  the  head  ol'  iron.  A  nian,>;-anese  ore  iVoni  .lacksoii 
jrave  m.'iuiianese  53  (51  per  cent,  'i'hore  is  a  series  of  heds  associated  with 
the  Kings  Mounti\hi  schists  of  Uuston  and  Lincoln;  asauiple  from  ^lear 


'oral  ft't'f 
imrstoiif, 

is  II  li(tl(l 
iiililcs  ill 
piisils  jii't' 
aiiis,  iiiid 
iliiirir>  111 
liillahiw  u 

nil  (tl'c  i\<. 
illcy  and 

lilt',  llu'l't' 

ii  of  tliis 
,-,  t'xlciid 
niir  miles 
Irs  aliovf 
rsr  scaiic 
II  l('i)};'tli. 
thtTf  arc 
Al  Col- 
•>  a  la !■«;(' 
d   si'vcial 

lilc  l)fi(i\V 

Mts  d(i\\  n 
i>  alliuU'd 
llic  cast- 
id  widi'ly 

1  ((I  timse 
(•(Uii|)ara- 
paii  (it  a 
'111  iiii'or- 
I,"  and  in 


I,  tluiu<;ii 
iron  ows. 
nnty,  live 
if  Lt'iioir, 
ro(>  lu'd  is 
I  Mitchell 
l>anluiry, 
i;ivc  hccii 
.iai'ksiin 
iil.cd  witli 
tVom  ?!c:!r 


r 
n 


KroNuMir    MIM.:|{AI,«, 


:{2I 


HriK^s  ror^n  ^r.ivo  hiiinKaiii-M(<  21/ir.O  por  rciil,.  A  .siinilur  voin  is 
toii.M  hour  (iialiimis.  Ill  Mncoh,  ( •oniilv.  wliid.  .i|.|M.iir,s  ((,  I,,,  imurly 
MIX  l,.,;i  thirk;  II  hk,.  voiiKnr  |.n.l.nl.l.v  tlii>  H.imn  v.mii  m  roiiii.l  nraV 
VoHiiviiiM  iMinmcc,  winch  c.Milnins  iiiiiii^r,i,„,„„  |;{  r,„  ,.,.  ^.^.,|,  ^^^^^^  ^,^^^ 
us<>i|  iiM  a  ^rnud  mixiiif,'  t»n». 

CHROMIC  IRON, 
'riiis  oiv  is  foiiiul  Im  .moiiik  nxlfiil  Willi    Mm.  ir,,ii  oics  ,,r  vnrioiis  pails 
ollli.-  SiMl...  (.sp.Mially  ill  tlir  Tuscaniia    Caller,,  j,,   ( iiiillonl,  ainl  als(, 
Willi    Ili(»  rlirvs(.|il(«  l.(.,|,>-  or.lacksuii,    YtiiH'i^y  and   Milch. 11   ('uiiiili..H 
1  \w  most  pi'dtniiiciil  ()(riirr..|i(Ts  an«  luMir  Wohslcr,  and  nl  llainploirs 
nciir  Uiinisvdlc.     'I'h..  fonucr  ^,\\i>  chroinic  oxide  i\:\:V2  por  (-(.iil. 

COBALT  AND  NICKEL. 
TIm'so   inclnlHniv  futitid  very  rnMni,.nllv  in  Iho  aiiiiruruiis  siiiplndrH 
n    I  ir    Male,   hill,    III    no    kiiuwn    iiiMlaiicc    in    troiK.mical    (inanlilinM 
Nickel  IS  l.anid  .|nil.- ;^r,.„('ially  (iss,„.i„|<.d  with  lli(>  clirvsojilc  raiiLM-  in 
anioimls  varyinj^r  iv,„ii  <>(.-,  i,,  0.:;.^  per  ,.,.nl.,  and  with  iracc.s  ..f  c„hall, 
I  rol.  I  hillips  rcpurls  s(»iiie  ^(x.d   spcciriKMis  In. in    Kllijay  Creek    .hick- 
Hon   (N.nnly.  and   one  (^ann<«iilc)  IVuin    I'.owinan's   jlinil',    lleiideison 
yonlaininj.  1  I  S'.i  per  ceni,.  nielallic  na-kel 


'i!;' 


ECONOMIC  MINERALS. 


PYRITE. 


I'yrilc  IS  one  ..f  Ihe  mosl  common  mineials  of  Norlh  ("arolina  ll 
IH  not  only  fonnd  in  j,r|„l„ilur  <Tyslul!iiie  masses  in  many  of  tin*  marl 
hedsot  the  Kasteni  counties,  hnl  manvor  the  ^nieissoid  rl.cks  and  slates 
contain  il  in  c(.nsi.lcral)le  .pianlit.ies,  and,  Ixssidcs,  il  is  fonnd  in  alnuist 
every  min(>  ol  tho  State.  In  the  m,,|,|  niines  lh(.  associated  pyrite  is 
KoMeraliy  aniiferons.  Lar^,.  veins  of  eompact  pyrite  are  now  heiiu' 
worke<l  III  (iaston  County,  and  promising  d(>|.(.sits  ;ir(.  reporle.j  as 
ocenrnn^-  ni  several  other  e.nntics.  especially  in  .lacksoii  County  near 
l.alsiiin  Station  on  the  Mnrpliv  l{ailrond,a  larj^e  deposit  is  said  ItMuriir 


MICA. 


Smoo  iSii!)  mica  milliner  has  hoen  an  important  industry  in  seven! 
counties  ol  the  mountain  rcfriu,,.  especially  in  Mitchell,  ^anc.'v  and 
Mticon.and  toa  smallercNtent  in  .lackson,  Huncomhe  ami  Haywood 
Counties.  The  afrj.n-t;ute  yield  of  cut  mica  to  datc^  has  heen  more  than 
halt  a  million  poun<ls,  valued  at  not  Uss  than  ji  irillion  <lollars.  A  new 
hrunch  ol  the  industry  is  now  spriiij^rinjr  np  in  the  ^rimlinjr  of  the 
waste  mica  (nearly  nine-lentlis  of  the  whole)  into  a  line  r»c,vder  w!.i<.|, 


r 

? 

i 

^^^■ii 

s 

'1 

3*2 


•) 


IIANIt    IMMiK    nr    NtMifll    t'MiitilSv 


IU> 


H  Used  III  lllltlli  iiiiIn  mill  III)'  olIiiT  |HII  |ti(!S)'H  'rhc'iiiliu  urrHis  n"  I  .„  - 
frysliilM.  iissuciiitnl  Willi  i|iiMil/  iMiil  rcl.lsi.in.  in  vi  iim  wl  ( uiisidt  iiiMi. 
fNli'liI,  HJtmihil  III  tlir  ).«nri.ssrN  mihI  nvslnll 


llllli    vrli|s|> 


KAOLIN  AND  I  IHI  -c;i  AY. 


Kiioliii  t 


xl    III    llltlllN     til     tht'     iMuIJiIIkI     IIImI      \\t^ll|ll     nllhllt^    III 

lln'Slul(>  III  i|i>|iii>4ii,s  v.iniii^  Ml  i|uiiiilil\  iiimI   .|iiiilily.  iiii.l    iiiliiliji'  lor 
VIII ions  HNCN,  chinn  iiinl  uIImm  Wiircs.  |iH|M'r  nnikiiif-.  i'mkI    I.u    inv  Inn  k 
riir   liu>;fs(    .IrposilN  ul    |niii'   wliilt-   kimlin  im>   Inninl    in    tlir  Wrslcin 
iiinnlus  iiM  II   inodinl   ol    drniiii|tnslli(i||  nl    llic  l(l(|:-|iiir    III    liilf',1'    Vi'lllH. 

A  nnmlu'f  (il  llnsi-  xrnis  Imvr  lutii  unikcij  tlnmi^  llir  piisi  It'w  vt'iifM. 
Tin"  liii!>,cs|  islliiil,\Mirkr«l  liv  llnM  'imijiiiii  (  liiv  Coinpiiiiv.  iniir  Wrli.slcr. 
Itt'ils  ol  lire  (lay  iind  |mi|((  is  (  jny  nlsn  tilitininl  in  lln'  inun'  irmil 
^'.rnlo^iinil  rni-nialions  nl'  Ili<<  JMislrni  iiinl  Mitllmnl  n.nnli.s  'rin>  hvo 
liM'^',»vs|  (It'iutsils  ..I  liiT  cliiy.  Ill  |in'K>n(  known,  arc  unr  ntnr  ,S|.(int 
S|n-iM;'.s  in  lliirnrll  rounly.  on  llir  ("ii|m-  I'Var  iiml  N  inlkin  \  allrv  ICail 
roa«l.  and  on  llir  Noilliwosirni  Noilh  ('.n<diiin  K'ailroad.  alioni  loin 
iml»>s  sonliiwi'.si  ol"  (im'iiHlioio.  |''in>  hiick  iVoin  l>olli  llics.'  l.ids  havo 
slood  MitislMflonly  llic  .si'vcrc.Ml  Ini  naic  tests  ('lav  lioni  llic  liititr  ol 
tln«so  deposits  IS  now  liein!-  innmilaelnred  into  lire 'hnck  and  terra  rolta 
ware  on  a  eonsideralde  seale  Kire  ilay  is  also  said  hy  Mnitnons  lit  lie 
almnd.inl  in  (iaslon  Coiintv,  and  tliere  is  a  deposit  eoveiin^  a  ronsul 
t'laltit-  area  on  llie  Mnipliy  Kailroad.  Iliree  niil»-s  west  ul  .\slieviile.  I'miu 
ulihh  lire  hriek  are  now  lieiiij;  niannlaelnitd 

TALC. 

l''oliated  ami  lilnons  I.mIc  oeeiiis  in  many  plaeiv:.  Imi  ||,,.  |„i)^e  work 
•iMe  l.eds  i\(  (Ins  miiieral  appear  to  lii>  itniilid  to  Ma«'on  and  ClM-rokeo 
«'onnti(>s  Here  on  the  Nanlali.il.i  Ki\(«r  in  Maion  Coniitv,  and  on 
\  alley  ai\d  Notttdy  Kivers  in  Clierokee,  nia.'.sive  til.roiis  aiid  lolialed 
white  taU'  oeenrs  in  irrei^nlar  IcMilieniar  masses  in  the  heds  ol  marhle, 
ami  is  heinj:  mineil  and  ivrtumd  at  .siveral  points  lor  nse  in  Iheartsand 
manntiuMni'i  s 

Soapslone,  an  impure  variety  of  tale,  in  llie  lonn  of  a  ^M'eenish  and 
j:rayish  massive  or  slaly  roek,  is  widely  disliihntdl  in  tin<  Stat.\  and  is 
niain!\   iis(«d  loe;illy  lor  ehimm>y  ami  liiriijiee  hearths  and  linings, 

AGAI  MATOLITE 

Is  I'ound  in  lh(>  Miulhw(>s|  ei.rne:'  n\  ('halluim  Coiiniv  This  is  ,'i 
laruv  ilt^posit  helons^iiis.;  h>  thesl.ite  .s.>ries  (  Kerr's  1 1  nroniaii  I.  whieh  has 
>|uite  .Mil  extiMisive  rani^'e.  oeeurrme  in  Moiilj^om(>ry  and  partsof  Chat 
ham  11  IS  popularly  ijilled  sojip.shim',  and  has  thesoajiv  feel  of  llial 
mim-ral,  hut  ronhains  only  o  t)2  per  (vnt.of  ma«,Miesia.  Tliis  suhstam-e 
has  heeii  an  .Mrtiele  o!"  trade  to  New  ^'ork  on  a  lar^e  scale,  and  for 
many  years  It  is  used  in  the  manuractuit-  o(  paper  wall  paper 
espcciallv      soaps,  ct^smctics,  p<Mu  ils.  Ac  and  lor  various  adultcralionw. 


!<<  ONOMK-    MINrHAI.K. 


•  tin 


hiiri 


HARYFE. 

Siiiill  ,|,.|„Mih  of  l.iiivtp  itn-  (oIm.  rniiii.l  ill  niiiiiv  |.l;i.-.-i  in  li,,.  SliiJi., 
IMII   niily  ,1    low  <|i'|.Ms||s  HIV  wuilliy    Ml'    liiKtillnil    Immt        A     Vrin    nl'    v»Tv' 

wliilK  tMiiipiirr  yriniiiljir  I.Mivli',  nl'  li spv.-ii  |uPi«lil.  U'i'l  ill  widlli 

'"'^; ';•"'"  '• I  »•  <'i"w.i.T%  MutiMiiiiii    AiiuMmt  v.-iii.ri^hi,  r,„.t  iii 

Wl.llll    III    |.|l|.VH,  ul     III,,   wl '.IMinillllVMIIclV.lnisl.r.n   W,.llx...||(,MOl||.. 

.'XlPiil  III  (•|miM||,.|'.,  II ,„||,.,   ImIuw    Miiislinll.  ill    Mii.jisuii    C. ly, 

aihl  otlipr  vi'iiH  III..  i'i.|i<iil<"l  lis  iM niiiiii^  m  this  ivj^iim. 

WHLTSrONE. 

\[ ')'.   II"'  ^ilK'Inlls  ;ir^i||y|,.s.  SM  iiIiIIImIjiiiI,    |||    ||,<.    n.;,'i Irsciilirrl 

liy  Kniiis  IIiii'miiiiiiiJIktc  iin.  Iiv.,ih.|i|,  Im-.Is  of  iinviinilil<*  or  wlid 
■'!'"""'      * ''  """  '"'^1  InrnlilM.M  IS  ii    r..\v    ii,i|..,s   wi'nI,  uf  <'lin|><>|    Mill 

ll-'tlll    Wlilcli     lliPM,.    Mluips    liiiV..    I.c ;||||,.|     III    nil    .|ir..'l,i..||s        ()||„.|' 

•  imiin.-siiio  Iniiii.i  III  |',.,M.,ii  CmiiiIv,  ii.'mi-  I.'uxI.miu,   m  Aiisuii,  iml  liir 

llHIII     W.l.j.MJH.In,     ill     M,,|||^r ,.,.y    „,„|    ,|,  |  joi  ||  i  ||,J.    (■(  ,||  1 1 1  i,  .S   ,,11     l,|'|(.   ^ICllt 

.Millie  Im-II,  1111(1,  III  III.'!,  iilliiusi  i'vvyy  s.rlinii  ..f  Uh-  Slnlr  Ims  iIm  own 
«|niirn(«H.  wliirli  ..ilhrr  .!,,  or  i,ii,r|,i  sii|,|,|y  il,,.  j,,,.,,!  .|,.|,i,i,„|,  „|,  IcmnI  lit 
)iiii'l  mid  IIS  In  iiiliclcs  ol'  III! iiiiiioiii'i'  prudes. 

MII.LSTONL  AND  GRINDSTONE  GRITS. 

""' '^■""'^'" I    IIk' Siiil,,.   is,  ill    iiiiniv   pliirrM.  well   iidHjilcd   lo   Mm 

riM.MCH  (.r  ^rriiidsioiK-M,  iiiid  diiniiM  il,,.  wiir,  Willi..  III.,  lonu^^ii  .siimoIv 

wiH,.u|,  oil.  1I1..V  w(-n.  Iiirj...|y  M,  IIS..,!.     '|'|„.   Aii,s..ii  ('..imlv  niinrrii.'.^ 

riiriiisli  11  very  liiH- ^M-iiidsloii..  imd  wliflst.>iii.  >.f|il, 

'•'•" "k' i'>t«'.'^  "I'  lilt'  liiiissK-  sciK.s,  wrii.'ii  iiiv  iisMociiil...!   with 

llll'l     l'<'|.lilf..    III.,    sun. Isl,, lies    iiIm.v..    Ill..|it|.>i|.'d,    I, J, v..     Imtii     joii^     ,11, (I 

\vid..|y  11S...I  lor  inills|..ii..s      TIk.v  hnvr  I n  |.riii..i|Milly  ohlniiicd  (rom 

Mnniv  ( '..Hilly.  ..||  M,.L,.||doirs  ( 'iv,  k,  wIk-iv  |Ii,.v  iiir  ohliiiii,..!  of  ,.xc(.|- 
"iil  (juiililv.  iiiKJ  llicy  liiiv..  I.r.'ii  .Iistril.iit<'.|  IVoiii  lliis  |M.iiit  ..vcr  a 
'■"'«•"  "iiiiiilM.r  ol  iiiLrvciiiiij.  .•oiiiili(.s  I..  II,..  151,1,.  K'i.j^r,..  iS,,„„.  ,,1' 
tlics..  SI..II..S  liMv."  Imm'ii  ill  lis,,  lor  lil'ly  y..|irs.  mid  llirv  m."  ....ciisioiiallv 
found  lo  Im-  ii-'iirly  (.)|iiiii  |o  ||,..  h"n.|ifli  l.iihi  ■sloi,.. 

Tin.  c.mr-..  |»..r|divroidiil  ^'rmiil..s  mid  jrii..iss('H,  wliicli  mv  si.,,tl..r('.l 
«.V(>r  ...  Imv..  ,1  purl  ..f  lli,.  Slat..,  „iv,  [...wcvcr,  I.Ik*  hm.sI,  (■•,iiiiii.,ii 
"""'''■">'  •'"•  mdlH|i.n..,s,  nil. I  in  lli,.  IvisP.rii  srclioii  IIk-  sI„.||  n.ck  is 
<»lt(>ii  partly  or  wholly  silicili..d,  loniiinji;  a  sort  ..f  l.iiiir  ston,.,  ns  in 
(icor^ia,  an. I  is  w.'jl  ii.lapt.'.l  t.)  1,1.,^  sain..  iis<.s,  !,,  Madison  County,  in 
IlK'Crystallinc  schists  in  !,.|iir.'l  {{ivcr,  Ihcr..  isaii  iriv^r,i|,iHy  iainiiiat.'d 
whilisli  .|uarl/„  occurriii^^  in  lai.,M<  veins,  wliieh  is  us..d  lor  niillsl.jni.s, 
which  are  ivport.-d  to  1.,.  j,  m,„,(1  sulMlitiil..  for  hulir  stmi... 

CORUNDUM. 

('nrunduin  has  hcen  found  in  c..nsi.l..rahl..  .piantities  in  s.;veni| 
cnunlies;  notul.lv  Mae,. ii,  ( lay.  Jacks,, ii.  Ilavw(.()d,  Madison  and  Iro- 
dell.and  in  smaller  , piantities  it  has  l.,...n  rouii.l  in  many  other  plaeiH. 
|)uriii<;  (Ik*  past  s,.v(.ral  v..ais  miiiiim  for  .•..ruieliim  has  l.een  an  impor- 


';i:|l  ' 


324 


HAND    lUlOK    or    NDKTU    CAROLINA. 


tant  industry  in  Macon  County  at  Corundum  Hill  and  on  Buck  Creek. 
During  the  present  year  (1892)  exten.sive  mining  operations  have  been 
in  progress  at  several  j)laces  in  Macon  and  Jackson,  and  on  a  smaller 
scale  in  Iredell  and  a  few  other  <'ounties. 

MARLS. 

Marl  is  very  abundant  in  twenty-tive  counties  in  North  Carolina, 
very  widely  distributed  and  of  several  kinds,  the  j)rincipal  of  which 
aro  four,  viz.:  Creen-sand,  eocene,  rniocene  and  tria.ssic.  The  first  has 
generally  but  a  small  percentage  of  carbonate  of  lime,  5  to  30;  the 
second,  usually  40  to  05;  the  third,  20  to  GO;  and  the  fourth, generally 
less  than  -lO.  The  last  is  of  little  consecjuence  as  a  fertilizer,  because  of 
the  very  limited  extent  of  its  outcrop?,  and  it  is  scarcely  used  where 
abundant. 

GincKX-s.vNi)  Maul  occurs  throughout  the  -Southeastern  region  of 
the  State,  between  the  Xeuse  River' and  the  Cape  Fear.  It  comes  to 
the  surface,  as  stated,  along  the  banks  of  the  Cape  Fear  and  Living- 
ston's Creek,  on  Black  River  and  South  liiver,  on  the  Xeuse  River  and 
its  tributaries  about  and  below  Kinston,  along  the  Contentnea  and 
Moccasin,  and  a  few  points  even  as  far  north  as  the  Tar  River. 

KocKNK  Mart.. — The  marls  of  the  n(?xt  formation,  which  arealwavs 
found  overlying  the  preceding,  when  the  two  occur  together,  are  either 
a  calcareous  sand,  passing  in  places  into  a  friable  sandstone,  coarse  or 
fine,  or  a  fine  calcareous  clay,  or  a  conglomerate  shell  limestone,  more 
or  less  compacted,  and  occasionally  semi-crystalline.  They  are  com- 
posed of  comminuted  shells,  corals' and  other  marine  exuvia'. 

Mioci:.ve  Marl. — These  are  commonly  known  as  shell  marls,  or  blue 
marls.  They  are  found  in  limited  patches  or  "  beds,"  and  are  scattered 
over  a  much  wider  territory  than  either  of  the  preceding,  and  beino- 
nearer  thj  surface,  and  so  more  accessible,  have  been  much  moreexten*^ 
sively  used,  and  are  consequently  much  better  known.  Tiiev  are  found 
throughout  a  large  part  of  the  Eastern  region,  from  South  Carolina  to 
Virginia.  In  fact,  they  occur  in  all  the  counties  of  Eastern  North  Car- 
olina, except  those  lying  between  and  north  of  the  great  sound,  and 
two  or  three  small  outcrops  have  been  observed  in  Cliovvan  and  in  the 
northern  part  of  Currituck.  The  western  boundarv  of  the.se  beds  is 
very  nearly  represented  by  a  line  parallel  to  and  three  or  four  miles 
west  of  the  Wilmington  and  Weldon  Railroad,  from  Halifax  toCJolds- 
boro.  Southward,  the  inland  boundary  is  found  to  be  generaliv  but 
little  west  of  a  line  connecting  the  latter  point  and  Lumberton;  thati.s, 
a  Hue  parallel  to  the  coast  and  about  sixty-live  miles  distant  from  it. 

GRAPHITE. 

^  This  mineral,  in  small  quantities,  is  ipiite  widely  distributed  in  North 
Carolina  in  the  crystalline  rocks,  both  slates  and  gnei.ssus,  and  there  are 
beds  of  a  more  or  less  impure  slaty  and  earthy  variety  in  several  sec- 
tions of  the  State,  the  principal  of  which  are  two:  one  in  (Jaston,  Lin- 
coln and  Catawba,  as  a  constant  a.ssociate  of  the  argillaceous  and 
talco.se  slates  and  shales  which  belong  to  the  Kings  Mountain  slates 
and  the  other  in  Wake  County. 


J)CONOMI(J    M  [NKRA  I,." 


:!25 


The  Wake  County  beds  are  the  most  extensive,  as  well  as  the  best 
known,  graphite  beds  in  the  Statu.  They  extend  in  a  northeast  and 
southwest  direction  for  a  distance  of  sixteen  or  eighteen  miles,  passing 
two  and  a  half  miles  west  of  Raleigh.  Thi'  thickness  is  two  or 
three,  and  occasionally  four  feet.  Tlie  eastern  (and  longitudinally  the 
most  extensive)  bed  is  nearly  vertical.  Jt  was  opened  at  a  number  of 
ponits  many  years  ago  and  has  been  worked  on  a  small  scale,  at  inter- 
vals, during  tlie  pa.st  few  years.  It  is  a  bed  of  ipiartzitic  and  talco- 
argillaceous  .slates,  which  are  more  or  less  graphitic,  from  about 
twenty  or  thirty  to  sixty  per  cent. 

COAL. 

^^  The  coal  fields  of  North  Carolina  are  refei'red  to  the  triassic  system. 
There  are  in  the  State  two  narrow  belts  which  belong  to  this  sy.stem. 
The  smaller,  or  Dan  River  belt,  from  two  to  four  miles  wide,  following 
the  trough-like  valley  of  that  stream  (about  north  ()r>°  east)  for  more 
than  thirty  miles  from  Germanton  to  the  X'irginia  line.  The  other,  the 
Deep  River  belt,  extending  in  a  similar  trough  five  to  fifteen  nliles 
wide  (and  dei)ressed  J  00  to  200  feet  below  the  general  level  of  the  coun- 
try) from  the  southern  boundary  of  the  State  in  Anson  Countv,  in  a 
northeast  direction,  to  the  middle  of  (iranville  County  withii/ fifteen 
miles  of  the  \'irginia  line. 

The  mo.st  important  and  conspicuous  member  of  both  series  is  a 
large  body  of  black  shale.'?,  which  encloses  seams  of  bituminous  coal 
two  to  live  feet. 

The  coal,  with  its  shales,  outcrops  a  long  the  northern  margin  of  the 
belt  at  various  points  for  more  than  fifteen  mile-!,  and  many  shafts  hav- 
ing been  sunk  to  and  through  the  main  snam,  which  is  the  upper  one, 
it  is  ascertained  to  be  very  persistent  in  all  i's  characteristics  and  as«^o- 
ciated  beds. 

In  the  Deep  iiiver  basin  Emmons  re[)orts  live  seams  of  coal,  separ- 
ated by  black  shales  and  slates,  black-band  iron  ore  and  fireclay;  and 
gives  the  area  of  this  coal  tield  as  800  .s<iuare  miles.  The  J^gypt  ( 'oal 
Company  is  now  engaged  in  mining  this  coal,  and  the  output  is  reported 
even  larger  than  the  company  had  been  led  to  expect. 

During  the  past  few  years  this  coal  has  been  mined  at  I'^gvpt,  and 
arningemenis  are  being  made  for  mining  at  other  places.  'The' coal 
varies  from  bituminous  to  a  semi-anthracite  in  (luality,  containing 
from  08  to  85  per  cent,  of  carbon,  and  from  5  tt)  o.')  per  cent,  of  volatile 
matter,  from  5  to  10  per  cent,  of  ash,  and  from  5  to  ;!.5  per  cent,  of 
sulphur.  It  cokes  well,  is  an  excellent  coal  for  gas,  and  is  suitable  for 
a  variety  of  furnace  work. 

In  the  Dan  River  basin  coal  is  exposed  at  a  number  of  places  near 
the  southeast  border  of  the  formation,  along  the  road  on  the  south  side 
of  the  river,  between  (Jermanton  and  Walnut  Cove.  At  a  few  points 
it  is  a  bituminous  coal  of  fair  quality,  and  the  seam  from  two  to  four 
feet  thick.  The  outlook  for  the  occurrence  here  of  workable  beds  of 
coal  is  promising,  an<l  some  prospecting  has  been  carried  on  during  the 
present  year,  but  the  result  has  not  yet  been  fullv  determined. 


t  ■<} 


:V2i\ 


HAND-BOOK    OK    NORTH    CAKOLINA. 


Black  biUiininous  shales  ap()ear  at  various  points  in  the  direcion  of 
\fadison  and  Leaksville.  Near  this  latter  place,  a  slope  was  driven 
sonu'  sixty  I'oct  on  the  coal  seam  three  feet  tlii  ;k,  and  dipping  35° 
northwest ;  but  here,  as  at  several  of  Mie  places  pros|)ected  nenr  Walnut 
Cove  more  recently,  the  coal  is  so  impure  (hat  it  can  hardly  be  consid- 
ered more  than  a  highly  carbonaceous  shale. 


GEMS  AND  PRECIOUS  STONES. 


The  discovery  several  years  aso  of 


emerald  and  hiddenite  in  Al 


rtnder  County,  where  mining  operations  on  a  considerable  scale  1 
l)een  carried  on,  may  be  fairly  said  to  have  inaugurated 


ex- 

1  a  ve 


fi  new  indus- 


try in  Western  North  (Jarolina— the  search  for  gems.  This  industry  has 
now  grown  to  considerable  proportions.  The  larger  amount  of  mining 
has  been  done  in  t':e  ex[)lorations  for  hiddenite,  emerald,  beryl  and 
rarely  tinted  garn  t,^,  but  a  limited  amount  has  also  been  done  in 
searching  for  ruby  corundum,  sa{)phire,  oriental  emerald  and  topaz, 
kyanite,  rock  crystal,  and  other  rare  minerals.     Onlv  a  i\nv  noics  can 


be  given  here  relative  to  the  more  important  gems. 

Di.AMoNi).— Thirteen  small  diamonds  have  been  found  in  the  State, 
seven  of  whicli  were  discovered  in  the  gold-bearing  gravel  beds  in' 
l^urke,  Rutherford  and  McDowell  Counties,  centering  about  the  Hrin- 
dletown  region.  Of  the  others,  one  has  been  found  in  i.incoln,  two  in 
Mecklenburg,  two  in  Franklin  and  one  in  Kichmond  County 

ITK  is  an  emerald-green  gem,  a  vjiriety  of  spodumene,  found 


il 


IDDKN 


at  Stony  Point,  Alexander  County,  where  it  occurs  in  the  soil  and  in 
cavities  in  gneissoid  rock,  along  with  emerald  (beryl),  monazite,  rutile, 
allanite,  (piartz  crystals,  etc.  A  considerable  amount  of  mining  for 
these  gems  has  been  carried  on  during  the  past  few  years,  and  both  hid- 
denites  and  emeralds  of  rare  beauty  and  considerable  value  have  been 
obtained.  Hiddenite  was  named  after  Mr.  Wm.  E.  Hidden,  of  New 
Jersey,  by  Prof  J.  Laurence  Smith,  who  identified  the  mineral;  to  the 
energy  of  Mr.  IIid<len  is  due  its  introduction  as  a  gem  of  rare  value,  but 
specimens  of  the  native  crystal  were  in  the  posse.ss  on  of  Mr.  J.  A.  I). 
Steyensoii,  of  Statesville,  N.  C.,  for  several  years  prior  to  tiiis  time  (18S1)' 
This  gem  has  not  been  found  elsewhere  than  at  this  locality. 

Mmkkam) — A  beryl  of  emerald-green  color  has  been  found  in  the 
North  Carolina  mica  veins  in  Mitchell  and  Yancey  Counties,  and  at 
Stony  l\)int,  Alexander  Couniy.  as  a  gem  material  of  great  beauty. 

Aqdamahink. —  P)luisli  green,  trans|)arent  beryl,  has  also  been  found 
in  small  crystals  and  masses  in  many  of  the  inica  veins  of  Mitchell, 
Yancey,  Alexander  and  other  counties.  This  is  more  abundant  than' 
the  emerald.  Both  were  often  thrown  away  on  the  dumps  about  the 
inines  several  years  ago,  ])utthey  are  now  watched  for  carefully  in  min- 
hig  for  mica,  and,  in  some  cases,  the  transparent  beryl  is  the  "^material 
for  which  the  mine  is  operated. 

Manv  fine  beryl  crys'als  of  different  colors,  and  ranging  in  size  from 
very  small  to  more  than  two  feet  long  and  seven  inches  in  diameter, 
have  been  collected  at  these  mica  mines,  and  some  from  other  forma- 
tluus. 


KCO.NOMIC    MINKI;AL.S. 


:!27 


the 


Rrin-.—The  ruby  conindtn,,  l,as  hem  /ouiid  in  Cl-.v  ..n  l  vi 
coiisi(leral)  e  (luantitv  -uu]  fn  <,.,..        *  "  ""J"u  in  i  la^  and  Macon   ii, 

<lum  Hill,  in  Maco     (V.un  V    vh^!^^^^  local.ty  has  heenCorun- 

«A..H-,,UK.JA'e"arH.^^^  hne  gems  have  heen  found, 

localities  nan.e,     br^  1  r  ''^^«  ^''^'^  ^«;'"'l  i"  n^a»y  of  the 

siderable  number  o      a^  tv  J.^    .    .  vi:  1 /'''V  ^^^'^''^''^'^^'^'^-^  con- 
is  true  in  regard  to  thj  orl^uSr^,.  :^:„^'^, ^nd^;:;  "     '"'^'  ^''""" 

pii:^H^h:;brSi1nt^::;h^^^ 

to  1.  cut  as  a  gen.     The'hn^ llXii;^  ^ef  d.l^^v^li^.^":^:  ^^  r''  'T' 
\ello\v  Mounta  n,  near  H'iIvp.nvmIIo        l'       "'/^^f'^ed  was  found  on 

•  Rock  Ckvsta,,  is  iibiin.lant  and  vviilelv  ili-itrilmf,.,!      M  ,. 
interesting  forms  have  I.een  f,,iin,l   ..,.,1   '    '""''^"""f'l-  ,  "noy  rare  an. I 
".■arly  thfee  hnndre.l    >™,     '     '  w    ,  h     l,TJl"',*"'''j:  ^''f!-^^'^'". 

So,„e  line  .«,.ec  itensT     .  U'lje  K     '""f"  ''!'■  '"""'*"""'  S''""'- 

o.KKK.  is  „.i.ieiv  cirs;;Zt;T^r;  Inn  1  :«;:;:'.:::;'"«:■ '  ■°'"">; 

eonsntuent  of  manv  of  the  inir.«  .,,,.1  il     i        i  '    ""  '"  "  constant 

talcose  and  chloritii  s  ate  i^Je   orv  t  iT^'.  ""^"'''-T^  "^'"^ '^^  *''^ 

i^'"T;:;rt--ii^:n^S33i'H^ 

Sili'^  z:-  "V;-;:;!  oSir  f '  T -"        -' 

ingham  ( 'ountier    U  Uoe^l    v  ol^'^^ '^'"''"'^    ""^'""  '^"^^  ^^''ck- 
M»™1;  (-*;,,, IV  "■'"""'  «"""■''■  ""■■""'"  l""Toses,arefo„n,l  hi 

tliousand  pounds  in  a  few  weeks  and  ■.  fv',V  ,  ■    ^^^' >"^^^'  o»e 

were  mined  at  this  loenlirv   ul.rJ\"./^!.?"^.:\^"'-^^  ««.*'  "^>^';  'I'irty  tons 


ieoayed  feldspathic  gneiss. 


where  t!ie  ervst;i| 


M: 


lit 


Hi 


«  are  fuun<}  bedded 


in  a 


:v>s 


IIAMi-|!(t(»K    ol-    NOUTII    CAKOI.INA. 


fr 


M 


111  aildilioii  to  tlie  above,  i(  is  worthy  of  mention  that  spocinions  of 
niahii'hilc,  rutile,  tourmaline,  spinel,  chrysolite,  la/ulite,  carneHan  and 
jasper,  all  of  eonsiderablo  beauty,  have 'been  found  in  dillerent  local- 
ities in  the  State,  and  promise  su[)plieH  of  new  gem  nuiterial. 

I'kaiji.s.— iM-om    the  mussels  in  some  of  the  creeks  and  |)onds   of 
the  State,  are  occasionally  found  pearls  of  fair  (|uality. 


INDEX 


Paor. 

AKalmntoliU^  3H(l-a2a 

AgjiUi                      ;{07 

AKricultuiiil  Department     .    Q2-ii 

Agriculturul  a!id  Mwhanic  Arte. 

C!()ll<'KO()f «4_«)) 

AKricultiiiiil  Pioduots ^m 

A^^ricultuml  I'roducta,  Kinda  and 

<|iiai>tity  of  ., 207 

A({uamarine    jj^U 

Balsam  Mountains 3 

BarvtoH  .       !!.'2S1-H2;{ 

Bank(it  FacMory 2Hii 

Biiif^liani  School    h4 

Bhuik  Moiitit.iiiis     5 

Bleachiiif;  l<"at;tory 2li2 

Bliio  Ridp.  MouiitaiiiH  ..  2 

BoundaiifH  of  tli(^  Stato      1 

Brooms,  Mjiiiiifactory  of 282 

Building;  SUmcB    390 

Bucket  Ka/ lories 27S> 

Bull)s  and  iierhs    2t>'(i 

Bulhs  :iiid    HerliH,    Varieties    of. 

Marketed    o.^lJ 

Bulhs  and  llerlis,  Extent  of  Busi- 
ness of  Wallace  in         ana 

Bureau  of  I,!d)(>r  statistics     ....  73 
Canals  and  Arlificial  Navipition-2H!)-'31)() 

t;anal,  ( 'lies;i|)e,ike  and  Alhemjirlo  25 

Canal.  Disni.il  Swiimp  25 
Catmeii.'s,  Kruitniid  Vegetahle  ..275-277 

Canneries,  Oyster    ...      ......  277 

Chromic  Iron          ^21 

Citi/,enshi)> ,i",4 

Climate     .      .                    42 

Climatt%  Varieties  of,  from  East 

to  West . .      4JJ 

Climate.  Varieties  of  Winter.."  44 

c;iimate,  Varietii'S  of  Sununer...  44 

tJoal                                         ;j25 

Cohalt  and  Nickel 321 

Collei^es  for  the  ( 'olored  i\«opIe  . .  01 

Shaw  University 01-02 

Scotia  Uinversit^y. 02 

Liviii^^stou  Collej^o  ..  *.    03-0I 

Biddle  University             04 

yt,      Augustine      Thoolo^^ical 

School         ..  04 

Agricultural  and  Mechanical 

School     94-95 

Coi)per,  J.ociilities  of .  ;U() 

Copper   Mines  in   Granville    and 

Person 310 

Copper  Mines  in  Jackson  and  Hay- 

wooil ' 311 

Copper  Mines  in  Ashe  311 

Copper  Mines  in  Alleghany 811 

Copper  Mines  in  Surry  311 


PAoa. 
Corundum 323 

(Cotton.  (Quantity  of,  I'rodiiced  to 
the  Acie ..      ...  207 

Cothai,  Relative  ExtentofCropof-217-219 
Cotton,  (Quality  of  North  Carolina 

('rop  of      219 

Cotton,    Nnndier  of   Counties  in 

Stiite  I'roducing 219 

Cotton,  ( :rop  of.  in  1889 .    .         220 

Cotton-gin.  Introduction  of..    .  218 
Cotton  Spinning-.jeiuiy,  Introduc- 
tion of         213 

Cotton  Mills  in  North  Carolina.  ..2B9-271 
(  otton  Mills,  Nund)er  of,  in  Opera- 

_  tion  271 

Cotton  l^lills,  nund)er  building     .         271 
Cotton-seed  Oil  Mills...  ..    .277-278 

Cottonseed  Oil  Mills,  where  oi)er- 

^  "ted    ..         278 

(otton  Biig  Factories 282 

Cotton-pl;inters,  Manufactories  of .        282 

('ounties.  I)es(tription  of 9fl 

Alamance ..  90 

Alexander     97 

Alleghiiny  93 

Anson  99 

Aslie 100 

Betiufort 100-103 

J^'^'t't'     -         103 

Bladen      104 

Bruns\vi(.'k      l()4_|o,'-, 

Buncond)e lOfi-iOH 

Burke  108-109 

<-'ii'>:iirus    ...^...     100-110 

•iililwcll    ...    110-111 

Cannlen    111-112 

Carteret 112-113 

^'"Kwcll 113-114 

Catawba 114-115 

^  liatham 115-110 

Cherokee 116-117 

t^bowan  118-119 

'I'ly      119 

•leveland 120-121 

Co'.undMis 121-122 

Craven 122-124 

Cund)erland 124-12R 

Currituck 12(i-127 

Dill'! 127-128 

Davidson 128-1 29 

I^"^'!'.-      130 

Diipli" 181 

Durham  131-133 

Edgecombe 133-134 

Forsyth 135-137 

Franklin    137-138 

Gaston 139 


880 


IN  DRV. 


I'AOK. 

Count icH-niiN^a |.|() 

(Inilijun  ..   IIO-UI 

(Inmvillo 14J    M'j 

<in'i'ii.< i.|;j 

(luilfonl HH-l'ti^ 

UaliCix Mil  117 

Miun.'lt     .,    .117   I IH 

Hiivwoiiil      MM  I  lit 

Hcmli'iHon      ...lilt  ITiO 

Hcill'onl   l."i(t   151 

llv.l«      .. l.M    15'J 

In-di'll      |r,j( 

.liicKsoii  ...      ISU-IM 

.lohiislou irtri 

.Font's      .. .    15,")   ITiK 

l-t>noir     .. ir>((  157 

l-incolu      157    1 5S 

McDowell ...ins   |51> 

Macon    ..  151)  litl) 

MiidiHoii       . Ml    \(\'> 

Miirlin  K!-:   |(i;| 

McckliMilimx       Hi;!  KM 

Miti'licll     ...    1(15 

Monlpmioiy .105  l(t(l 

Moore       ..  ' M!(l   1(17 

Nash  _  I(i7   Kill 

New  Hanover  ..        ..  ..    Kill   171 

NoriJiMinploii    ...  I  I'l 

(>ii-il(.w 17'.'   17:( 

Or;ni>;e         1 7:1    |7I 

I'limlico  _  .    ..      _  171 

l'as(|ni>l;inl<    175 

I'eiMJcr  .    , 175   17(1 

reii|iiiinan8 1 77 

I'eison       177   I7S 

Pill  17H    17!» 

I'olk |7!t   INIt 

K':ui(lol|)li       1H(I   ISl 

K'ichinoiul  ISI    IS'i 

Ixoliesdii .  |S;i    ISI 

luiclvinnliaiM      ISI    |,S5 

K'ow.ui  IS5   |S(I 

Iviithcrfonl     IMd   IS7 

Sjinipson 1S7    I.SS 

Sliuilv     .    .  IMS   1M«> 

Slokes  .  . ISlt    I'.IO 

Snny  UK)   lit'.' 

Swiii'ii l!»'.Mit;t 

'rransvlvjinia l!i;{|!t| 

Tvii-eil  .  MM    11)5 

I'nion  .  Iit5 

N'ancc  l!t5   l!t(i 

Wake  ..  ..      ..l!t()-l!(S 

Wan-en  HIS   UIJI 

Washiii'iton   till) 

Wataiipi     .......... 200 

Way  no 201  'Jii-J 

^Vilkoa 'JO0-2O;{ 

Wilson VH);1-'J04 

Yadkin  .      '20-4 

Vancey .,,..  .304-205 

Ct)wee  Mountaina  .,*............  3 

Cross  (1ia  ins 3   , 

Davis  School  ^ 85   ; 


Pauh. 

Dttaf,  Diiniltand  HIind  InHlitiiU^  (U 

Deiioniinalioiial  (N)llt>geH  HO 

Wake  h'opvst   80  HI 

Davidson Hl-Ha 

'rrinity HI-HU 

Diainniids ;i2fl 

Dimensions  ol"  Mio  SUily I 

i'ldiication 75 

I'liist.ern  Section     .. .    II 

I'laslein  Section,  Soils  of .  II    la 

Kconoinic  Minerals .;WI-!(2H 

Knieiaiiis    aao 

Kaiicy   We'    -      k.  '.lactorv  lor  'iHa 

l'"erlili/er  i                       .        ■"  'J7H 
l''erlili/,(M    1'.             ,.,    wheie  oper- 

aled 37H-27U 

l''ire-clay     M'i 

l''ish.  Varieties  of 215 

Fish.  Catch  of       .        217 

Kisheries  211    212 

Fisheries,  Slatistics  of           .  242 

l'"isheiies  of  I  he  < 'a|ie  h'ear        .    .  242 
l''isheri(>s  of  lleaufort   and   Moro- 

I'cad  24H-244 

l'"ish(>ries  of  Newliern                    .  215 
l'"isheries.  Inforinalion  ivei.Kinn' to 

I  lie       -  215  240 

l''ores|s     ...                            ...          . .  0 

F. xlent,  of                       ...  27 

\ariety  of                              27 

Trees  of  lh(>                           . 27 

I'ine.  lionn  leaf      ..     ..  2H 

I'ine.  White           ...  20 

I'ine,  ^'ello\v        .      .    21> 

I'ine,  .lei'sey     20 

I'ine.  Slash          2U 

*'.v  press                    no 

While  ('ed.'ir,  or  .Miniper,  ;{() 

Itaisaiii  l''ir       ;{| 

111,'ick  S|)rnce      ;^| 

Oak.  I  ,i\('              ..    . ;{•> 

Oak.  While ;to 

O.lk.   I'osI              :{;j 

Oak,  Spanish      ;j;{ 

Oak,  Black               ..  :i;{ 

( >ak.  Scarlet  ,             .  ;{j} 

Oak.  Willow          ;{;[ 

O.'ik.  ImUucI      ... .,...,.  Ill 

( )ak,  Shin.L;'i(> i\,\ 

Oak,  .W.iler            ;{.} 

Oak.  Ulaekjack       ....    .  ;?.} 

O.'ik.  Ix'ock  Chestnut ;{4 

Hickory       )V,\  'M 

Hickory,  Shell  Imrk ;J5 

Hickory,  ( 'oniinon ;{,-) 

Hickory.  I'ij;' init,     ;!5 

W.iinui.   HIack    .      35 

Walnut.  While            ....  n,--, 

Chest  nnl •,^-^ 

Chinquapin iifi 

Hei'ch ;i7 

Iha^key*'      -.                  :?0 

Locust                    ,{7 

Ctitfilpii       37 


I 


INDKX. 


331 


KuniHtw,  'I'r 


l'A« 


fCK  (if  (he       Mu|tlcH 


A  Hi 
MIlllH 

Wild  ('hcny 


•<7       KyaiiiU' 


Oiii 


IIH 


Tiiii|.  'rii'c,  ,,1-  I'lipii 

KiOHt,,  UhiiiiI  (iist,  ('.•illdf 
Kiiriiil,ui(<  Kiiclorit's 
(luriict 

(Jcoldj^iciil  Mtisciim 
(}(.l(i 


iil) 
Ii9 
45 


Miiltiimnskoiit. 
I'Im-I 


All 


W 


|w... 
iM'caiiuiw 


iK2       l't'Ki«liilivf  Dfiiiirtnrt.  KIcct 


l.ir 


M 


iiuiuiiK  ill  N()i(li(;iii-()liiui      2im  :j»7       M 


:W(1       l-il.T,iiv  ImiihIh 

7;t     I 


llUlll^lMIH. 


-nciiHl  I'iiis.  Miiminictory  of 


(Joid  (Jiiivcis  ill  (,li<.  i'icd 


( 


Muiiiiliiiii  Si'cdoii.s 


iiiotit  and 


M 


llltfJIIK'SC 

Ills 


«'i(i  iMJiiiiiK  ill  Wfiiifii,  Kninkli 
mid  Niisli 


HOHiKiK       Miimiliiri, 


licH  ill  North  Carolii 


Mil  ililc,  (^iia  1  rioH  a  lid  foriiiii  t'liH  of 


I'aur. 

38 
88 
S8 
28 
28 
2n 
57 
4 
77 
28N 

III  ;3(;7-.2HH 


ion  of. 


Cold 


iMiiiiiiK  ill  .Ml 


Mom) 


Koniciv 


•J1I7       Mil 
1>7       Miililli'iiiid  I'icdnioiit  Scot 


(> 


!C.tindii||ili 

Sl,aiily 

<  'aliarnis 

l)a\  idson 

(SiiiUnid    .    .    .     "...'.[ 

Mi'i'kli'iihurf; 

|{.()\\  an 

(Jaslon 

l.iiicdln.  <'ala\\i);i,  Dav 

Caldwell 
Aslir 


.ai)H-'2)t»       Mum. nils 


lOIIH 


I'  iuid 


:UMi  :tiii 
;t(ti  ;i(»'j 
;t(i;t  ;{().j 

:to.i 
:«>r,  ;i(i(( 
:t(M  liori 

:t()7 


riiiKsiii  NoiUiOaroliiia, 


:!(i7 


ovcriimi'iil,  Charai-liT  of  State. 


(lovfiiim's  M.'in.sinii 
(iranid".  <,)iiaiiii's  of 
()i!i|)r  in  Nnrlli  Canijina 
(iillivMliiin  of  111," 


ancli 


Vi(i 
\iil 


s  a'sli\  ;dis 
jiina 


ar.i 


aiinisca 


(<i'.'i|)|iiti 


( 


"I'i'i'ii  l\i\( 


I-  M 


on  III  ,1111 


OiiiiiUt.iiic 

ilclKlits  1)1'   Mnnntains 

llidilcniti' 

llinh'i'  l''rni;ilc  Ivliicalioii 
Sali'iii  I'Vmali'  Sclmol 
St.  Marv's  Srlmol 


I 


'••act'  liislilMli 


(iriMMislxiio  I''cim;iI(>  ( 'oHi-j^i. 
( (xl'iird  I'Vnialr  Scniinarv 
AshcN  illf  l'"rin,llc  (  ollctri'. 


:!;.':{ 


iiriicr  Sr 


IIIU 


M 


onnlaiiis 


nlimd  Na\  inatii.ii.  !•',    (I'ril 


liilcni.'il  I 


1)11 


vt'vriiiii',  aniDiiiil  paid  a( 


liil 


W 


criial  Ivrvciuif.  iiniiiiini  paid  at 


lllSid?) 


ion  Mannr: 


.Sa 

:{ 

'J!»(l 


'J!t'2 


'Jit' 


li'tdlirs 


V'arictics  nf 
Inm  Ori's  in  Norlh  ('ardliii.a 

(ii'dKi-apliical  Idcatidii  of 

X'arii'lii's  of 
Judicial  Di'pardirt.Compo.sit'ii  m". 
Kaolin,  it('|idsils  ot 


<  'IcM'land 

Spink  Mil),'  (  jitawlia. 

(  'dlllll'llv 

i(a 


null 


Mdorc 
I'icdiiidiit 

KlllM'l 


ll)r     

r.'inaci'a,    . . 
ScM'ii  Spriiif^s 
<>l('ii  Alpiiir   ,. 


:i()M       Milislon 

;i       .Mdiiis  Miihicanlis  I^'i'vit.  . 


'J       M, 


innl;iin  Scc( 


dii 


2!»i.'  'J'.tt        N;int;dial;i  Monnl, 


.:i      N 


iin,s 


«-8 

2»8 
288 
2.'»8 
2;{» 
2!Jtf 
240 
24(1 
240-241 
241 
»23 
284 
1-8 


I'w  I'dniid  Mdinilairi 


>4       New  (ijirdcn  ;ind   l'"ri(nds'   l?oard- 


rv]       N, 


inn  Sriiddl 


))() 


sp,ipiT,s,  l-istdf.  intlicStnt«K.a!«)-292 


iri.}       NdriiiJil  and  Industrial  Schodl  f( 


:?:il       N 


'I'lllillcs 


)r 


Hl» 


;i       Nnrsrrv.  I 


onidiia 


Hill 


( )(  TdniTclH'c  Mdiintain 

<  )i  pliiinatri's 

Oxlord  


nrsiMirs.  l''.i\dr,il>lccdnditionHf()r        afil 

251 

4 

327 

7(1 

70 

71 

71 

71 

71 

72 

247 


I 


ndni,is\  illc 

dlllpSdll 

ri'sliN  Iciidn 


Odd  Kriliuvs 


(oil 


|{; 


Jitist 


i^'.t      Oyslns,  ;iiid  ()\st('r  ^urvi 


Miiii-dni'iil  of    Law  for  Pro- 

U'clidn  of 
KVport  df  Meat  Winslovv  on. 248-2. 


l').\lriit  df  ( Jronnds 


I'l-ai 


•J.SI        1> 


48 

49 

250 

250 

22 1 -''2'' 

<  hii'l'  Slat..  .M;irketfor.;.'!'.         222 


iifi;ilidii  ii>  ipialifit's  of 


lilts 


'JHl  l'i'iii(ciiti;ir.v, 'I'lif  State.  . 

:tl  I  IMiie-leiif  tactdrics 

■:il'J       Cis-iili,  M.mnt    .        .    ..;; 

:n2-:i^()  I'dpnlatidii  of  flic  State,  iioinoffii- 

TfT  ni'iiii';!!!'-.:'-  of                                                             i-, 

.'8(1  ;{J-J  i'opul.ilidn  of  the  State.  Origin  of,          47 


328 

61 

279 


I 


332 


INDEX. 


PAOB. 

Population  of  the  State,  Negro...  48 
Populiitiou  of  the  StJite,  Indian..  49 
Population  of  tlie  State,  Aggregate  50-t)2 
Ports  and  Harbors  of  North  Caro- 
lina  323-337 

Potato  Barrels,  Manufactory  of  .  382 

Pottery,  etc 279-380 

Precious  Stones 336 

Private  Schools          85-80 

Pui)lic  lustilutions 60 

Pui)lic  Buildings    74 

Public  School  System 76 

Pyrites            .    ."     . 331 

Railroads.  History  of 283-384 

Mileage,  etc. ,  of  385-380 

Railroad  (!omniission 73 

Rain-I'all,  Average  antuial 45 

Religious   Deiioiuiuations,    Legal 

equality  ol    ...    59 

Religious    Ue nominations,    Mem- 
bership of 59 

Resorts,  Hotels 359 

Sea-side                359 

Nags  TFead 359 

Mi'imlort  Harbor    360 

Island  Beach 360 

Carolina  Beach..    ..  360 

MouMtJiin  Hesorts— HotSp'gS-  361 

Ha\  wood  White  Sulphur.  '2(Vi 

Ash.'ville  262-363 

Biilt<Tv  Park  Hotel 

Swanuanoa  Hotel 363 

Keiiilworth  Tnn          363 

Oakland  Heights  Hotel..  364 

Belmont  Hotel 364 

Arden  Park    364 

Henderson  ville 364 

Flat  Rock       365 

Blowing  Rock 365 

Green  Park  Hotel 265 

Linville     265 

Cloudland  Hotel .  365 

Southern  Pines 265-366 

Rice,  C'ultivation  of 214 

.     Varieties  of        314 

Introdmaion  of 315 

Golden  and  White  Seed.     ...  316 
Prospects  of  increased  culture 

of 

RiceMills 379 

Rivers,  System  of  .           17 

Names  of— Tennessee   17 

Hivvassee    17 

Nottellv              . 17 

Cheoah      17 

NantJihala       17 

Ocona-Lufty   17 

Tuckaseege 17 

Pigeon 17 

French  Broad 17 

NoUechucky 17 

Elk.. 17 

North  Toe 18 

New  Tii  vor 19 


Paob. 

Rivers,  Names  of — First  and  Sec- 
ond Broad 10 

Catawba 19 

Yadkin 19-30 

30 

20 

30 

20 

30 

20 

31 

23 

.   .  33 

22 

337 

337 

1 


Dan  and  Roauoke 

Tar 

Neuse 

Haw  River  

Deep  River   

Cai)e  Fe.'ir     . .    

Black  River  ..   

North-Kast. 

Lumber    

Waccaniaw 

Rock  ( Crystal 

Ruby    

Saluda  Mountains  ....   

Sandstone.  (Quarries  of    393-395 

Sajjphire     337 

S(diool  Census 77 

School  Property.  Value  of 77 

Shoe  Factories"         382 

Shrnlibcry.  Varieties  of 40 

Snow-dro))  Tree 40 

Rhododendron  40 

Kalmia.  or  Ivy 40 

Azale;i          41 

Fringe  Tree 41 

Silk.  Remarks  on   233 

Attempts  to  manufacture     ..  334 
Mamifactory    of,   at   Wades- 

boro ~ 535 

Silver,  Lead  and  Zinc 310 

Slate  ... 396 

Soils  of  the  Middle  Section 10 

Snow.  Annual  fall  of 45 

Sounds  and  Bays— Pamlico 24 

Albemarle 24 

Currituck    24 

Croatan 24 

Core      25 

Bogue          35 

State  laj)ital         74 

State  Hosi>ital.  Western 60 

State  llospitid  at  Raleigh 60 

State  Hosi)ital,  Eastern 61 

State  Debt,  statement  of 57-58 

Steel  and  Iron  Works 281-283 

Stock  Raising 7 

Sufii'age    54 

Sufireme  Court  and  Library  Build- 

iiiK    74 

Swamps 13 

in  Hyde  County .  35 

Dismal 36 

Dover 26 

Holly  Shelter 36 

Gum  Swamp 26 

Angola  Bay 36 

Swamp  Lands,  Area  of 25 

Talc... 280-332 

Taxation 53 

Taxes,  Statement  of  State 55-56 

Taxes  on  \Vhit«  Polls 56 


ii 


INDKX. 


333 


Paqk. 

Taxes  on  •  olored  Polls 66 

Taxes  for  ricliool  Pur}ioseB 77 

Tlu'rinal  Holt 4r)-40 

T()ba(;co,  History  of 208-209 

Tobacco,  Oi-^inof  DriKht  Yellow.  209 

Extent  of  cultiiro  of 210-21 1 

Vuli!  •  of  crop  of 211 

Production  of  by  Counties... 213-214 

Tobacco  Factories  in  North  Caro- 
lina, plug 271 

Tobacco  Factories  in  North  Curo- 

lina,  smoking 271 

Tobacco  Factories  In  North  Caro- 
lina, cigarettes 271 

Tobacco  I'actories.  Exports  of,  in 

cigarettes 072 

Tobacco  Factori(>s.  Exports  of,  in 

plug  and  smoking     272 

Tobacco,  Exports  of,  in  snufT 272 

Tobacco  Wareliouses,  Number  in 

Winston 272 

Tobacco  Warehouses,  Number  in 

Salem        272 

Tobacco  Warehouses,  Number  in 

(JrceMsboro 272 

Tobacco  Warehouses,  Nmuber  in 

Durliam 278 

Tobacco  Wareliouses,  Number  in 

HendeiHon         272 

Tobacco  VV'arehouses,  Number  in 

Wilson                 272 

Tobacco  Warehouses,  Number  in 

Aslieville 272 

T()ba(;co  Flues.  Manufactory  of. . .  282 

Tobacco  Boxes,  Manufiictory  of..  282 


I  Paom. 

Topography  of  tlie  State 1 

Truck  Farming 228 

Truck  Farming,  Intnxluction  of. .        229 

At  Rocky  Point .  - 

At  Magnolia 

Extent  of,  at  Newbern 230 

Products  of, around  Newbern. 230-233 
Around  Elizabeth  City. ..        233 

Tryon  Mountains 3 

Uwharrie  Motnitain 4 

University  of  North  Carohna 77 

How  sustaiiii'd gQ 

Valley  River  Mountains 8 

Venus'  l''ly-(  rap      41 

Vineyards,  Attention  to,  and  in- 

cri-ase  of      256 

Medoc  Vineyard 2o6 

Tokay  VineVard  256-257 

Sontbern  I 'Ines  Vineyard 257 

Engardine  Vin(>yard." 257 

Bordeaux  Vineyard 257 

Vineyards  in  Wake  County 257-258 

Water-power  of  th(^  State 10-23 

W^hetst(  )ne 303 

Wine.  Manufacture  of 257-258 

Woolen  Mills  in  North  Carolina, 

number  of 270 

Wood-woi'kirig  Establishments  — 

Of  ( 'a  rriages  and  Buggies 273 

Of  W.-igons 273 

Of  I'liriiiture 274 

Of  Hubs,  Spokes  and  1  la  ndles.         274 
Of  Sash.  Doors  and  Blinds...         275 

Yadkin  River H»-2U,  43 

ZiJWU 327 


